抑郁症的完美主义人格特征

目的对抑郁症患者完美主义各项维度进行研究分析,为临床心理工作提供理论依据。方法采用Frost多维完美主义量表、Hewitt多维完美主义量表、近乎完美量表修订版(APS-R)对105名抑郁症患者进行测试。结果不同年龄组在行动疑虑和父母期望上存在显著差异(t=2.031,2.459;P<0.05)。担心错误、行动疑虑、父母期望、社会决定完美主义与APS-R中代表完美主义消极方面的差异性维度呈显著正相关(r=0.60,0.55,0.47,0.74;P<0.01)。个人标准、自我定向完美主义、他人定向完美主义与APS-R中代表完美主义积极方面的高标准维度呈显著正相关(r=0.81,0.70,0.56;P<0.01)。社会决定完美主义对差异性即完美主义的消极方面显著正向预测作用(F=39.173,Beta=0.737,P<0.001)。结论抑郁症患者完美主义各维度之间具有密切关系,其中社会决定完美主义对抑郁症的完美主义人格特质有重要影响。     

大学生完美主义问卷的修订

目的:结合Hewitt和Flett的完美主义心理问卷和临床经验,对Frost完美主义问卷(FMPS)进行修订。方法:由350名大学生被试对项目增订后的问卷进行填写,采用探索性因素分析对问卷的因素进行检验。结果:问卷包含50个项目,四个维度(分量表),分别是担心出错、个人标准、条理性和父母要求。因素分析表明,四个维度解释总方差的42.31%,各维度的项目载荷在0.37～0.79之间。分量表分半信度为0.73～0.88,同质性信度为0.80～0.91,重测信度为0.68～0.80(P<0.01)。与FMPS相比,修订问卷增加了15个项目,合并了FMPS的两个维度,使得问卷结果统计和对结果的解释更为简洁。结论:修订后的大学生完美主义问卷具有令人满意的信效度,适合在大学生人群中使用。     

完美主义自我展示量表的修订及其与自尊的关系

目的：检验完美主义自我展示量表（PSPS）在我国大学生群体中的适用性,并考察其与自尊的关系。方法：返回翻译PSPS,对187名本科生进行初测;将结合初测反馈确定的PSPS正式版本与Frost多维完美主义量表和自尊量表一起在482名本科生中进行正式施测,检验信、效度等指标,并通过层级回归考察完美主义自我展示在控制完美主义特征后对自尊的增益贡献。结果：项目分析之后的15题PSPS的各项指标符合心理测量学要求（克伦巴赫α系数分别为0.742、0.705和0.681）。自我提升、行为掩饰和言语回避三个子维度对自尊均有显著预测作用（ΔF=9.891,P〈0.01）,能增益解释4.5%的变异。结论：中文版PSPS具有较好的信、效度。完美主义自我展示对解释个体的自尊有一定的作用。     

大学生一般完美主义量表的编制

目的：编制大学生一般完美主义量表。方法：用探索性因素分析发展量表的初步理论结构,再用验证性因素分析证明理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果：探索性因素分析确定量表含追求高标准和在乎错两个因素,解释总变异的51.6%;浕系数为0.841和0.835,分半信度为0.852和0.790,重测信度为0.720和0.781;验证性因素分析显示拟合指数χ2/df=3.622,GFI=0.92,AGFI=0.91,NFI=0.87,NNFI=0.90,RMSEA=0.069,CFI=0.90,IFI=0.90。追求高标准与SCL-90、SDS、SAS和SWLS等效标不相关,与SES的相关为0.241（P〈0.01）;在乎错误与SCL-90、SDS、SAS、SES和SWLS等效标相关系数分别为0.299、0.301、0.302、-0.354、-0.218（均P〈0.01）。结论：该量表的信效度都达到了测量学的要求。     

大学生爱情完美主义量表的编制

目的:编制大学生爱情完美主义量表(RPSCS),并检验其效度和信度。方法:选取1064名大学生,随机分为两部分,一部分(n=535)用于探索性因子分析,另一部分(n=529)用于验证性因子分析。另选取40名选修课大学生,间隔4周进行重测。结果:大学生爱情完美主义量表共11个项目,含忠贞、理想化和苛求3个因子,解释了总变异的55.45%;量表有良好的结构效度(CFI=0.94,NNFI=0.92,RM SEA=0.071,SRM R=0.059)。总量表及3个因子的内部一致性Cronbachα系数和重测信度分别为0.52~0.73和0.63~0.75。结论:本研究编制的大学生爱情完美主义量表的效度和信度达到了测量学的要求,可以用于测量大学生的爱情完美主义。     

完美主义者的心理营救

追求完美并不是个缺点,只不过期待和现实难免有落差,一般人可能会退而求其次,或者修正自己的期望,完美主义者则缺乏这样的弹性,他们不是落入“明知不可为而为之”的困境,就是逃避现实、独自躲在梦想的框框内。A.期待完美的男孩出现:静怡认为她心目中理想的对象应该有完美的人格     

近乎完美量表中文修订版在初中生中的适用性

目的:探讨近乎完美量表中文修订版在初中生中的适用性.方法:采用班级整群抽取,分为2个样本.对样本一的616名初中生施测近乎完美量表中文修订版、考试焦虑量表;对样本二的679名初中生施测近乎完美量表中文修订版、自尊量表、Beck抑郁问卷.结果:对样本一的数据进行探索性因素分析表明,各条目在所属因子的因子负荷为0.548～0.858,三个因子可解释总变异的54.44%;对样本二数据进行验证性因素分析为原量表的三因素结构(高标准因子、差异因子和秩序因子)提供了支持,拟合指数为:x2/df=6.653、GFI=0.907、CFI=0.901、RMSEA=0.066,模型拟合较好.利用两个样本的数据进行的信度分析表明,三个分量表的内部一致性系数分别为0.869、0.904和0.708.效标关联效度检验表明,高标准和秩序分量表均与自尊正相关(r=0.30、0.10,P＜0.01或0.05),与抑郁负相关(r=-0.20、-0.12,P＜0.01);高标准分量表与考试焦虑负相关(r=-0.13,P＜0.01);差异分量表与自尊负相关(r=-0.57.P＜0.01),与考试焦虑、抑郁正相关(r=0.34、0.78,P＜0.01).结论:量表的信度和效度符合心理测量学要求.可以用于初中生的完美主义研究.     

完美主义对抑郁的影响及人格的调节作用

目的：考察完美主义在控制个体的焦虑水平后对抑郁的影响，并且探索该过程可能存在的调节变量。方法：使用由Frost多维完美主义问卷（FMPS），Beck抑郁问卷（BDI），人格形容词检测表（PACL）和自评焦虑问卷（SAS）N成的结构问卷对北京和西安共8所大学的407名本科生进行测量。结果：分层回归表明“行为迟疑”和“错误在意”两个消极完美主义维度在控制焦虑水平后对抑郁有显著的预测作用；“合作性”人格在“条理组织”对抑郁的影响过程中有显著的调节作用。结论：完美主义各维度对抑郁有不同的影响，干预时应结合个体自身特点区别对待。     

消极完美主义问卷的编制

目的 编制一份测量完美主义者的消极认知、情绪、行为等心理特征的问卷.方法 在理论分析和访谈的基础上,收集描述完美主义者的消极心理特征的项目,并结合佛罗斯特多维完美主义心理量表的部分项目,组成初步问卷;通过对大学生人群的施测和对数据进行因素分析,得到反映完美主义消极特征的心理问卷,并对该问卷的信度、效度进行检验.结果 消极完美主义问卷由5个维度构成,各维度的内部一致性系数(Cronbach's α)为0.75～0.82,重测信度为0.61～0.81,5个因子的累积贡献率为49.9%.结论 本研究所编制的消极完美主义问卷具有较好的心理测量学特性,有临床实用价值.     

积极完美主义问卷的编制

目的:编制一份积极完美主义问卷.方法:在理论分析和访谈基础上,收集描述完美主义者的积极心理特征的项目.编制初步问卷并构想维度.通过对407名大学生施测初步问卷并对数据进行探索性因素分析,确定问卷的维度和项目.对另外309名大学生施测定稿问卷和效标问卷,对问卷信度、效度进行检验.结果:积极完美主义问卷由积极的自我期望、积极的条理性和积极的自我评价三维度构成,各维度内部一致性系数(Cronbach's α)分别为0.87、0.76和0.79,间隔两周的重测信度分别为0.79、0.84和0.81,三因子的累积贡献率为50.2%.验证性因素分析结果表明三因子模型有较好的拟合指数(χ2/df=1.71,GFI=0.89,CFI=0.92,IFI=0.92,RMSEA=0.048).问卷总分与焦虑、抑郁存在显著负相关.结论:本研究编制的积极完美主义问卷有较好的心理测量学特性.     

Anxiety,stress and perfectionism in bipolar disorder

Background

Previous reports have highlighted perfectionism and related cognitive styles as a psychological risk factor for stress and anxiety symptoms as well as for the development of bipolar disorder symptoms. The anxiety disorders are highly comorbid with bipolar disorder but the mechanisms that underpin this comorbidity are yet to be determined.

Method

Measures of depressive, (hypo)manic, anxiety and stress symptoms and perfectionistic cognitive style were completed by a sample of 142 patients with bipolar disorder. Mediation models were used to explore the hypotheses that anxiety and stress symptoms would mediate relationships between perfectionistic cognitive styles, and bipolar disorder symptoms.

Results

Stress and anxiety both significantly mediated the relationship between both self-critical perfectionism and goal attainment values and bipolar depressive symptoms. Goal attainment values were not significantly related to hypomanic symptoms. Stress and anxiety symptoms did not significantly mediate the relationship between self-critical perfectionism and (hypo)manic symptoms.

Limitations

1.

These data are cross-sectional; hence the causality implied in the mediation models can only be inferred.

2.

The clinic patients were less likely to present with (hypo)manic symptoms and therefore the reduced variability in the data may have contributed to the null findings for the mediation models with (hypo)manic symptoms.

3.

Those patients who were experiencing current (hypo)manic symptoms may have answered the cognitive styles questionnaires differently than when euthymic.

Conclusion

These findings highlight a plausible mechanism to understand the relationship between bipolar disorder and the anxiety disorders. Targeting self-critical perfectionism in the psychological treatment of bipolar disorder when there is anxiety comorbidity may result in more parsimonious treatments.     

Predicting perfectionism: Applying tests of rigidity

Adult college students (N = 108; M age = 24.3 years old) completed multidimensional measures of perfectionism (self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially-prescribed perfectionism) and behavioral rigidity (attitudinal flexibility, psychomotor speed, and motor-cognitive rigidity). Attitudinal flexibility was negatively related to all three forms of perfectionism, and motor-cognitive rigidity was positively related to self-oriented perfectionism. Multiple regression analyses indicated that attitude flexibility and motor-cognitive rigidity were significant predictors of self-oriented perfectionism, while attitude-flexibility alone was the significant predictor of socially-prescribed perfectionism. No measure of rigidity was a significant predictor of other-oriented perfectionism. Thus, dimensions of perfectionism may be predicted with different measures of cognitive-behavioral rigidity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The role of perfectionism in postpartum depression and symptomatology

The role of perfectionism as a correlate and as a predictor of perinatal depressive symptomatology and disorder was examined. Three-hundred and eighty-six pregnant women (mean age?=?30.08?years; SD?=?4.205; range?=?19–44) completed the Portuguese versions of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II/BDI-II and three questions evaluating anxiety trait, life stress and social support perception. Diagnoses of depression were obtained using the Portuguese version of the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies/OPCRIT system. Women who were depressed in pregnancy (ICD-10/DSM-IV) were excluded from the analyses. Self-Oriented Perfectionism and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism subcomponents (Conditional Acceptance and Others’ High Standards) were significant correlates of depressive symptomatology/BDI-II in pregnancy. Others’ High Standards was a significant predictor of postpartum depressive symptomatology/BDI-II, after controlling the other independent variables (depressive symptomatology and trait anxiety in pregnancy, life stress and social support perception in postpartum). None of the perfectionism subscales predicted postpartum depressive disorder (ICD-10/DSM-IV). Self-Oriented Perfectionism was an important correlate of depressive symptomatology in pregnancy and Others’ High Standards and Conditional Acceptance were significant correlates of perinatal depressive symptomatology. Others’ High Standards accounted for 0.8?% of the depressive symptomatology variance in postpartum after controlling the effect for other depressive symptomatology correlates. Perfectionism was not a risk factor for postpartum depressive disorder. Our findings improve the knowledge regarding the risk factors implicated in the development of postpartum depressive symptomatology/disorder, which is of utmost importance to develop adequate prevention and intervention strategies.     

The reliability and validity of the positive and negative perfectionism scale

Background: It has been debated if perfectionism is both positive and negative. This debate will more likely be resolved with scales that distinguish between positive and negative perfectionism, but currently there is limited psychometric information on these scales. Methods: This study examined the reliability and construct validity of the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS) in three groups: A clinical sample with anxiety disorders and depression (n = 40), athletes (n = 111), and college students (n = 101). Results: There were two correlated factors of positive and negative perfectionism found on a confirmatory factor analysis although the solution was a poor fit. A subsequent exploratory factor analysis (EFA) produced a solution that was consistent with this interpretation. The negative perfectionism subscale demonstrated good internal consistency, and moderate to strong correlations with all subscales of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS). The positive perfectionism subscale had significant correlations with concern over mistakes and personal standards on the FMPS in all groups. The positive perfectionism subscale also had a significant, moderate correlation with depressive symptoms in the clinical group, which does not support the scale being associated with positive adjustment. Conclusion: The results indicate that the PANPS is not an adequate measure of positive and negative perfectionism.     

Metacognitive interpersonal therapy for narcissistic personality disorder and associated perfectionism

Treating narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) successfully is possible but requires a thorough understanding of the pathology and appropriate clinical procedures. Perfectionism is one prominent feature often associated with narcissistic difficulties. Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy (MIT) for NPD adopts manualized step-by-step procedures aimed at progressively dismantling narcissistic processes by first stimulating an autobiographical mode of thinking and then improving access to inner states and awareness of dysfunctional patterns. Finally, adaptive patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting are promoted, together with a sense of autonomy and agency and a reduction of perfectionistic regulatory strategies. Throughout, there needs to be constant attention to regulation of the therapy relationship to avoid ruptures and maximize cooperation. We describe here a successful case of MIT applied to a man in his early 20's with narcissism, perfectionism, and significant co-occurrence of Axis I and Axis II disorders.     

The structure and correlates of perfectionism in African American children.

This study examined the structure and symptom correlates of perfectionism in a sample of 6th-grade, urban, African American children using the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS; Flett, Hewitt, Boucher, Davidson, & Munro, 2000). Confirmatory factor analysis showed inadequate fit of the original subscales. Exploratory factor analysis suggested 3 dimensions of perfectionism: A Socially Prescribed and a Self-Oriented-Critical factor were described as maladaptive, whereas a Self-Oriented-Striving factor was proposed as adaptive. Cross-sectional correlations among the perfectionism dimensions and symptoms of psychopathology fit well with the adaptive versus maladaptive model. In addition, Socially Prescribed Perfectionism showed a robust predictive relation to 7th-grade internalizing symptoms, especially depression, in boys. Results are discussed in the context of the cultural and socioeconomic characteristics of this African American sample and suggestions for future research are provided.     

Practitioner perfectionism: relationship to ambiguity tolerance and work satisfaction.

Perfectionism among psychological practitioners is a common phenomenon, but a neglected topic in the research literature. This article presents data indicating that perfectionism is negatively related to both tolerance of ambiguity and satisfaction of conducting psychotherapy in a sample of 197 doctoral-level, private-practice psychologists. Results demonstrated that high, socially prescribed perfectionism and low tolerance of ambiguity are associated with reduced enjoyment of conducting psychotherapy. Several methods to self-evaluate and moderate perfectionism in clinicians are offered.