组织工程相关生物材料的主要产品与应用

由于传统的人工器官不具备生物功能,只能作为辅助治疗装置使用,研究具有生物功能的组织工程人工器官已在全世界引起广泛重视。构建组织工程人工器官需要三个要素,即生物材料、种子细胞、组织构建,因此,组织工程的主要研究内容也是围绕这三个基本要素展开的。〇种子细胞是组织工程化组织能够再生的首要物质基础。种子细胞可以来源于自体、同种异体甚至异种组织。异体或异种细胞虽来源广泛,但因免疫排斥反应等问题,无法用于病损组织的永久性修复。因此,真正用于修复组织缺损的细胞仍主要来源于自体。〇生物材料是种子细胞形成组织之前赖以生存和依附的三维支架,它能将细胞固定于一定位置,为其生长、繁殖、新陈代谢及细胞外基质分泌等生理活动提供场所,并引导再生组织形成基本形状。     

脱细胞基质水凝胶促组织再生的研究进展

脱细胞基质水凝胶是组织或器官通过物理、化学和酶解等手段去除其细胞的内容物,只保留细胞骨架结构和细胞外基质等成分,以实现促细胞黏附、增殖和分化并为其生长创造良好微环境的天然高分子生物材料。近年来,由于其良好的细胞相容性、生物可降解性和诱导组织再生能力,脱细胞基质水凝胶在组织修复、再生医学领域备受关注。首先,介绍该水凝胶的基本特点和材料特性,包括其内部的组成成分和结构、组织特异性以及潜在的免疫排斥反应;然后,从细胞水平的培养、临床前的研究和临床上的应用等三方面,重点阐述脱细胞基质水凝胶在组织工程学中的研究应用;最后,展望脱细胞基质材料运用的优势和需要克服的缺陷。总之,作为构建工程化组织以及修复组织缺损的新型生物活性材料,脱细胞基质水凝胶具有广阔的应用前景。     

中法2005年医学研讨会细胞和组织工程治疗学：从基础到临床

细胞组织工程学是近年来发展迅速的一门新兴交叉学科，它应用生命科学和工程学的基本原理和技术，在体外构建一个具有生命力的活体组织，植入体内修复组织缺损，甚至替代器官功能。其发展将从根本上解决组织和器官缺损所致的功能障碍或丧失治疗的问题。在细胞组织工程学的研究中，种子细胞、生物材料、构建组织和器官的方法和技术以及组织工程的临床应用是其主要内容。     

中法2005年医学研讨会细胞和组织工程治疗学：从基础到临床

会议简介 细胞组织工程学是近年来发展迅速的一门新兴交叉学科，它应用生命科学和工程学的基本原理和技术，在体外构建一个具有生命力的活体组织，植入体内修复组织缺损，甚至替代器官功能。其发展将从根本上解决组织和器官缺损所致的功能障碍或丧失治疗的问题。在细胞组织工程学的研究中，种子细胞、生物材料、构建组织和器官的方法和技术以及组织工程的临床应用是其主要内容。     

骨、软骨与软组织生物力学研究的新进展

正骨与软骨组织是人体重要的承载和运动器官。创伤、肿瘤、感染和骨关节炎等造成骨或软骨缺损修复需求日益增多,加快骨与软骨修复材料的研发,探索骨与软骨愈合和再生过程中的微环境(如力、电、基质力学性质及拓扑结构等)与细胞之间的相互作用机制,对于骨和软骨再生和重建,促进组织损伤修复具有重要意义。在骨和软骨修复材料方面,我们以羟基磷灰石为基质材料构建了多种类型骨修复材料;利用原位生长法在钛植入体表面形成活性纳米羟基磷灰石涂层,     

深低温冷冻保护剂研究进展

【摘要】作为再生医学的重要组成部分,组织工程在受损组织和器官的修复再生方面显示了良好的临床应用前景。组织工程相关细胞及组织的深低温保存是组织工程技术平台的重要部分。冷冻保护剂是深低温保存细胞和组织不可缺少的部分,具有很高的临床应用和研究价值。就传统低温冷冻保护剂的分类和组成、其他冷冻剂的研究进展、改善深低温冷冻保护剂效果的技术手段及冷冻保护剂在组织工程研究中的重要价值进行了综述;探讨最优的深低温保护剂,为组织工程产品的保存及临床应用提供理论依据,为冷冻保护剂的研究指出了新的发展方向;最后指出了冷冻保护剂在组织工程应用方面存在的相关问题。     

组织工程

组织工程是综合利用生命科学和工程学的基本原理和技术 ,以人工合成或天然生物材料为载体 ,整合分离的种子细胞 ,在体外预先构建有生命的种植体 ,然后植入体内 ,以修复组织缺损 ,替代或重建器官的结构 ,维持或改善组织器官功能的一门新兴边缘学科。组织工程研究主要包括支架材料 ,细胞生物学 ,生物医学性能与安全性评价等方面的内容。组织工程     

丝素蛋白的生物相容性及临床应用

背景：皮肤损伤后的修复和重建都是棘手的问题,以皮肤细胞本身作为皮肤替代物修复缺损,以达到恢复组织器官的形态和功能,成为一种理想的途径,也是临床上难以解决的问题 目的：文章综述了丝素蛋白的生物相容性及应用的研究进展,寻找最佳人工皮肤以应用临床。 方法：应用计算机检索CNKI和PubMed数据库中1992-02/2011-03关于丝素蛋白生物相容性,在组织工程皮肤、生物材料领域应用的文章,在标题和摘要中以“丝素蛋白;生物相容性;组织工程;生物材料;应用”或“Silk fibroin;Biocompatibility;Tissue Engineering;Biological materials;Application”为检索词进行检索。选择文章内容与丝素蛋白的生物相容性及应用相关,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。初检得到215篇文献,根据纳入标准选择22篇文章进行综述。 结果与结论：对丝胶蛋白特性及研究应用的了解,有利于皮肤损伤后的修复和重建,以皮肤细胞本身作为皮肤替代物修复缺损,以达到恢复组织器官的形态和功能,有良好的机械性能和理化性质及有良好的生物相容性,对表皮细胞生长具有一定的促进作用。但将其应用于临床治疗方面仍需要很长的时间,尚有一些问题需要进一步研究、解决。     

组织工程化人工神经研究进展

利用各种神经导管可成功桥接修复短段周围神经缺损已为许多学者公认 ,但是 ,这些神经导管由于缺乏许旺细胞或内部支架来支持、促进神经再生轴突长距离生长 ,因此不能有效修复长段周围神经缺损[1,2 ] 。应用组织工程技术构建神经导管 ,为修复长段周围神经缺损提供了新的方法和思路。这项研究的核心是模拟周围神经天然结构 ,将许旺细胞与生物支架材料有机结合成为类似Ｂ櫣ｎｇｎｅｒ带的结构 ,为再生神经提供良好的生长环境 ,充分发挥许旺细胞对再生神经的营养 ,诱导作用 ,从而促进神经的再生。组织工程化人工神经的主要内容是将经体外培养扩…     

膀胱组织工程研究进展

膀胱作为储尿排尿器官具有重要的生理功能,许多病理原因导致的膀胱损伤往往需要进行膀胱重建。临床上膀胱重建的金标准是胃肠道代膀胱术,但是胃肠道的结构和功能与膀胱有着本质的区别,导致肠段置换术易产生血尿、排尿困难、结石、肿瘤等并发症。近年来,随着组织工程及再生医学的诞生及发展,为膀胱缺损修复提供了新的思路和技术手段。本文就膀胱组织工程的三个方面--种子细胞、支架材料及生长因子的最新进展进行了综述。     

Tissue engineering and cell-based therapy toward integrated strategy with artificial organs

Research in order that artificial organs can supplement or completely replace the functions of impaired or damaged tissues and internal organs has been underway for many years. The recent clinical development of implantable left ventricular assist devices has revolutionized the treatment of patients with heart failure. The emerging field of regenerative medicine, which uses human cells and tissues to regenerate internal organs, is now advancing from basic and clinical research to clinical application. In this review, we focus on the novel biomaterials, i.e., fusion protein, and approaches such as three-dimensional and whole-organ tissue engineering. We also compare induced pluripotent stem cells, directly reprogrammed cardiomyocytes, and somatic stem cells for cell source of future cell-based therapy. Integrated strategy of artificial organ and tissue engineering/regenerative medicine should give rise to a new era of medical treatment to organ failure.     

Concise review: Adipose-derived stem cells as a novel tool for future regenerative medicine

The potential use of stem cell-based therapies for the repair and regeneration of various tissues and organs offers a paradigm shift that may provide alternative therapeutic solutions for a number of diseases. The use of either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells in clinical situations is limited due to cell regulations and to technical and ethical considerations involved in the genetic manipulation of human ESCs, even though these cells are, theoretically, highly beneficial. Mesenchymal stem cells seem to be an ideal population of stem cells for practical regenerative medicine, because they are not subjected to the same restrictions. In particular, large number of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can be easily harvested from adipose tissue. Furthermore, recent basic research and preclinical studies have revealed that the use of ASCs in regenerative medicine is not limited to mesodermal tissue but extends to both ectodermal and endodermal tissues and organs, although ASCs originate from mesodermal lineages. Based on this background knowledge, the primary purpose of this concise review is to summarize and describe the underlying biology of ASCs and their proliferation and differentiation capacities, together with current preclinical and clinical data from a variety of medical fields regarding the use of ASCs in regenerative medicine. In addition, future directions for ASCs in terms of cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine are discussed.     

Applications of knitted mesh fabrication techniques to scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Knitting is an ancient and yet, a fresh technique. It has a history of no less than 1,000 years. The development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine provides a new role for knitting. Several meshes knitted from synthetic or biological materials have been designed and applied, either alone, to strengthen materials for the patching of soft tissues, or in combination with other kinds of biomaterials, such as collagen and fibroin, to repair or replace damaged tissues/organs. In the latter case, studies have demonstrated that knitted mesh scaffolds (KMSs) possess excellent mechanical properties and can promote more effective tissue repair, ligament/tendon/cartilage regeneration, pipe-like-organ reconstruction, etc. In the process of tissue regeneration induced by scaffolds, an important synergic relationship emerges between the three-dimensional microstructure and the mechanical properties of scaffolds. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the status and future prospects of knitted meshes and its KMSs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.     

Regenerative medicine and developmental biology: the role of the extracellular matrix

The principles and ultimate goals of regenerative medicine and developmental biology involve a complex sequence of events, culminating in the formation of structurally and functionally normal tissues and organs. The molecular composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in cellular migration and differentiation events. Mammalian ECM, derived from various tissues and organs, has been used as a biologic scaffold for therapeutic regenerative applications. Hundreds of thousands of human patients have benefited from the use of biologic scaffolds composed of naturally occurring ECM. The mechanisms by which ECM induces constructive remodeling instead of scar tissue formation are only beginning to be understood. This article reviews composition of mammalian ECM, its poorly understood role in developmental biology, and the clinical applications that have resulted from the use of this naturally occurring scaffold.     

The Stem Cell Niche Should be a Key Issue for Cell Therapy in Regenerative Medicine

Recent advances in stem cell research have highlighted the role played by such cells and their environment (the stem cell niche) in tissue renewal and homeostasis. The control and regulation of stem cells and their niche are remaining challenges for cell therapy and regenerative medicine on several tissues and organs. These advances are important for both, the basic knowledge of stem cell regulation, and their practical translational applications into clinical medicine. This article is primarily concerned with the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and it reviews the current aspects of their own niche. We discuss on the need for a deeper understanding of the identity of this cell type and its microenvironment in order to improve the effectiveness of any cell therapy for regenerative medicine. Ex vivo reproduction of the conditions of the natural stem cell niche, when necessary, would provide success to tissue engineering. The first challenge of regenerative medicine is to find cells able to replace and/or repair the lost function of tissues and organs by disease or aging and the trophic and immunomodulatory effects recently found for MSCs open up for new opportunities. If MSCs are pericytes, as it has been proposed, perhaps it may explain the ubiquity of these cells and their possible role in miscellaneous repairs throughout the body opening for new chances for extensive tissue repair.     

Scientific principles of regenerative medicine and their application in the female reproductive system

The goal of regenerative medicine is to repair, replace, or regenerate diseased tissues/organs in order to restore normal function. In this paper we will first discuss the general principle of regenerative medicine and the various techniques and approaches that have been used to replace or regenerate cells in diseased tissues and organs. Then, we will review different regenerative medicine approaches that have been used to treat specific diseased tissues and organs of the reproductive system in both animal and human experiments. It is clear from this article that regenerative medicine holds significant promise, and we hope that the review will serve as a platform for further development of regenerative medicine technologies for the treatment of inadequacies of the reproductive system.     

Liver regenerative medicine: advances and challenges

Liver transplantation is the standard care for many end-stage liver diseases. However, donor organs are scarce and some people succumb to liver failure before a donor is found. Liver regenerative medicine is a special interdisciplinary field of medicine focused on the development of new therapies incorporating stem cells, gene therapy and engineered tissues in order to repair or replace the damaged organ. In this review we consider the emerging progress achieved in the hepatic regenerative medicine within the last decade. The review starts with the characterization of liver organogenesis, fetal and adult stem/progenitor cells. Then, applications of primary hepatocytes, embryonic and adult (mesenchymal, hematopoietic and induced pluripotent) stem cells in cell therapy of liver diseases are considered. Current advances and challenges in producing mature hepatocytes from stem/progenitor cells are discussed. A section about hepatic tissue engineering includes consideration of synthetic and natural biomaterials in engineering scaffolds, strategies and achievements in the development of 3D bioactive matrices and 3D hepatocyte cultures, liver microengineering, generating bioartificial liver and prospects for fabrication of the bioengineered liver.     

人工器官、组织工程与生物材料的展望

近年来植入医学与替代医学取得重要的进展,人体病损器官、器件和组织的替代物的临床需求量随之迅速增长.人工器官、组织工程产品和以体内植入物为代表的生物材料作为重要的补充,成功地拯救了成千上万患者的生命.对未来几年人工器官、组织工程与生物材料的发展作了简单介绍,主要内容包括以下几个方面:技术特征、发展目标、重点发展和研究方向以及发展相关产品应注意的问题.     

介入再生医学中干细胞治疗研究进展

介入再生医学(IRM)是一门通过影像引导微创手术与干细胞的局部递送实现受损器官修复和再生的交叉学科。近年来,基于干细胞的再生治疗已在多项疾病的临床试验中显示出应用前景,然而,通过静脉输入的干细胞会大量聚集于肺和网状内皮系统中,仅有少量细胞能够到达靶组织,使干细胞的临床应用效果难以实现,局部靶向递送是一种有效解决方案。IRM旨在通过经血管内注射、腔内注射或直接注射,将干细胞靶向递送到目标组织器官,提高干细胞再生治疗的功效。综述了再生治疗中常用的干细胞来源、干细胞靶向递送涉及的疾病类型、递送途径和作用机制,展示了IRM中干细胞治疗的研究进展和发展趋势,并对IRM的应用前景及其转化所面临的挑战进行展望和总结。     

The Regenerative Medicine in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: The Most Important Innovations in the Clinical Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Regenerative medicine is an emerging field of biotechnology that combines various aspects of medicine, cell and molecular biology, materials science and bioengineering in order to regenerate, repair or replace tissues.The oral surgery and maxillofacial surgery have a role in the treatment of traumatic or degenerative diseases that lead to a tissue loss: frequently, to rehabilitate these minuses, you should use techniques that have been improved over time. Since 1990, we started with the use of growth factors and platelet concentrates in oral and maxillofacial surgery; in the following period we start to use biomaterials, as well as several type of scaffolds and autologous tissues. The frontier of regenerative medicine nowadays is represented by the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): overcoming the ethical problems thanks to the use of mesenchymal stem cells from adult patient, and with the increasingly sophisticated technology to support their manipulation, MSCs are undoubtedly the future of medicine regenerative and they are showing perspectives unimaginable just a few years ago. Most recent studies are aimed to tissues regeneration using MSCs taken from sites that are even more accessible and rich in stem cells: the oral cavity turned out to be an important source of MSCs with the advantage to be easily accessible to the surgeon, thus avoiding to increase the morbidity of the patient.The future is the regeneration of whole organs or biological systems consisting of many different tissues, starting from an initial stem cell line, perhaps using innovative scaffolds together with the nano-engineering of biological tissues.