Pressure sores and hip fractures

Development of pressure sores during hospital admission causes morbidity and distress to the patient, increases strain on nursing resources, delaying discharge and possibly increasing mortality. A hip fracture in elderly patients is a known high-risk factor for development of pressure sores. We aimed to determine the current incidence of pressure sores and identify those factors which were associated with an increased risk of pressure sores. We retrospectively analysed prospectively collected data of 4654 consecutive patients admitted to a single unit. One hundred and seventy-eight (3.8%) of our patients developed pressure sores. Patient factors that increased the risk of pressure sores were increased age, diabetes mellitus, a lower mental test score, a lower mobility score, a higher ASA score, lower admission haemoglobin and an intra-operative drop in blood pressure. The risk was higher in patients with an extracapsular neck of femur fracture and patients with an increased time interval between admission to hospital and surgery. Our studies indicate that while co-morbidities constitute a substantial risk in an elderly population, the increase in incidence of pressure sores can be reduced by minimising delays to surgery.     

The Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on Stage III Decubitus Ulcers (Pressure Sores); a Prospective Randomised Single Blind, Multicentre Pilot Study

. This study had four main objectives (a) multicentre trial feasibility in nursing homes; (b) the applicability of registration methods; (c) the extent of wound size reduction and (d) the LLLT effect(s) on pressure sores stage III. The study was designed as a prospective randomised, single blind, multicentre clinical trial in four nursing homes, using the same prospective protocol. A total of 20 patients were enrolled into the study: 16 patients were randomised, and four patients were excluded. Treatment was the prevailing consensus decubitus treatment (n=8); one group (n=8) had 904 nm LLLT in addition, five times a week over a period of 6 weeks. The main outcome measure was the median wound size at six weeks after intervention. No statistical significant difference in wound size was found between the two groups (Mann Whitney U test; p=0.47). The sores in the LLLT group healed to a median of 83%, wounds in the control group to a median of 95% of their initial size. There was significant wound decrease within treatment arms (Friedman two-way analysis, p<0.001). It was concluded that (a) a multicentre study is feasible in nursing homes; (b) the evaluation methods are accurate, adequate and reproducible; (c) there was significant sore area reduction within groups, but there were no significant differences between treatments; and (d) the efficacy of LLLT in healing of full thickness pressure sores stage III was not demonstrated and is still a matter of debate. Paper received 7 July 1999; accepted after revision 8 October 1999.     

Smoking and hip fracture; a study of 3617 cases

We analysed the characteristics and outcome for 467 hip fracture patients, who reported that they were currently smoking at the time of admission, against 3150 non-smoking hip fracture patients. Those patients who smoked were younger (72 years versus 81 years mean age), more likely to be male (35.3% versus 19.5%), more mobile and less likely to be living in institutional care (7.5% versus 25.0%). Preoperative outcomes and complication rates were similar, despite the smokers' relative youth. Mortality at 30 days was similar for the two groups (6.2% versus 7.6%), but lower for the smokers at one year (22.7% versus 27.6%). However, with adjustment for the younger age and sex of these patients, this difference in mortality was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that smoking results in hip fracture occurring at a younger age. Despite this, the outcome for smokers was similar to that for the average hip fracture patient.     

Consequences of a hip fracture: A prospective study over 1 year

From a population of 230 000 residents, 1429 consecutive hip fracture patients were studied with regard to their social and physical functions both before sustaining the fracture and 1 year later. Changes in the patients' accommodation, need of help and walking aids were described. Using logistic regression we found important factors regarding the ability to return home, mortality within 1 year and length of hospital stay. The cost of a hip fracture over the time a patient is in hospital is, including the cost of an internal fixation, about US $6000. The total cost over 1 year is about US $26 000 per patient, including the operation.     

Utilization of inpatient care before and after hip fracture: a population-based study

Summary  Evaluation of hospitalizations in a 70+ population showed that hip fractures (HF) were associated with a significant increase in the utilization of inpatient care for a lengthy period. Hospital days attributable to several diagnostic classes still exceeded both prefracture and population levels in the second year after HF. Introduction  The goal was to assess effects of HF on the inpatient care utilization. Methods  The study covered HF patients and the 70+general population (26,000) living in Central Finland. Hospitalization data categorized by the ICD-10 main classes were obtained from the nationwide discharge register. Results  In 2002–2003, 498 residents (mean age 82 SD 7, 74.9% women) of the study area sustained HF. Among them, the number of hospital days was 23, 107, and 52 per person-year in the prefracture, first and second postfracture year, respectively. In the 70+ general population, the number was constantly 11 per year. The age- and gender-adjusted rate ratio of hospital days between the two groups was 1.30 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.32), 6.91 (95% CI 6.85 to 7.00), and 3.61 (95% CI 3.55 to 3.67) for the prefracture, first and second postfracture year, respectively. Hospital days due to injuries were more prevalent in the HF group throughout the period. Moreover, excess of days was seen in six other diagnostic classes in the first and in four classes in the second postfracture year. Conclusions  Hospital days in HF patients still exceeded both the prefracture and population levels in the second year after HF. Days attributable to several other causes than HF itself became also more prevalent indicating that HF can steeply decrease patients’ coping capacity and launch a cascade of impairments in the function of different organ systems.     

Diabetes mellitus and the risk of non-vertebral fractures: the Tromsø study

We wanted to determine the risk of non-vertebral fracture associated with type and duration of diabetes mellitus, adjusting for other known risk factors. This is a population-based 6-year follow-up of 27,159 subjects from the municipality of Tromsø, followed from 1994 until 2001. The age range was 25–98 years. Self-reported diabetes cases were validated by review of the medical records. All non-vertebral fractures were registered by computerized search in radiographic archives. A total of 1,249 non-vertebral fractures was registered, and 455 validated cases of diabetes were identified. Men with type I diabetes had an increased risk of all non-vertebral [relative risk (RR) 3.1 (95% CI 1.3–7.4)] and hip fractures [RR 17.8 (95% CI 5.6–56.8)]. Diabetic women, regardless of type of diabetes, had significantly increased hip fracture risk [RR 8.9 (95% CI 1.2–64.4) and RR 2.0 (95% CI 1.2–3.6)] for type I and type II diabetes, respectively. Diabetic men and women using insulin had increased hip fracture risk. Duration of disease did not alter hip fracture risk. An increased risk of all non-vertebral fractures and, especially, hip fractures was associated with diabetes mellitus, especially type I. Type II diabetes was associated with increased hip fracture risk in women only.     

The apparent incidence of hip fracture in Europe: A study of national register sources

The objective of this study was to examine the apparent incidence of hip fracture from discharge rates in European countries. A request was sent to the Ministries of Health in all European countries, asking for the number of hip fracture patients by age and sex, between the years 1983 and 1985. Seventeen countries responded. As expected, hip fracture was most frequently found amongst the elderly, particularly women. The incidence of hip fracture rose exponentially with age in both sexes. It was higher in women than men and there was a three-fold range between countries in the female to male sex ratio. There was an eleven-fold range in apparent incidence amongst women and a seven-fold range amongst men between the various countries. The highest incidence was found in the northern part of Europe and the lowest in the Mediterranean area. There was a significant positive correlation between the age-standardized incidence rates reported in men from each country and that in women. There was a larger difference in incidence between countries than between sexes, which suggests important genetic or environmental factors in the causation of hip fracture. The extent to which this reflects imperfect capture of data is uncertain but will be important to determine in order to identify reasons for differences and to enable confident projections of the future magnitude of this disorder.The MEDOS Study Group comprises:Collaborating centres G. Dilzen (Istanbul), C. Gennari (Sienna), A. A. Lopez-Vaz (Porto), G. Lyritis (Athens), G. F. Mazzuoli (Rome), L. Miravet (Paris), M. Passeri (Parma), R. Perez-Cano (Seville), A. Rapado (Madrid), C. Ribot (Toulouse).Project group E. Allander (WHO Epidemiology, Huddinge), J. Dequeker (WHO Osteoporosis, Leuven), J. A. Kanis (European Foundation for Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Sheffield), D. Loew (Sandoz, Basle), N. Khaltaev (WHO Non-communicable diseases, Geneva), M. Pluss (Sandoz, Basle).     

Elevated serum cardiac troponin I in older patients with hip fracture: incidence and prognostic significance

Introduction  Cardiovascular complications are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with osteoporotic hip fracture (HF). The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence and prognostic significance of elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the early peri-operative period in older patients with HF. Materials and methods  A blind evaluation of myocardial injury as detected by cTnI elevation in 238 consecutive older patients with low-trauma HF (mean age 81.9 ± 7.8 (SD) years; 72% females). Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay and discharge destination were collected prospectively. Serum cTnI level was analysed from blood collected routinely in the first 72 h of hospital admission. Results  Sixty-nine (29%) patients had elevated cTnI (>0.06 μg/l) but myocardial injury was clinically recognised in only 23 (33%) and only 24 (34.8%) had a history of coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with elevated cTnI were significantly older, more often had American Society of Anaesthesiologist status score ≥3, a history of CAD or stroke and more often were current smokers than the patients without cTnI elevation. In multivariate regression analysis only age was an independent predictor of cTnI elevation. Patients with cTnI release were twice as likely to have a length of stay ≥20 days (P = 0.047) and 2.7 times more likely to be discharged to a long-term residential care facility (RCF) (P = 0.013). cTnI level ≥1 μg/l was a strong independent predictor of all-cause mortality with 98.3% specificity and 89.1% negative predictive value. Conclusion  Peri-operative myocardial injury is common in older HF patients but is frequently unrecognised clinically. Elevated blood cTnI level is an independent predictor of prolonged length of hospital stay (≥20 days), need for long-term RCF and mortality (if cTnI ≥1 μg/l).     

老年髋部骨折患者术后对侧髋部骨折发生因素的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析评价影响老年髋部骨折患者术后对侧髋部骨折的相关因素。方法检索Pubmed、Cochrane、中国生物医学文献数据库、CNKI中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库自2005年1月至2018年4月国内外正式刊物上公开发表的有关老年髋部骨折术后对侧髋部骨折相关因素的文献,严格评价质量及提取相关资料,获取患者的性别、年龄(>65岁)、吸烟、初次髋部骨折类型、骨质疏松症(Singh指数≥4为骨质疏松)、伴有原发性高血压、伴有帕金森病、伴有脑卒中、伴有老年痴呆症、伴有白内障、伴有类风湿关节炎、伴有糖尿病、初次骨折内固定种类、患者治疗配合的依从性。运用RevMan5.0软件进行统计分析,评估各项指标的优势比(OR)和95%可信区间(CI)。结果共纳入17项研究13717例老年髋部骨折患者,发生对侧髋部骨折1504例。影响老年髋部骨折术后对侧髋部骨折的相关因素有患者年龄(OR=-3.55,95%CI:-5.60^-1.50,P<0.001)、骨质疏松症(OR=2.38,95%CI:1.36~4.17,P=0.002)、伴有帕金森病(OR=4.54,95%CI:2.74~7.53,P<0.001)、脑卒中(OR=0.33,95%CI:0.18~0.59,P<0.001)、老年痴呆症(OR=0.43,95%CI:0.29~0.62,P<0.001)、白内障(OR=0.37,95%CI:0.22~0.63,P<0.001)、类风湿关节炎(OR=0.32,95%CI:0.21~0.50,P<0.001)、糖尿病(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.47~0.91,P=0.01)、初次骨折内固定种类(OR=0.51,95%CI:0.30~0.85,P=0.01)、治疗配合依从性(OR=0.36,95%CI:0.21~0.64,P<0.001),而与性别(OR=1.07,95%CI:0.45~2.56,P=0.88)、吸烟(OR=0.86,95%CI:0.40~1.86,P=0.70)、初次髋部骨折类型(OR=0.97,95%CI:0.60~1.57,P=0.90)、伴有原发性高血压(OR=0.70,95%CI:0.41~1.21,P=0.20)无关。结论影响老年髋部骨折患者术后对侧髋部骨折的相关因素有年龄偏大、伴有骨质疏松症、帕金森病、脑卒中、老年痴呆症、白内障、类风湿关节炎、糖尿病、初次骨折内固定种类、治疗配合依从性差。而患者性别、吸烟、骨折类型、伴有原发性高血压目前尚无足够的证据与对侧髋部骨折有关。     

影响老年髋部骨折患者预后的多因素分析

目的：探讨老年髋部骨折患者术后并发症发生及死亡的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2006年1月-2010年12月间手术治疗的265例65岁以上的老年髋部骨折患者资料,其中男110例（41．51％）,女155例（58．49％）,平均年龄76．43岁（65～95岁）,准确记录患者围手术期可能存在的危险因素包括：性别、年龄、骨折类型、术前内科合并症、手术时机、麻醉方法、手术方式和围手术期输血量,并随访患者术后1年内的生存情况,通过logistic回归分析确定导致老年髋部骨折患者术后1年内并发症发生及死亡的危险因素。结果：术前合并3种及以上内科系统疾病的患者与无术前合并症的患者相比,其术后并发症发生率明显升高,是无术前合并症患者的4．793倍,具有统计学差异（P=0．000,OR-4．793）。手术时机超过伤后72h（P=0．001,OR=3．836）或术前合并症≥3种时（P=0.011,OR=7．752）,会增加患者术后1年内死亡的风险,且均具有统计学差异。其余因素对患者的术后并发症及生存情况无明显影响。结论：在所纳入研究的众多高危因素中,仅术前的内科合并症与术后并发症之间存在因果关联,而术前合并症与手术时机均是导致老年患者术后死亡的危险因素。建议老年髋部骨折患者应尽早行手术治疗,以避免因长期卧床而加重内科系统合并症,从而减小相关术后并发症的发病率和死亡率,改善患者的预后情况。     

Mortality in patients sustaining a periprosthetic fracture following a previous extracapsular hip fracture fixation

BackgroundMortality rates following hip fractures are decreasing. As these outcomes improve, it increases the potential for further falls and the potential to sustain a periprosthetic fracture. The aim of this study was to analyse the 1 year mortality of periprosthetic fractures around an implant used to treat an extracapsular hip fracture. Secondary outcomes included 30 day mortality, complications and risk factors associated with mortality.MethodsA retrospective case note and radiographic review of all patients who presented to a single institution with a periprosthetic femoral fracture around an implant previously used to treat an extracapsular hip fracture between 1st January and 2008 and 31st May 2015.Results29 patients with a mean age of 75.8. 6 males and 23 females. 20 (69.0%) patients had capacity to consent for surgery. Pre-operatively 34.5% mobilised independently without any walking aids. 79.3% lived at home. 62.1% had a Charlson co-morbidity score of 0 or 1, 27.6% a score of 2 or 3, 6.9% a score of 4 and 5, and 3.4% a score of more than 5.3.4% was ASA grade 1, 13.8% ASA2, 65.5% ASA 3 and 17.2% were ASA 4. The previous implant a dynamic hip screw in 75.9% dynamic hip screws and an intramedullary nail in 24.1%. There were 4 (13.8%) in-patient deaths. The 30 day mortality 17.2% (5 patients) was and the 1 year mortality was 44.8% (13 patients). There were 0 complications that required return to surgery during admission. 1 patient with a revision intramedullary nail had dynamisation performed due to delayed union 7 months following surgery. 1 patient required removal of metalwork 2 years following surgery for infection. When comparing risk factors for mortality, there were no significant risk factors found in this study for 30 day and 1 year mortality.ConclusionsThis paper suggests that periprosthetic fractures sustained after the surgical treatment of extra capsular neck of femur fractures have higher mortality rates than hip fractures. These patients should be given the same priority as these patients in there management.     

Femoral neck geometry and hip fracture risk: the Geelong osteoporosis study

To determine the relationship between femoral neck geometry and the risk of hip fracture in post-menopausal Caucasian women, we conducted a retrospective study comparing the femoral neck dimensions of 62 hip fracture cases to those of 608 randomly selected controls. Measurements were made from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans (Lunar DPX-L), using the manufacturers ruler function, and included: hip axis length (HAL), femoral neck axis length (FNAL), femoral neck width (FNW), femoral shaft width (FSW), medial femoral shaft cortical thickness (FSCT_med), and lateral femoral shaft cortical thickness (FSCT_lat). The fracture group was older (median age 78.3 years vs 73.8 years), lighter (median weight 59.9 kg vs 64.5 kg), and, after adjustment for age, taller (mean height 158.7±0.8 cm vs 156.7±0.2 cm) than the controls. Furthermore, bone mineral density was lower in this group (0.682±0.016 g/cm² vs 0.791±0.006 g/cm²). After adjustment for age, bone mineral content (BMC) or height, hip fracture patients had greater FNW (up to 6.6%) and FSW (up to 6.3%) than did the controls. Each standard deviation increase in FNW and FSW was associated with a 1.7-fold (95% CI 1.3–2.3) and a 2.4-fold (95% CI 1.8–3.2) increase in the fracture risk, respectively. BMC-adjusted FNAL was greater in the fracture group (+2.1%) than in the controls, while the age-adjusted FSCT_med was reduced (–7.2%). There was a trend towards longer HAL (up to 2.1%) after adjustment for age or BMC, and thinner age-adjusted FSCT_lat (–1.7%) in fracture patients that did not reach statistical significance. In multivariate analysis, the risk of hip fracture was predicted by the combination of age, FNW, FSW, BMC and FSCT_med. HAL was not analyzed because of the small number of HAL measurements among fracture cases. We conclude that post-menopausal women with hip fractures have wider femoral necks and shafts, thinner femoral cortices and longer femoral neck axis lengths than do women with no fractures. Alteration in hip geometry is associated with the risk of hip fracture.The authors declare no conflicts of interest with regard to this article     

International comparison of hip fracture rates in 1988–89

A comparison of hip fracture rates among nine countries (Canada, Chile, Finland, Hong Kong, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States and Venezuela) was made using national hospital discharge data for the same time interval. The rates increased by age and were higher for females than males in all nine countries. When based on overall discharge rates, the incidence of hip fracture appeared high in three European countries (Finland, Scotland and Sweden) relative to the other countries. However, when transfer cases were removed and adjustments made for differences in case definition, the risk of hip fracture for both men and women was much similar among the four European and two North American countries, but higher than in Hong Kong. Rates of fracture were lowest in Venezuela and Chile, varying from three to 11 times less than for residents of the other seven countries. Although there are limitations in using hospital discharge data as a measure of incidence, the wide variation in the risk of hip fracture across the nine countries appears real but differences between North American and north European countries may not be as great as previously reported. Such cross-national comparisons may help clarify different etiologic hypotheses.     

Fracture of the distal forearm as a forecaster of subsequent hip fracture: A population-based cohort study with 24 years of follow-up

Summary Objective: To determine the long-term risk of hip fracture following fracture of the distal forearm. Design: Registry-based cohort study comparing patients with a fracture of the distal forearm with a population-based cohort. Fracture cohort: All women and men above 40 years of age with a radiologically verified fracture of the distal forearm during a 5-year period. 1968–1972, in all 1,126 women and 212 men. Control cohort: An equal number of population-based, age-and sex-matched control persons selected from a population register. Measurements: All cohort members were followed up individually through record linkage until the first hip fracture, emigration, death, or the end of 1991. The cohort members contributed a total of 40,832 person-years of observation, and altogether 365 cases of hip fractures were observed. Results: Both women and men with a fracture of the distal forearm ran an increased risk of sustaining a subsequent hip fracture. The overall relative hazard for the women was 1.54 and for men 2.27. The increased risk in the women was independent of age at inclusion, but that in the men was more pronounced in the younger age groups. Conclusions: Patients with a fracture of the distal forearm run an increased risk of sustaining a subsequent hip fracture. They therefore appear to constitute a group in which appropriate prophylactic measures against osteoporosis and fractures should be considered.     

Parity,lactation and hip fracture

The relationship between parity, lactation and the occurrence of hip fracture was investigated in a case-control study of white women. The cases were patients (n=174) aged 45 years and over with a radiologically confirmed first hip fracture sampled from among admissions to 30 hospitals in New York and Philadelphia between September 1987 and July 1989. Controls (n=174) were selected from general surgical and orthopedic services during the same time period and were frequency-matched to cases by age and hospital. Ever having a live birth was associated with reduced odds of hip fracture, controlling for age and hospital of recruitment (odds ratio =0.65; 95% confidence interval =0.41–1.04). When body mass index was also controlled, each birth was associated on average with a 9% reduction in the odds of hip fracture (odds ratio =0.92 [0.78–1.08]), although the trend was not statistically significant. After adjusting for number of births, lactation was not associated with hip fracture (adjusted odds ratio for 12 months of lactation or less =0.80 [0.42–1.55]; adjusted odds ratio for more than 12 months =1.08 [0.45–2.60]).     

Total hip replacement for hip fracture: Surgical techniques and concepts

When treating a hip fracture with a total hip replacement (THR) the surgical technique may differ in a number of aspects in comparison to elective arthroplasty. The hip fracture patient is more likely to have poor bone stock secondary to osteoporosis, be older, have a greater number of co-morbidities, and have had limited peri-operative work-up. These factors lead to a higher risk of complications, morbidity and perioperative mortality.Consideration should be made to performing the THR in a laminar flow theatre, by a surgeon experienced in total hip arthroplasty, using an anterolateral approach, cementing the implant in place, using a large head size and with repair of the joint capsule. Combined Ortho-geriatric care is recommended with similar post-operative rehabilitation to elective THR patients but with less expectation of short length of stay and consideration for fracture prevention measures.     

Functional outcome and survival after hip fracture in elderly: a prospective study of 106 consecutive patients

Abstract Hip fracture is one of the most common, costly, and devastating injuries suffered by elderly. We prospectively analysed the recovery of hip fracture patients in an area of 92 500 inhabitants comprising six municipalities (A-F). Ambulation, functional capacity and survival of 106 consecutive hip fracture patients whose mean age was 79 years (SD=10) were followed for one year. Functional capacity was measured at two weeks, four months and twelve months postoperatively. Locomotor ability was evaluated pre- and postoperatively. Life table method was used in survival analysis. There was a significant decrease in the mean functional capacity of the patients at twelve months compared to the situation prior to the fracture (p=0.001). Prior to the fracture, 59% of the patients were moving without any assistive devices, but one year after fracture only 19% were able to do this. Similarly, not one of the patients was confined to bed before the fracture, but 11% of those who were alive after one year had become bed-ridden (p<0.001). Overall mortality rate was 32%. Age <80 years (OR=7.3; 95% CI, 2.3–23.1), residence in municipalities A and B (OR=4.2; 95% CI, 1.4–12.4 ) and ASA classes 1–3 (OR=5.2; 95% CI, 1.8–15.4) were positive factors for one-year survival. Patients from municipalities A and B (49% of all patients) whose post-acute care was given in the same rehabilitation department of one hospital recovered best. The locomotor ability of the patients decreased significantly in the first postoperative year. It seems that the centralisation of post-acute rehabilitation improves the functional outcome of these patients.     

髋部骨密度与髋部骨折风险的相关性分析

目的探讨不同年龄，不同性别髋部骨折患者的髋部骨密度值与髋部骨折风险的相关性。方法抽取髋部骨折98例，50岁以上85例，其中男性33例，女性52例，股骨颈骨折占44例，粗隆间骨折41例。按照骨质疏松诊断标准共分为2组：T〈-2．0（骨折组），T〉-2．0（骨折组），按性别、年龄、身高、体重与骨折组按1：1配对，以T〈-2．0（非骨折组），T〉-2．0（非骨折组）分别作为对照组。结果年龄50岁以上非暴力髋部骨折患者，T〈-2．0（骨折组）和T〈-2．0（非骨折组）做对照研究，骨折组的骨密度值要低于非骨折组，对骨折风险预测有显著性差异。男性和女性之间做对照研究，有明显的统计学意义。年龄50岁以上非暴力髋部骨折患者，T〉-2．0（骨折组）和T〉-2．0（非骨折组）做对照研究，骨折组的骨密度值要低于非骨折组，对骨折风险预测有显著性差异。男性和女性之间做对照研究，有明显的统计学意义。年龄50岁以下的患者为13例，其中男性11例，女性2例，均为年轻的受暴力致伤的患者，骨密度值检测对骨折风险评估没有显著性差异。结论（1）对于非暴力髋部骨折，低BMD与髋部骨折有明显的相关性，且呈指数级相关。（2）骨折危险性的评估没有明确的BMD阈值。（3）骨折患者与非骨折患者BMD有相互重叠。（4）女性自50岁左右髋部骨折的发生率要高于男性。（5）小于50岁的较年轻患者BMD和骨折危险性的相关性不明确。     

髋部骨折24小时内及延迟入院的下肢深静脉血栓发生情况分析

目的 探讨髋部骨折病人骨折后24 h内下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis, DVT）的发生率及危险因素,并对超过24 h住院病人血栓发生率的变化进行分析。方法 回顾性分析西安交通大学医学院附属红会医院2014年10月至2018年3月收治的1 183例髋部骨折病人资料,根据受伤时间至入院时间进行分组。分析24 h内住院的374例髋部骨折病人资料,根据入院时下肢静脉彩超结果分为DVT组和非DVT组,对两组病人的年龄、性别、身体质量指数（body mass index, BMI）、骨折类型、美国麻醉医师协会（America Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA）分级、入院时的实验室检查、是否多发伤、是否合并内科疾病等可能危险因素进行单因素分析;采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定其独立危险因素;对超过24 h住院的病人进行DVT发生率的变化情况分析。结果 在髋部骨折后24 h内入院的374例髋部骨折病人中,未发生DVT有292例,发生DVT有82例,血栓发生率为21.93%（82/374）。分析DVT组和非DVT组之间的数据,年龄（P=0.005）、骨折部位（P＜0.001）、入院时血红蛋白（P=0.002）、入院时红细胞压积（P=0.004）之间的差异有统计学意义;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄、骨折部位是髋部骨折24 h内形成DVT的独立危险因素。粗隆间骨折［P=0.002,OR=2.510,95%CI：（1.397,4.510）］和粗隆下骨折［P=0.023,OR=4.798,95%CI：（1.237,18.605）］发生DVT的风险分别是股骨颈骨折发生DVT风险的2.51倍、4.80倍。45~59岁、60~75岁、≥75岁年龄段病人分别是＜45岁病人发生DVT风险的3.12、3.20、6.45倍。24 h内入院的病人DVT发生率最低,延迟住院后DVT发生率逐渐升高,在受伤后8~14 d入院的病人DVT发生率最高,达到48.86%。结论 髋部骨折后24 h内就会发生DVT,DVT的类型以远端血栓为主,也会发生近端血栓,年龄≥75岁、股骨粗隆下骨折的病人发生DVT的风险最高。髋部骨折后,随着入院时间的推迟,DVT的发生率逐渐升高。入院后应当第一时间对DVT进行诊断和预防,防止发生致命性肺栓塞。     

Predictors of 30-day hospital readmission after hip fracture: a systematic review

BackgroundEarly readmission to hospital after hip fracture is associated with increased mortality and significant costs to the healthcare system. There is growing interest in the use of 30-day readmission rates as a metric of hospital performance. Identifying patients at increased risk of readmission after hip fracture may enable pre-emptive action to mitigate this risk and the development of effective methods of risk-adjustment to allow readmission to be used as a reliable measure of hospital performance.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of bibliographic databases and reference lists up to July 2016 to identify primary research papers assessing the effect of patient- and hospital-related risk factors for 30-day readmission to hospital after hip fracture.Results495 papers were found through electronic and reference search. 65 full papers were assessed for eligibility. 22 met inclusion criteria and were included in the final review.Medical causes of readmission were significantly more common than surgical causes, with pneumonia consistently being cited as the most common readmission diagnosis. Age, pre-existing pulmonary disease and neurological disorders were strong independent predictors of readmission. ASA grade and functional status were more robust predictors of readmission than the Charlson score or individual co-morbidities. Hospital-related risk factors including initial length of stay, hospital size and volume, time to surgery and type of anaesthesia did not have a consistent effect on readmission risk. Discharge location and the strength of hospital-discharge facility linkage were important determinants of risk.ConclusionsPatient-related risk factors such as age, co-morbidities and functional status are stronger predictors of 30-day readmission risk after hip fracture than hospital-related factors. Rates of 30-day readmission may not be a valid reflection of hospital performance unless a clear distinction can be made between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. We identify a number of deficiencies in the existing literature and highlight key areas for future research.