气道肿瘤造成气管狭窄经支气管镜介入治疗的临床疗效研究

目的:回顾性分析探讨肿瘤致气道狭窄的患者经气管介入治疗过程中该法的应用价值,为类似病情治疗提供理论参考。方法:收集76例我院2016年3月—2018年9月收治的气道肿瘤致气道狭窄并接受支气管镜介入治疗的病例资料,分析致使恶性气道狭窄的肿瘤类型成因,并分析评价其治疗前后气道内径、气促分级、治疗效果、术中并发症等临床资料,评估支气管介入治疗方式在该类病情治疗过程中的安全性及有效性。结果:均经病理证实的76例气道狭窄病例中,肺癌71例,肾癌肺转移2例,甲状腺癌气管侵犯3例。经支气管镜介入治疗气道狭窄,治疗前平均气道内径由0.57±0.18mm增至治疗后1.19±0.14mm,平均气道内径增加明显(P<0.05);平均气促分级由3.22±0.48降至治疗后1.52±0.79,气促分级降低明显(P<0.05);治疗总有效率达100%;患者术前平均KPS评分60.42±4.92,术后增至79.31±8.03,差异有统计意义(P<0.05);支气管镜介入治疗术中并发症多为出血、心律失常、一过性血氧低等,术中均得到有效控制。结论:肺癌中腺癌是导致气道狭窄的高发原因;支气管镜介导的手术治疗能直接可解除气道狭窄问题同时辅助其他放化疗,增强治疗效果。     

Endoscopic Nd:YAG Laser Treatment in the Perioperative Management of Tracheobronchoplasty

The objective of this study was to determine the role of endoscopic Nd:YAG laser treatment in the preoperative or postoperative management of tracheobronchoplasty. Eighteen patients with severe stenotic lesions of the trachea or bronchus underwent Nd:YAG laser treatment. Nd:YAG laser treatment was performed in the preoperative period in 14 patients and in the postoperative period in 4 patients. The indications for Nd:YAG laser treatment included emergency airway dilatation, confirmation of the distal margin of tumor, and safe tracheal intubation in patients with severe tracheal stenosis. The indications for Nd:YAG laser treatment in patients with severe stenosis of the mainstem bronchus were confirmation of the distal margin of tumor and recovery of lung ventilation during the preoperative period and reopening of the bronchial lumen to prevent obstructive pneumonia in the postoperative period. Among patients treated with Nd:YAG laser preoperatively, the indications were completely achieved in all 14 patients, except for 1 patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma who underwent treatment of the right mainstem bronchus. Among patients treated with Nd:YAG laser postoperatively the indications also were achieved in all 4 patients with severe granulomatous stenosis of the bronchial end-to-end anastomosis following sleeve lobectomy. In conclusion, endoscopic Nd:YAG laser treatment played an important role in the perioperative management of patients undergoing tracheobronchoplasty.     

Laser therapy of the lower gastrointestinal tract. A report of experiences

In the years 1985 to 1988, 15 patients with advanced rectal or rectosigmoidal tumors causing stenosis or bleeding were submitted to palliative Neodymium-YAG laser therapy. In addition, twelve patients with remnant adenomas after endoscopic polypectomy and three patients with benign strictures were treated to attempt cure. Stenosis and bleeding could be effectively treated in all cases. Three patients developed unmanageable tumor recurrences and eventually had to undergo colostomy after a mean lag period of seven months (1.6 to 8.8 months). Mean survival time presently is 6.3 months. Of the tumor patients, five are still alive. Ten out of twelve remnant colorectal adenomas could be eradicated by additional laser treatment. There was one recurrence. Two patients did not attend to follow-ups. All three anastomotic strictures could be recanalized by laser treatment. Two of these three patients later developed recurrences, which could likewise be effectively managed by repeated laser application. There were no treatment-associated complications in these patients. Our results give additional confirmation, that ND-YAG lasers are effective for the palliative treatment of tumor stenoses and tumor bleeding of the rectal and rectosigmoidal area and also may be a valuable therapeutic modality for benign strictures and remnant adenomas in selected patients.     

局麻下支气管镜钬激光治疗大气道狭窄的临床评价

目的观察局麻支气管镜下钬激光治疗大气道狭窄的近期疗效及安全性。方法收集山东大学附属省立医院2014年1月-2016年5月46例钬激光治疗的大气道狭窄患者共85例次,均经CT或气管镜检查证实,后予以钬激光治疗或联合冷冻或球囊扩张等处理,术中予以低流量吸氧并严密监测生命体征,术后定期复查并随访。结果完全缓解5例次(5.9%),显著缓解69例次(81.2%),部分缓解11例次(12.9%),治疗失败0例次(0.0%),总体有效率100.0%;无死亡、大出血、气道内着火等严重并发症。结论钬激光联合冷冻、球囊扩张治疗大气道狭窄安全性高,并发症少,近期疗效可靠。     

经支气管镜激光烧灼治疗呼吸道阻塞性病变患者的护理

目的探讨经支气管镜Nd-YAG激光烧灼治疗呼吸道阻塞性病变患者的护理方法。方法回顾性分析并总结2003年5月至2011年8月解放军第401医院呼吸内科收治的67例经支气管镜激光烧灼治疗呼吸道阻塞性病变患者的临床资料。结果经支气管镜激光烧灼治疗,本组48例恶性肿瘤患者中,19例患者肿瘤部分缩小或脱落,达到呼吸道开通1/3～1/2以上的疗效;7例气管支气管肉芽肿患者中,1例外伤性患者及1例气管切开性肉芽组织增生患者达治愈标准,其余5例患者治疗效果为有效;5例放射损伤性坏死物阻塞呼吸道患者,治疗结果均为有效;7例支气管息肉性良性肿瘤患者,Nd-YAG激光烧灼治疗均达治愈标准。结论 Nd-YAG激光烧灼气管和支气管内阻塞性病变患者,能够迅速缓解呼吸道阻塞症状,具有安全有效和损伤小的优点。术前充分的黏膜麻醉、护士在操作中的密切配合、细致观察是治疗顺利进行的重要保证。     

Intratumoral ethanol injection for malignant tracheobronchial lesions: a new bronchofiberscopic procedure

We performed intratumoral ethanol injection via a flexible bronchofiberscope in 13 patients with malignant tracheobronchial lesions in order to evaluate its effects on airway dilatation and hemostasis. The results obtained are described below. Immediately after intratumoral injection of ethanol, bronchofiberscopic findings revealed that the tumor turned faintly white, there was a little regression of tumor, and a promising effect was demonstrated on patients with bleeding from tumors. The injected tumor turned necrotic within several days, and histological examination revealed no viable tumor cells in necrotic tissues. The histological anti-tumor effect of ethanol was also demonstrated in experiments with nude mice. This endoscopic treatment was very effective in polypoid tumor protruding into the tracheobronchial lumen, but ineffective in the case of compressed stenosis or obstruction. In conclusion, intratumoral injection of ethanol is considered to be a promising endoscopic treatment for malignant tracheobronchial lesions.     

经纤维支气管镜射频治疗气道疾病

目的 探讨经纤维支气管镜（简称纤支镜）射频治疗气道疾病的疗效。方法 20例气道疾病患者，其中恶性肿瘤12例，支气管肉芽肿4例，良性肿瘤4例，给予经纤支镜射频治疗。结果 恶性肿瘤中10例经2、3次治疗，基本将腔内肿瘤切除干净，另2例经4次治疗，管腔明显扩大，气促缓解；4例支气管肉芽肿均经1次治疗将肉芽切除；4例气道良性肿瘤经2-4次射频治疗肿瘤完全切除。结论 经纤支镜射频治疗气道内疾病有良好的效果，副反应小。     

Indications for endoscopic Nd-YAG laser surgery in the trachea and bronchus

Nd-YAG laser surgery via the fiberoptic bronchoscope can vaporize lesions causing airway obstruction or stenosis located from the trachea to segmental bronchi with minimized danger of bleeding, and improve ventilatory disturbances. 35 lesions in the trachea and bronchus consisting of 27 malignant lesions and 8 benign lesions were treated with endoscopic Nd-YAG laser surgery. The procedures were performed under local anesthesia, and no significant side effects were recognized. The lesions was irradiated with 20-80 W. power. In most cases a continuous wave was used, but in cases of early stage squamous cell carcinoma intermittent irradiation of 0.5 second laser spots were used. In 21 of 35 cases effective results were obtained. The non-effective results obtained in 14 cases were considered to be due to inexact preprocedural evaluation of the extent of the lesions. Effective results were obtained in 11 of 13 lesions located in the trachea, in 3 of 5 lesions in the trachea and bronchus and in 7 of 17 lesions in the bronchus. Tumor in the trachea with severe ventilatory disturbance is a good indication for Nd-YAG laser surgery to rapidly alleviate symptoms. But in cases of lung cancer, indications even as a palliative procedure are limited to those cases in which the lung parenchyma distal to the stenotic portion is viable. However, the indications for this procedure as a curative modality are extremely limited.     

Effectiveness of Photodynamic Therapy and Nd-YAG Laser Treatment for Obstructed Tracheobronchial Malignancies

Since 1980, advanced lung carcinomas were treated with palliative laser therapy for the purpose of opening the endobronchial stenosis and obstruction by either photodynamic therapy (PDT) or Nd-YAG laser treatment at Tokyo Medical University. A total of 258 lesions were treated, 81 by PDT and 177 by Nd-YAG laser treatment. PDT achieved effective results in 61 (75%) of 81 lesions. In the Nd-YAG laser group, 143 (81%) of 177 lesions showed effective results. When the tumor was located in the trachea or main bronchi, effective results were obtained in 73% (19 of 26) of cases treated by PDT and in 93% of cases (64 of 69) treated by Nd-YAG laser. However, in cases in which the tumor was located in lobar or segmental bronchi, the tumor response was effective in 76% (42 of 55) of PDT-treated patients and 73% (79 of 108) of Nd-YAG laser-treated patients. With a mortality rate of 0%, the greatest advantage of PDT over Nd-YAG treatment was safety. Considering complications, PDT seems to be useful for obstruction of lobar and segmental bronchus. Nevertheless, when deciding among alternative therapies, physicians treating patients with advanced lung carcinoma should give careful consideration to the benefit and complications of both laser therapies and decide the most suitable modality.     

The present status of bronchoscopic Nd:YAG laser

In Japan, the first bronchoscopic Nd:YAG laser applied clinically was performed in our institute 10 years ago, and based on this decade of experience, the indications, effectiveness, and limitations were studied. Between 1980 and 1989, a total of 202 cases were treated by Nd:YAG laser in our institute. Among them, 94 (46.5%) cases were primary lung cancers, 10 (5.0%) cases were primary tracheal malignancies, 56 (27.7%) cases were metastatic tracheal tumors, 6 (3.0%) cases were benign tracheal tumors, and 36 (17.8%) cases were nontumorous tracheal lesions. The indications for Nd:YAG laser therapy were defined as emergency widening of airway, curative treatment, reduction of tumor size, nontumorous benign lesions, and hemostasis. The desired therapeutic effects were obtained in 55/58 (94.8%) for emergency airway widening, 22/27 (81.5%) for curative treatment, 69/88 (78.4%) for reduction of tumor size, and 48/68 (70.6%) for nontumorous benign lesions. While performing Nd:YAG laser treatment, some limitations, such as poor residual pulmonary function, tumor size, tumor depth, cartilage structure, granulation, and stricture length, were encountered. Since bronchoscopic Nd:YAG laser treatment has become a well-established therapeutic modality for tracheobroncheal lesions, areas to be addressed in the future are the training of bronchoscopic laser therapists and research on the extension of applications. To increase the range of clinical applications, it is hoped that makers of laser systems will provide tunable wavelength machines at reduced cost.     

Endoscopic management of acute respiratory failure related to tracheobronchial malignancies

Endobronchial treatment has an expanding role in the treatment of tracheobronchial tumors. Most patients are treated in this way for the palliation of dyspnea caused by a tumor located in a major airway. In cases where immediate relief is required, prompt control is better achieved by the neodymium-YAG laser or by stents. These two modalities and their indications and limitations in the endoscopic management of acute respiratory failure related to tracheobronchial malignancies are discussed.     

光动力疗法联合气道支架或冷冻治疗恶性中心气道狭窄的效果

目的探讨光动力疗法联合气道内支架植入或冷冻治疗恶性中心气道狭窄的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年10月至2019年10月浙江省人民医院因恶性肿瘤引起中心气道狭窄患者45例的临床资料,根据介入治疗方法的不同分为两组,给予光动力治疗后行支架植入的20例患者为支架组,给予冷冻治疗光后行动力治疗的25例患者为冷冻组,比较两组患者治疗后气道直径增加值、呼吸困难评分、气道病变临床表现评分、体质情况评分、呼吸功能、治疗后并发症发生情况、治疗后生存率和平均生存期。结果治疗后冷冻组气管、左主支气管、右主支气管直径增加值大于支架组(P<0.01)。治疗后两组气管、左主支气管、右主支气管狭窄程度均低于治疗前(P<0.01),冷冻组气管狭窄程度低于支架组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。治疗后,两组呼吸困难评分、气道病变临床表现评分均低于治疗前,第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、体质状况评分(KPS评分)均高于治疗前(P<0.01),但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组均无严重治疗后并发症发生。两组生存率和平均生存期比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论光动力疗法联合支架植入或冷冻治疗均是缓解恶性气道狭窄的有效治疗方法,两者均可以迅速扩张狭窄管腔,减轻患者呼吸困难症状,改善呼吸功能,提高生活质量。     

Metallic stent placement for malignant airway stenosis

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of metallic stents for treating central airway stenosis caused by malignant tumors. The subjects were 72 patients (16 women, 56 men; mean age, 61 years; age range, 28–87 years) treated with metallic stents for dyspnea due to tracheobronchial stenotic lesions caused by malignant tumors between May 1990 and August 2010. The underlying disorder was primary lung cancer in 42 patients, metastatic lung cancer in 29, and mediastinal tumor in one patient. In 69 of 72 patients (95.8%), dyspnea began to improve following completion of the procedure. The average Hugh-Jones classification score improved from 4.2 before stenting to 2.8 after stenting. The patients' average survival following stent placement was 3.6 months (two days–33 months). Thirteen lesions developed re-obstruction during follow-up. Of these 13 lesions, eight patients with dyspnea underwent re-interventions with metallic stent replacement and improved. Airway stent placement is an immediate and effective method of treatment for dyspnea caused by stenotic lesions of the central airway due to malignant tumor. It is effective for treating stenosis due to either tracheobronchial intraluminal tumor or extrinsic compression. Restenting is also useful to treat dyspnea caused by restenosis following stent placement.     

Clinical assessment of laser monotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the mobile tongue

OBJECTIVE: Laser monotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the mobile tongue treated with CO2 laser was carried out on 18 cases between 1979 and 1997. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three cases recurred after laser surgery. As a subsequent therapy, radiotherapy was performed on two of them and laser surgery was repeated on the remaining one. No recurrences were found in the two patients who died from other diseases after laser surgery. RESULTS: The cure rate of primary tumors was 83.3%. One patient had subsequent metastasis after laser surgery. The rate of recurrence and subsequent metastasis was compared between a group of patients treated with laser surgery and a group treated with radiotherapy (interstitial implant). No differences were found in the rate of recurrence between the two groups. While 22 of 52 patients had a subsequent metastasis in the group treated with interstitial implant, only one patient had it in the group treated with laser surgery. There was a statistical difference between these two groups (p < 0.01).     

Laser surgery of Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF 1)

Over six years of experience, the technique of treating NF 1 by laser surgery has been developed and has become a standardized treatment protocol. Whole-body therapy is undertaken over several sessions, during which a distinctive LPLL technique is applied to radically remove every NF fibroma, success being assured by nothing less than total extirpation of the tumors present. Either the argon or the carbon dioxide laser is employed, depending on the stage of the tumors. In 58 sessions of approximately 150 laser hours 21 patients have been treated. There have been no recurrences. A radically removed tumor diminishes the total number of programmed tumors by one. This is the basis underlying the therapy described. Psychosocial care of NF 1 patients remains a factor of great importance. In itself, however, it is not sufficient to achieve emotional recovery and physicocosmetic well-being.     

松果体区肿瘤的治疗策略研究

目的：探讨松果体区肿瘤的治疗策略。方法：我院自2003年12月至2007年12月收治的58例松果体区肿瘤,按肿瘤标志物甲胎蛋白（AFP）和人β-促绒膜性腺激素（hCG-β）将其分为标志物增高组和正常组,回顾分析两组临床资料和治疗体会。结果：肿瘤标志物正常组36例,其中27例行手术切除肿瘤,9例行伽马刀治疗（其中5例行伽马刀加脑室腹腔分流治疗）。术后4例因病理报告示生殖细胞瘤行伽马刀补充治疗,3例因梗阻性脑积水行脑室腹腔分流。增高组22例,均选用伽马刀治疗（其中17例合并梗阻性脑积水者行伽马刀加脑室腹腔分流）。治疗后3例因症状缓解不佳行手术切除肿瘤术。手术病例中24例采用经胼胝体入路,4例经枕部小脑幕入路,2例经幕下小脑上入路。手术全切24例,次全切5例,部分切除1例,术后住院期内死亡者1例。病理诊断：生殖细胞瘤14例,畸胎瘤5例,中枢神经细胞瘤4例,室管膜瘤2例,表皮样囊肿2例,脑膜瘤1例,胶质瘤1例,皮样囊肿1例。放射外科治疗病例中28例术后3个月临床症状明显改善,4例随访期内肿瘤无明显变化,3例肿瘤增大。2例放疗后出现鞍区转移。结论：松果体区肿瘤组织类型多样,应尽可能先明确肿瘤性质后选择合理治疗策略。     

硬质支气管镜联合可弯曲支气管镜治疗12例气道良性肿瘤的临床分析

目的探讨硬质支气管镜联合可弯曲支气管镜治疗气道良性肿瘤的效果、安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析2018年12月-2019年10月咸阳市中心医院呼吸与危重症医学科通过硬质支气管镜介入联合可弯曲支气管镜治疗的气道良性肿瘤12例。观察治疗前后患者临床表现、气道内径、气促指数、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV_1)的变化情况,并对不同类型气道良性肿瘤影像学、镜下表现进行分析。结果采用硬质支气管镜介入联合可弯曲支气管镜治疗后,12例患者临床表现均得到明显改善,治疗前后气道内径和FEV_1变化情况比较,差异均有统计学意义,且气促指数明显改善,治疗过程中1例患者出血较多,约30 mL,使用球囊压迫止血后好转,无1例患者死亡。结论应用硬质支气管镜介入联合可弯曲支气管镜治疗气道良性肿瘤,可以快速清除瘤体组织,缓解气道狭窄,改善患者临床症状,是一种高效、安全的方法,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

小肠中高危险度间质瘤影像学观察及临床病理对照分析

目的探讨小肠中高危险度恶性间质肿瘤（GIST）影像学特征及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的21例中高度危险度小肠GIST的影像学资料,所有病例均行免疫组织化学检测。结果21例中,11例GIST中度危险度,10例高度危险度。肿瘤大小5．1～7．9cm,平均6．4cm。CT检查为肠腔偏侧性狭窄、腔外不规则肿块、肿块内多灶性低密度坏死区、明显的不均匀强化。结论中高危险度GIST影像学表现具有一定的特征性,一般直径大于5cm,沿长轴偏侧性狭窄伴多发性溃疡、不规则腔外肿块、肿块内多处低密度区征象、增强扫描有明显的不均匀强化,CT检查是小肠中高度危险度GIST主要影像学方法。     

局部麻醉支气管软镜下氩气刀治疗中心气道阻塞性病变的困难

目的观察评价局部麻醉支气管软镜下氩等离子体凝固（argon plasma coagulation，APC简称氩气刀）治疗中心气道阻塞性病变的困难。方法局部麻醉支气管软镜下应用ERBE的APC300型氩气刀治疗中心气道阻塞性病变，观察治疗中的困难。结果2003年11月～2006年1月，28例中心气道阻塞的患者，共接受APC治疗71例次。术中遇到的主要困难如下。3例气管严重堵塞的患者，1例在APC治疗中少量出血，患者不愿承担手术风险而放弃继续手术，另2例术中窒息，其中1例改用全身麻醉完成手术，另外1例双侧主支气管严重堵塞未完成手术；肿物完全堵塞气道超过4cm以上的7例患者，每例患者短期内都进行了多次长时间APC治疗。患者难以耐受，其中3例被迫改用全身麻醉；8例患者在15例次的治疗中，靶组织结构不清，通过优先凝切、剥离管腔中心病变和分次治疗完成治疗；12例病变广泛的患者，在24例次的治疗中，清创费时，使用冷冻探头清创缩短了时间。3例因伴有软骨环损害气道塌陷和管壁外压，联合使用气道支架方才缓解了气道阻塞。结论局部麻醉软镜下氩气刀治疗气道阻塞性病变有一些困难，应该选择风险小、短时间能完成的手术。靶组织结构不清需要采取分次治疗。清创费时，冷冻探头能缩短清创时间。其局限性决定了软骨环损害致管壁塌陷和管壁外压者需联用支架。     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断血管外膜囊性病变中的应用价值

目的探讨血管外膜囊性病变（CAD）的超声表现,评价彩色多普勒超声对CAD的诊断价值。 方法回顾性分析2005年8月至2014年2月于中国医科大学附属第一医院就诊并经手术确诊的8例CAD患者的超声图像表现及其它影像检查方法的特点。 结果术前超声确诊5例,误诊3例。8例CAD均为单发,5例位于于腘动脉,2例位于髂外动脉-股动脉,1例位于髂外静脉。依据囊肿形态及管腔的狭窄特点将其分为偏心性囊肿和向心性囊肿,偏心性囊肿6例,其中2例囊肿内有分隔,向心性囊肿2例,囊肿内均有分隔。受累血管外壁均不同程度增宽,但横切见血管外形均无改变,管腔受压,内径变细。动脉受累者,囊肿与管腔之间可见3层管壁结构,狭窄处血流收缩期峰速度可加快,频谱形态呈湍流样改变,病变远心端动脉血流峰速度减低。病变位于静脉者,其远心端静脉管腔增宽,血流缓慢。血管造影显示受累动脉处管腔狭窄,呈"弯月征"。CT可见管腔外单腔或多腔肿物,管腔呈充盈缺损或变细。8例病例均行囊肿切除及血管外膜剥离术。 结论彩色多普勒超声能够准确显示CAD患者囊肿的位置、形态和内部回声等,准确评价管腔狭窄特点、程度和血流状态,对CAD的诊断、治疗和预后有重要的临床意义。