沈阳市工读学校学生预防艾滋病健康教育效果评价

[目的]评价预防艾滋病健康教育对工读学校学生的近期效果。[方法]运用电化教学与参与式教学相结合的方式进行预防艾滋病健康教育。采用自制的预防艾滋病健康教育问卷进行问卷调查。[结果]通过健康教育,学生对艾滋病相关知识的正答率明显高于教育前,对艾滋病传播途径的了解有了很大提高,对艾滋病及艾滋病病人的态度也随着艾滋病知识水平的提高而有所改善,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。[结论]运用电化教学与参与式教学对工读学校学生进行预防艾滋病健康教育会取得良好的效果。     

某校中学生艾滋病健康教育效果评价

目的评价中学生预防艾滋病健康教育的近期效果。方法采用自制的艾滋病健康教育问卷对沈阳市48中学初一到高三6个年级的478名在校学生进行问卷调查。运用电化教学和参与式教学相结合的方法进行预防艾滋病健康教育。结果通过健康教育，沈阳市48中中学生对艾滋病知识的正答率普遍提高。差异具有显著意义（P〈0．05）。结论通过电化教学和参与式教学相结合的方法，在中学生中开展艾滋病健康教育会取得显著效果。     

玉林师范学院大学生预防艾滋病健康教育效果评价

目的了解玉林师范学院大学生对艾滋病相关知识的掌握情况及健康教育需求,评价健康教育效果,为制定该校健康教育策略提供依据。方法采取随机整群抽样方法,在健康教育开展前后抽取860名大学生匿名进行问卷调查。结果干预后与干预前相比,大学生对蚊虫叮咬不能传播艾滋病的知晓率从41．69％提高到72．68％,差异有统计学意义（x2=163．18,P〈0．01）;大学生对及早治愈性病可预防艾滋病和洁身自爱是预防艾滋病的主要措施的知晓率仍较低,分别为67．47％和68．92％。大学生现有艾滋病知识来源主要是网络（68％）,希望获得艾滋病知识的途径是学校健康教育（71％）。结论大学生对艾滋病知识掌握不全面,艾滋病健康教育的力度应加强。广播、网络等宣传媒介可提高大学生对艾滋病的认识,可作为健康教育的主要方式。     

杭州市男大学生艾滋病知识知晓现状与健康教育需求调查

目的调查杭州市男大学生艾滋病知识知晓现状和健康教育需求,为深入进行大学生艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷,以年级为分层要素进行随机抽样方法对4100名男大学生进行自填式问卷调查。结果男大学生对多数艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高,大部分题目的答对率在80%以上,但对部分知识知晓率偏低,如仅42.7%的人知道蚊虫叮咬不会传染艾滋病。男大学生较易接受的教育方式依次是通过专题讲座（34.8%）、网络（34.4%）、纸质宣传材料（30.8%）等。47.1%的男大学生认为学校艾滋病健康教育最为不足的是过于理论化,不够实际。结论男大学生对大部分艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高,但部分艾滋病相关知识知晓率仍较低。学校需加强艾滋病健康教育力度,并紧密联系男大学生的实际情况,将理论与实践相结合,增强大学生预防艾滋病的技能。     

天津大学开展学生艾滋病健康教育的效果评价

目的 了解大学生健康教育前后对艾滋病的相关知识知晓率、态度和行为,评价健康教育效果,探讨高校预防艾滋病的有效方法。方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对天津大学300名大一学生在艾滋病健康教育前、后进行问卷调查并做统计分析。结果 开展艾滋病健康教育后,大学生对艾滋病防治知识的知晓率明显上升,教育效果指数均大于1.0,教育前后差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;对艾滋病感染者的歧视态度明显改善,教育前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;对婚前性行为、同性恋以及多个性伴侣的接受程度,教育前后差异无统计学意义。结论 开展大学生预防艾滋病的健康教育是必要和有效的,应在大学生中开展多种形式的艾滋病健康教育,以预防和控制艾滋病。     

2005年某学院部分学生艾滋病健康教育效果评价

[目的]探讨医学高职生健康教育的方式、方法，评价艾滋病健康教育的效果，通过健康教育，提高学生预防艾滋病的意识和能力。[方法]开展一系列艾滋病健康教育活动，包括专题讲座、演讲比赛、知识竞赛、社会宣传等。健康教育前后分别测评学生掌握艾滋病预防知识的水平，采用成组t检验、配对t检验和方差分析进行统计处理。[结果]健康教育前各班艾滋病预防知识平均成绩差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05），具有较好的可比性；健康教育后各班平均成绩差别也无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但各班健康教育前后平均成绩差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。健康教育前学生已掌握一定的艾滋病预防知识，考试成绩平均90．89分，健康教育后考试成绩为94．63分，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]本次健康教育活动取得了良好的效果，对学生的自我保健和人群艾滋病预防具有现实意义和长远意义。     

某高校世界艾滋病日活动效果评估

目的研究学校防治艾滋病健康教育效果,探讨大学生预防艾滋病健康教育的方法。方法在活动前后分别进行问卷调查。结果防治艾滋病健康教育活动受到同学的欢迎。培训前大学生预防艾滋病的知识知晓率为58.5%;培训后达99.2%。结论采取大学生喜闻乐见的形式和内容开展防治艾滋病健康教育活动有很好的效果。     

宁夏地区中学校医和健康教育教师预防艾滋病知识与态度

目的 了解宁夏地区中学校医预防艾滋病知识、态度及健康教育状况,为中学开展预防艾滋病健康教育提供决策依据。方法 以不记名问卷方式对宁夏4市92名中学校医进行调查。结果 有35.3%的教师曾接受过预防艾滋病健康教育方面的培训,90%以上的教师对艾滋病三大传播途径的知识掌握较好,但对于非传播途径、预防及治疗的基本知识回答正确率较低。分别有95.7%和98.9%的校医赞同在初中和高中开展预防艾滋病健康教育;但几乎所有的回族校医（96.8%）都反对在初中阶段讲解有关避孕套的知识,有49.2%的回族教师反对在高中阶段讲解正确使用避孕套知识。接受过培训的教师预防艾滋病知识得分、对在学校开展预防艾滋病教育态度总得分等均高于未受过培训的教师,且差异有统计学意义。回族教师对在学校开展预防艾滋病教育态度总得分明显低于汉族教师（P〈0.01）。校医预防艾滋病知识主要来自书籍、报刊、杂志（76.9%）,其次为电视、广播（45.2%）,培训在各种来源中居第5位（23.6%）。结论 应加强对民族地区中学校医和健康教育教师进行学校预防艾滋病健康教育的培训;尽快编写符合民族地区情况的学校预防艾滋病健康教育大纲及教师教学参考书。     

大学新生预防艾滋病同伴教育效果评价

目的评价大学新生预防艾滋病同伴教育的效果,探索预防和控制艾滋病健康教育的有效方法。方法对自愿报名参加预防艾滋病同伴教育的2007年新入学的94名大学生,采用闭卷、不记名、独立填写的方式测试其对艾滋病相关知识的掌握情况,以评价同伴教育的效果。结果大学新生对安全性行为、艾滋病、性病相关知识的答对人数,对婚前婚外性行为、艾滋病患者等问题持正向／积极态度或行为意向的人数均比听课前显著增加（P值均〈0.05）;对同伴教育的内容、教学方式、教员表现等方面的满意度评分都在9分以上。结论同伴教育是一种青年人乐于接受而又有确切效果的健康教育方式,值得应用和推广。在大学生中开展预防艾滋病同伴教育,对于预防和控制艾滋病的传播具有重要的作用。     

少数民族大学生预防艾滋病健康教育效果评价

目的了解预防艾滋病和促进生殖健康教育对少数民族大学生的艾滋病预防知识、态度、行为的教育效果,为更有效地对民族大学生进行艾滋病预防及健康监护提供依据。方法按照随机整群抽样原则,对中南民族大学一至四年级1000名在校大学生进行艾滋病防治和生殖健康的相关行为干预,选择其中619名少数民族大学生为研究对象,通过干预前、后的问卷调查评价干预效果。结果干预后,619名少数民族学生艾滋病的相关知识水平明显提高,平均知晓率由干预前的84.48%上升到97.24%,艾滋病相关态度行为的积极程度由69.85%上升到84.67%。结论围绕艾滋病防治和健康监护展开的健康教育活动可以有效促进民族大学生预防艾滋病知识水平的提高及正确态度、技能的形成。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.