乳腺癌术后单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的：探讨下腹部单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（Transverse Rectus Abdomials Myocataneous，TRAM）在乳腺癌术后乳房再造中的应用。方法：2004～2007年，对13例乳腺癌患者应用对侧单蒂TRAM皮瓣进行乳房再造，其中Ⅰ期再造7例，Ⅱ期再造6例，乳腺癌根治术后1例，乳腺癌改良根治术后12例。1例Ⅱ期进行乳头乳晕再造。9例供区下腹部应用涤纶补片加强腹壁预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。结果：2例Ⅱ期再造术后TRAM皮瓣小部分坏死，1例Ⅱ期再造术后TRAM皮瓣部分皮下脂肪硬结伴部分液化，1例对侧下腹壁轻度膨隆不适，无腹壁疝。结论：乳腺癌术后应用单蒂TRAM皮瓣乳房再造术是一种较为有效、简单和安全的方法，应用涤纶补片加强腹壁可以有效预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。     

应用下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣再造乳房

应用下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣进行４例乳房再造，其中２例为皮瓣带蒂转移，于乳癌根治切除术后即刻完成乳房再造；２例为血管吻合肌皮瓣游离移植，分别于根治术后２个月和５年进行乳房再造。术后游离皮瓣完全成活，带蒂皮瓣分别于术后２￣３周出现脂肪液化，经换药痊愈。４例乳房外形基本满意。随访１０个月￣１８个月，２例游离移植未见异常，１例带蒂转移二术后１年出现腹壁薄弱膨隆，另１例失访。     

应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣的乳房再造

目的 安全应用下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）进行乳房再造。方法 总结42例乳房再造的经验,详尽介绍了病例选择,皮瓣设计和手术方法。结果 应用TRAM再造乳房42例,其中即时再造25例,后期再造17例;单蒂TRAM35例,双蒂TRAM7例,单蒂中有7例附加血管吻合。2例术后腹部供区皮瓣部分坏死,2例TRAM部分坏死,1例双蒂皮瓣术后腹壁疝形成。结论 附加血管吻合或选用双蒂肌皮瓣,以及肌肉内分离是减少并发症的重要措施。     

上、下蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造的解剖学研究

目的探讨上蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术后并发症产生的原因。方法对２０侧成人尸体进行解剖观察。结果发现主要是由于上蒂术式切断了该肌皮瓣的主要供血动脉——腹壁下动脉，仅靠腹壁上、下动脉之间微薄的螺旋微动脉的吻合支供血，以致术后产生脂肪液化、边缘坏死等并发症。结论腹壁下动、静脉是中、下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣的直接供血动脉及回流静脉，即下蒂优于上蒂。     

上、下蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造的解剖学研究

目的探讨上蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术后并发症产生的原因。方法对20侧成人尸体进行解剖观察。结果发现主要是由于上蒂术式切断了该肌皮瓣的主要供血动脉——腹壁下动脉,仅靠腹壁上、下动脉之间微薄的螺旋微动脉的吻合支供血,以致术后产生脂肪液化、边缘坏死等并发症。结论腹壁下动、静脉是中、下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣的直接供血动脉及回流静脉,即下蒂优于上蒂。     

上,下蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造的解剖学研究

目的 探讨上蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术后并发症产生的原因。方法 对２０侧成人尸体进行解剖观察。结果 发现主要是由于上蒂术式切断了该肌皮瓣的主要供血动脉－腹壁下动脉，仅靠腹避暑上、下动脉之间微薄的螺旋微动脉的吻合支供血，以致术后产生脂肪液化、边缘坏死等并发症。结论 腹壁下动、静脉是中、下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣的直接供血动脉及回流静脉，即下蒂优于上蒂。     

带蒂横向腹直肌肌皮瓣在乳腺癌术后即刻重建乳房中的应用

目的:探讨乳腺癌术后带蒂横向腹直肌肌皮瓣（transverse rectus abdominis muscle,TRAM）重建乳房的临床疗效。方法:对2018年1月至2019年12月广东医科大学附属医院乳腺外科收治23例行乳腺癌术后即刻TRAM乳房重建术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:23例患者手术所需时间240~...     

乳腺癌术后横行腹直肌皮瓣乳房再造的适应证剖析

目的探讨乳腺癌术后下腹部横行腹直肌（transverse rectus abdominal myocutaneous,TRAM）皮瓣乳房再造术的适应证的选定,并进行临床剖析。方法对17例乳腺癌切除术后患者应用对侧单蒂TRAM皮瓣进行乳房再造,其中I期再造者7例,Ⅱ期再造10例,均为乳腺癌改良根治术后患者。9例Ⅱ期进行乳头、乳晕再造。12例供区下腹部应用涤纶补片加固腹壁以预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。由多学科诊疗小组对适应证选择,并进行总结和分析。结果17例经过5个月至6年的观察,2例Ⅱ期再造术后,TRAM皮瓣的皮肤发生小面积坏死,1例对侧下腹壁轻度膨隆,无腹壁疝,经过对症处理,17例均取得较好疗效。结论对于乳腺癌术后具有适应证的患者应用横行TRAM皮瓣乳房再造术是一种较为有效和安全的方法。严格选定适应证,是乳房再造成功的关键。     

双蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术的临床应用

目的探讨乳腺癌根治术后双蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(transverse rectus abdominis musculo-cutaneous flap,TRAM)乳房再造的手术方法及临床应用。方法对5例伴有剖腹产史的乳腺癌患者行双蒂TRAM瓣乳房再造术,术中切取双侧腹直肌作为转移皮瓣的蒂,转移至根治术后胸壁缺损处,塑造乳房外形,采用局部皮瓣再造乳头,游离皮瓣再造乳晕。结果4例患者再造乳房完全成活,形态自然,外形逼真,手感好;1例部分皮瓣坏死,面积3cm×2cm。结论双蒂TRAM瓣乳房再造术对有剖宫产史的乳腺癌患者是值得推荐的好方法,并非禁忌证。     

Immediate breast reconstruction for stage III breast cancer using transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap

Background: The management of stage III breast cancer is challenging; it often includes multimodal treatment with systemic therapy and/or radiation therapy and surgery. Immediate breast reconstruction has not traditionally been performed in these patients. We review the results of immediate transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap in 21 patients treated for stage III breast cancer. Methods: Data have been collected retrospectively on 21 patients diagnosed with stage III breast cancer between 1987 and 1994. All patients had mastectomy and immediate TRAM reconstruction. Thirteen patients received primary systemic therapy, 10 patients received postoperative consolidation radiotherapy to the operative site, and 3 patients received preoperative radiation. Results: Mean follow-up for the group was 26 months. Two patients died with disseminated disease: neither of them developed local disease recurrence in the operative site; 82% of the patients followed for at least two years are free of disease. Sixty-two percent of the patients received preoperative chemotherapy, the remaining patients received postoperative multiagent chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Two of the patients received autologous bone marrow transplants after their adjuvant therapy. Ten patients had postoperative radiotherapy for consolidation; three patients received preoperative radiation. Conclusions: Immediate TRAM reconstruction for stage III breast cancer is not associated with a delay in adjuvant therapy or an increased risk of local relapse. It facilitates wide resection of involved skin without skin grafting. Radiation therapy can be delivered to the reconstructed breast when indicated without difficulty. Breast reconstruction facilitates surgical resection of stage III breast cancer with primary closure and should be considered if the patient desires immediate breast reconstruction.Results of this study were presented at the 48th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, March 23–26, 1995.     

三叶状下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房重建

目的用改善血供的下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAMF)重建乳房。方法在通常以上部腹直肌为蒂的 TRAMF 的肌蒂表面附加一块脐旁三角形皮瓣,使共同组成三叶状,藉以增加肌皮穿支动脉的血供及肌皮瓣提供的组织量,便于乳房塑形和腋部瘢痕挛缩的充分松解修复,以及胸壁的放射性烧伤创面的修复。结果乳癌术后单侧乳房缺失伴胸壁放射性溃疡及腋部瘢痕挛缩6例,肌皮瓣完全成活者4倒,皮瓣最远端少量坏死及脂肪液化者2例。重建乳房外形良好,胸壁放射性烧伤创面修复及腋部瘢痕挛缩修复。结论本术式最适用于单侧乳房缺失伴放疗后有胸壁烧伤溃疡及腋窝瘢痕挛缩的病例。     

Bilateral breast reconstruction with a pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap after subcutaneous mastectomy for symptomatic injected breasts

Abstract

Breast deformities after augmentation with injectable materials carried out by uncertified medical personnel present challenging problems. Materials include liquid silicone, paraffin, polyacrylamide hydrogels, and unknown gels. They usually cause granulomatous reactions, erythema, pain, and even skin necrosis. Tender masses that cannot be differentiated from breast cancers are the major concern. This retrospective study presents the authors' experience in managing 10 symptomatic injected breasts in five patients during the past 8 years. Subcutaneous mastectomies were carried out using periareolar, inverted “T”, or inframammary approaches combined with breast reconstruction using bilateral pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flaps. All flaps survived well and gave a satisfactory cosmetic appearance. There was no major complication or late occurrence of breast cancers over the following 8 years. Injectable materials used for breast augmentation should be prohibited until more scientific data are available about the long-term effect of these materials in breast tissues. Once the injected breasts become symptomatic, subcutaneous mastectomy and reconstruction with bilateral pedicled TRAM flaps is a reasonable option for the patient.     

Chylous ascites after pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap harvest

Chylous ascites is a rare clinical condition that occurs as a consequence of disruption of the abdominal lymphatics. Here, we present the case of a 58-year-old woman with sustained chylous ascites after pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap harvest. The chylous ascites did not decrease despite conservative therapy. For the diagnosis and localization of the chyle leakage, lymphangiography with lipiodol delivery was performed. Chylous drainage continued in a decreasing manner for the next 4 d because lipiodol accumulated to the point of leakage outside the lymphatic vessel causing a regional inflammatory reaction and obstructing the lymphatic vessels. To our knowledge, there is no case of chylous ascites related to pedicled TRAM flap harvest that has been reported in the English literature, in which the chyle leakage spontaneously resolved after lymphangiography.     

Antibiotic prophylaxis with teicoplanin in patients undergoing breast reconstruction with the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap

Summary The authors report the results of a randomized clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis for post-operative infection following breast reconstruction with the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of short-term parenteral prophylaxis with teicoplanin; the endpoint of the study was the reduction of wound contamination assessed by microbiologic culture of drain fluid. From October 1990 to March 1992, 38 patients were recruited: 20 patients were included in the antibiotic prophylaxis arm (teicoplanin i.v. 400 mg one hour before operation and in the following 12 h plus 200 mg i.v. at 24 h after operation) and 18 patients in the control group. Analysis of drain fluid showed a higher contamination (15/18=83%) in the control group (Staphylococcus epidermides, Streptococcus alfa-emoliticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Peptostreptococcus magnus) as compared to the prophylaxis arm with teicoplanin (2/20=10%) (Staphylococcus coagulase-negative) (p< 0.0001). Moreover, 11 patients in the control group suffered from fever > 37.5° C as compared to one patient in the antibiotic prophylaxis group (p<0.0001); the post-operation stay was 13.3±4.3 and 9.0±1.6 in the control and antibiotic arm, respectively (p=0.0002). There were no antibiotic related side effect in this study. These results seem to confirm the value of parenteral short-term antibiotic prophylaxis of post-operative infection in this type of clean operative procedure.     

三叶状下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房重建

目的用改善血供的下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（ＴＲＡＭＦ）重建乳房。方法在通常以上部腹直肌为蒂的ＴＲＡＭＦ的肌蒂表面附加一块脐旁三角形皮瓣,使共同组成三叶状,藉以增加肌皮穿支动脉的血供及肌皮瓣提供的组织量,便于乳房塑形和腋部瘢痕挛缩的充分松解修复,以及胸壁的放射性烧伤创面的修复。结果乳癌术后单侧乳房缺失伴胸壁放射性溃疡及腋部瘢痕挛缩６例,肌皮瓣完全成活者４例,皮瓣最远端少量坏死及脂肪液化者２例。重建乳房外形良好,胸壁放射性烧伤创面修复及腋部瘢痕挛缩修复。结论本术式最适用于单侧乳房缺失伴放疗后有胸壁烧伤溃疡及腋窝瘢痕挛缩的病例。     

The protective effect of cilostazol on transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap in rats

Objective: Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (TRAM) flap is commonly used in breast reconstruction. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effects of cilostazol on TRAM flap viability in a rat TRAM model.

Methods: Twenty-four Wistar rats were used. They were divided into four groups. Rats in Group 1 were applied TRAM flap. In Group 2, cilostazol 30?mg/kg was administered to rats via oral gavage 3?hours before the flap surgery. After the flap surgery, cilostazol 30?mg/kg was administered via oral gavage twice a day for 7 days. In Group 3 before the flap surgery, cilostazol 30?mg/kg was administered via oral gavage twice a day for 7 days, and treatment continued for 7 more days after the flap surgery. In Group 4 before the flap surgery, cilostazol 30?mg/kg was administered via oral gavage twice a day for 7 days and treatment was discontinued after the flap surgery.

Result: The mean necrosis rate in Group 1 was 41.69%, in Group 2 it was 27.0%, in Group 3 it was 6.66%, and in Group 4 it was 11.2%. The necrosis rate in Group 1 was found to be statistically significantly higher than other groups (p?p?p?Conclusion: Cilostazol treatment seemed to increase the viability of TRAM flap, especially when administered as adjuvant therapy.     

Transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap wound-healing complications in breast reconstruction: assisted closure using foam suction dressing

Transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap necrosis is a difficult reconstructive problem which historically has entailed protracted management with poor aesthetic outcome. The use of a foam suction dressing achieves effective delayed primary closure of the flap wound with an acceptable aesthetic result. The results of using a vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) system were examined in three patients. The VAC system was found to be safe and effective in facilitating the closure of large and complex wounds without skin grafting. This option should thus be given serious consideration in some difficult wound healing situations.