下腹壁横行腹直肌肌皮瓣及腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣乳房再造的相关肋间神经解剖学研究

目的　为开展保留感觉神经和部分腹直肌功能的下腹壁横行腹直肌肌皮瓣 (TRAM皮瓣 )及腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣 (DIEP皮瓣 )乳房再造手术方法提供解剖学依据。方法　对 9具 18侧 10 %甲醛溶液防腐固定的成年女尸腹前外侧壁进行大体及显微解剖 ,观察T8～T12 肋间神经的走行及分布 ,重点解剖腹直肌区域内肋间神经分支。在 15例DIEP皮瓣乳房再造术中 ,观察肋间神经在腹直肌内的走行分布特点及其与腹壁下血管穿支的关系。结果　肋间神经在腹直肌外侧 1/3区域内穿入腹直肌 ,其运动支在腹直肌内有交通支形成 ,相邻神经可重叠支配节段性腹直肌。感觉神经支分为内侧穿支和外侧穿支 ,与腹壁下血管穿支形成血管神经束进入皮下组织。纯感觉神经蒂长为 (2 7.6± 12 .2 )mm。结论　在应用TRAM皮瓣和DIEP皮瓣进行乳房再造时 ,可以保留感觉神经蒂进行神经吻合以恢复乳房感觉功能 ;而在切取TRAM皮瓣时 ,保留外侧 1/3腹直肌不会导致术后肌肉失神经萎缩。     

腹前外侧壁跨区穿支皮瓣设计的应用解剖学研究

目的 研究腹前外侧壁穿支的走行、起始外径及各穿支间吻合支的出现位置.探讨腹前外侧壁跨区穿支皮瓣的切取范围和组合方式.方法 对5具新鲜完整的成人尸体标本动脉造影后行CT扫描与三维重建,CT扫描后用交互式医学影像控制系统(Mimics)进行3D可视化研究,获取腹前外侧壁血管信息,观测穿支的数量以及彼此间的吻合情况、供血面积等.另对10具防腐的成人尸体标本行解剖学研究,观测腹前外侧壁区外径≥0.5 mm的穿支,测量其管径及走行、分支、吻合支等情况.结果 腹前外侧壁穿支间存在大量的吻合支,跨区穿支皮瓣组合后的营养面积:腹壁下动脉穿支+旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣(71.5±9.5) cm2,腹壁浅动脉穿支+旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣(140.6±10.4)cm2,腹壁下动脉穿支+腹壁浅动脉穿支皮瓣(122.2±15.2)cm2.结论 腹前外侧壁穿支数目、位置及走行较为恒定,穿支间存在大量吻合支,适合跨区穿支皮瓣的切取,且皮瓣的组合方式多样,为超大皮瓣的切取应用提供了一种新的术式选择.     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣在乳房再造和胸壁溃疡修复中的应用

目的　在解剖学研究基础上 ,对以腹壁下动静脉为蒂的横行腹直肌 (TRAM)肌皮瓣的切取进行完善和改进 ,将其精确为腹壁下动脉穿支 (DIEP)皮瓣 ,从而提供一种更为理想的乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁创面修复的皮瓣。方法　切取DIEP皮瓣 ,移植至胸壁受区 ,腹壁下动静脉分别与胸廓内动静脉相吻合 ,用于乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁放射性溃疡的修复。结果　解剖学研究和临床观察发现自腹壁下动脉有粗大的肌皮穿支或皮支自血管主干发出 ,穿过腹直肌纤维直接进入皮瓣 ,因此 ,术中只剪开腹直肌前鞘 ,钝性分离腹壁下动静脉及其穿支周围的腹直肌纤维 ,无须离断腹直肌纤维 ,临床应用DIEP皮瓣再造乳房 4例 ,修复胸壁缺损 2例 ,皮瓣面积 (10cm×l2cm)— (12cm× 35cm) ,全部成活 ,效果满意。结论　DIEP皮瓣是对传统的TRAM皮瓣的一种技术改良 ,既保留了TRAM皮瓣血运丰富、组织量大、易于塑形的优点 ,尚可保持腹直肌的完整性 ,同期进行腹壁整形     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣在乳房再造和胸壁溃疡修复中的应用

目的　在解剖学研究基础上 ,对以腹壁下动静脉为蒂的横行腹直肌 (TRAM)肌皮瓣的切取进行完善和改进 ,将其精确为腹壁下动脉穿支 (DIEP)皮瓣 ,从而提供一种更为理想的乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁创面修复的皮瓣。　方法切取DIEP皮瓣 ,移植至胸壁受区 ,腹壁下动静脉分别与胸廓内动静脉相吻合 ,用于乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁放射性溃疡的修复。　结果　解剖学研究和临床观察发现自腹壁下动脉有粗大的肌皮穿支或皮支自血管主干发出 ,穿过腹直肌纤维直接进入皮瓣 ,因此 ,术中只剪开腹直肌前鞘 ,钝性分离腹壁下动静脉及其穿支周围的腹直肌纤维 ,无须离断腹直肌纤维 ,临床应用DIEP皮瓣再造乳房 4例 ,修复胸壁缺损 2例 ,皮瓣面积 (10cm× 12cm )～ (12cm× 35cm) ,全部成活 ,效果满意。　结论　DIEP皮瓣是对传统的TRAM皮瓣的一种技术改良 ,既保留了TRAM皮瓣血运丰富、组织量大、易于塑形的优点 ,尚可保持腹直肌的完整性 ,同期进行腹壁整形     

胸背动脉肌皮穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究与临床意义

目的探讨背阔肌肌皮穿支皮瓣的解剖学基础及临床应用的可行性。方法①在15具（30侧）防腐成人尸体标本上,对背阔肌及其主要血供进行巨微解剖学观察。②对1具（2侧）防腐成人尸体标本作背阔肌肌皮穿支皮瓣及肌瓣与穿支肌皮瓣分离的共蒂“扇形”瓣模拟手术。结果①在32侧标本中,共发现血管外径大于0．5mm的肌皮穿支102支,其中来自胸背动脉内侧支的穿支数为56支（占55％）,来自胸背动脉外侧支的穿支数为46支（占45％）。每侧标本内侧支平均发出1．9支（在1-3支之间变化）,外侧支平均发出1．8支（在1-3支之间变化）。②胸背动脉内、外侧支的肌皮穿支外径大于0．5mm的穿支血管主要集中在距神经血管窗下约8．5cm（变化在6．4-9．2cm之间）范围内。结论胸背动脉的肌皮穿支血管位置恒定,管径粗,蒂长,适宜制作成肌皮穿支肌皮瓣或“扇形”瓣。     

带肋间神经外侧前支脐旁感觉皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为形成带感觉神经的脐旁游离皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法在２０具４０侧成人躯干标本上,观测了下位肋间神经外侧前支与腹壁下血管形态、分支及分布规律。结果腹壁下动脉起点外径为（２．３±０．３）ｍｍ,伴行静脉（３．６±０．４）ｍｍ。下位肋间神经外侧前支在腋前线前后１～２ｃｍ相应肋间穿出,神经在锁骨中线附近浅出皮下。第８～１０肋间神经外侧前支浅出皮下在脐上０～７ｃｍ范围内,恰好支配脐旁皮瓣设计的范围。结论可设计以腹壁下血管带第８～１０肋间神经外侧前支的脐旁感觉皮瓣。     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复下肢大面积缺损

目的 探讨腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP)皮瓣游离移植修复下肢外伤后大面积严重缺损的方法及疗效. 方法 2009年7月-2011年11月,应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP)游离移植修复下肢外伤后大面积严重缺损患者共8例,其中足底外伤后全部缺损伴肌腱外露3例,胫骨骨折术后钢板外露伴大面积缺损3例,足跟部外伤植皮术后反复破溃2例. 结果 术后除1例皮瓣远端血运不良经积极处理后成活外,其余皮瓣全部成活良好,术后3例皮瓣略显臃肿,经皮瓣修薄后外形良好,其余外形及功能良好,患者均较满意. 结论 DIEP皮瓣存活率高;皮瓣为穿支皮瓣,保留全部腹直肌,避免了腹部并发症的发生.DIEP皮瓣游离移植是修复下肢外伤后大面积严重缺损的理想方法.     

大鼠腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣动态血流观测模型的构建

目的 建立一个连续、动态观察血流变化的大鼠腹壁下动脉穿支(DIEP)皮瓣模型,为临床设计和切取DIEP皮瓣提供指导. 方法 选择7只雄性SD大鼠,设计以腹壁上血管的右上穿支为蒂的穿支皮瓣,用激光介导的吲哚菁绿荧光显影技术(SPY系统)对皮瓣形成前、后血流变化进行观测,对获得各个阶段皮瓣血流图像进行比较和分析. 结果 通过构建的大鼠DIEP皮瓣血流动态观测模型,能够清晰的观察到血流通过穿支血管供应区域间的交通血管的整个过程.跨腹中线交通血管稀疏,最终无法再通过对侧腹壁上穿支血管区域与胸外侧血管区域间开放的闭塞血管到达皮瓣最左侧端,而显示为无血流的暗区. 结论 跨越中线的交通动脉血管细小以及血供无法通过第二级穿支区域间的交通血管是造成对侧远端皮瓣坏死的主要原因.     

增强CT辅助设计带蒂腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨术前采用增强CT辅助设计带蒂腹壁下动脉穿支(deep inferior epigastric perforator,DIEP)皮瓣的方法及效果。方法2007年6月-2008年3月,7例患者接受增强CT辅助设计的带蒂DIEP皮瓣移位修复手术。女5例,均为先天性无阴道;男2例,均为阴茎阴囊Paget’s病。年龄18～62岁。术前患者均行增强CT扫描检查,寻找腹壁下动脉的粗大穿支血管。术中根据寻找结果进行皮瓣设计。2例修复阴囊阴茎缺损,5例完成阴道再造。皮瓣切取范围为15cm×7cm～22cm×5cm。供区直接拉拢缝合。结果7例术前共选出10支理想穿支血管,直径均>1.5mm。其中4例1支,3例2支。术中证实穿支血管走行与增强CT检查完全吻合。术后7例皮瓣均顺利成活。6例切口Ⅰ期愈合,1例Paget’s病患者术后7d出现邻近阴囊切口糜烂,并部分坏死,予间断换药后愈合。供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后2例诉术侧下腹部牵扯不适,7d后自行缓解。患者均获随访,随访时间1～10个月,平均4.5个月。无皮瓣相关并发症发生。6例患者对修复效果满意,1例Paget’s患者希望再次手术改善阴茎外形。结论增强CT辅助DIEP皮瓣设计,不仅能提高皮瓣的安全性,还能减少手术时间,提高手术效率。     

臀上、臀下动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究

目的 为了克服传统臀大肌肌皮瓣切取肌肉所带来的缺点，继承其血运好、组织量大的优点，寻找改进手术操作的解剖学基础。方法 采用5具10侧成人尸体，对臀上动脉、臀下动脉及其相应区域皮肤的穿支血管分布情况，包括主干血管、穿支血管的走行层次、数量、管径及分布、穿出位置及体表投影、相应区域神经分布情况进行大体解剖学研究。另对6例12侧成年女性双侧臀上动脉穿支分布区，应用多普勒超声血流探测仪进行穿支定位。结果 臀上动脉、臀下动脉起于髂内动脉，臀上动脉穿支分布区域集中在坐骨旁及臀大肌中部，数量约为10～15支，穿支血管的长度3～8cm，其外径约为1～1．5mm。这些穿支血管穿过臀大肌及筋膜直接供应相应区皮肤。来自腰神经背支的臀上皮神经越过髂棘在髂后上嵴外侧穿出深筋膜，向臀部走行，与血管穿支密切相邻．支配臀部皮肤感觉。在皮瓣上缘切口处注意分离直径合适的神经，与皮瓣一同切取，可与受区相应神经(如为乳房再造可与第4肋问神经)相吻合。在成人6例12侧女性患者，用多普勒超声血流探测仪进行定位，每侧可明确定位3～5支，均集中于由髂后上嵴、股骨大转子及坐骨结节所形成的三角区内，此为穿支血管的体表投影区域。结论 臀上动脉穿支血管分布区域恒定，管径粗细合适，切取该区域皮瓣，完全可以不携带肌肉，既包含了肌皮瓣血运好、组织量大的优点，又克服了切取肌肉所带来的缺点，临床应用多普勒血流探测仪进行穿支血管定位，简单可靠。切取皮瓣可同时携带臀上神经，为与受区神经吻合成为可能。由于臀下动脉穿支分布区为臀部负重部位，且臀下动脉主干与坐骨神经毗邻，因此，建议临床上尽量不采用臀下动脉穿支皮瓣。臀上动脉穿支皮瓣预期可行带蒂移植用于修复骶尾部褥疮等创面，也可成为乳房再造又一供区。     

应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造阴道

目的探讨应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造阴道的优缺点。方法2004年1月~2005年5月,采用腹壁下动脉穿支(deepinferiorepigastricperforator,DIEP)皮瓣再造阴道5例,年龄19~40岁。先天性无阴道4例,阴道肿瘤1例。术前常规用超声多普勒检测DIEP,设计10cm×9cm~12cm×11cm的菱形皮瓣,将穿支点包括在皮瓣内。皮瓣切取后作内翻缝合成皮筒状,于腹股沟韧带与耻骨之间沿耻骨结节及耻骨上支内侧面,形成皮筒通过的隧道。将阴道皮筒经隧道移位至人工阴道腔隙或阴道肿瘤切除后的创面中再造阴道。结果5例阴道再造均获得成功,1例患者术后2周出现阴道后壁血肿,经清除血肿后愈合。腹壁供区无任何并发症发生。术后随访1~6个月,再造阴道质地柔软,宽敞,3例有性生活,患者感觉满意。结论应用DIEP皮瓣再造阴道是一种较理想的术式,对广泛的阴道肿瘤切除,由于需填充较多组织,仍是较好选择。     

Peritoneo‐cutaneous perforators in deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps: A cadaveric dissection and computed tomographic angiography study

Background: Cutaneous perforators that do not originate from the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) are rare, but may significantly affect operative outcome. Peritoneal‐cutaneous perforators have been described as a source for augmenting the blood flow to a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, however if unrecognized, may compromise flap survival. Methods: We reviewed 375 DIEA perforator (DIEP) flaps (325 with preoperative CTA and 50 cadaveric dissections) to investigate the incidence of this anomaly. Results: We detected this variation in 3/325 (1%) of DIEP flaps following preoperative computed tomography. In 1/50 (2%) of the cadaveric specimens, a peritoneal‐cutaneous perforator was found and injected with lead oxide contrast. It was shown to fill the cutaneous veins of the majority of the lower abdominal integument. Conclusion: Peritoneal‐cutaneous perforators are rare anatomical variations (4/375: 1.1%) that may have significant ramifications for surgery utilizing the vasculature of the abdominal wall. CTA was significantly able to detect this anomaly and aid operative planning. Preoperative CTA helps to safely identify individual vascular anatomy including rare variations. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.     

The perforator angiosome: A new concept in the design of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps for breast reconstruction

Background: The previously described “perfusion zones” of the abdominal wall vasculature are based on filling of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) and all its branches simultaneously. With the advent of the DIEA perforator flap, only a single or several perforators are included in supply to the flap. As such, a new model for abdominal wall perfusion has become necessary. The concept of a “perforator angiosome” is thus explored. Methods: A clinical and cadaveric study of 155 abdominal walls was undertaken. This comprised the use of 10 whole, unembalmed cadaveric abdominal walls for angiographic studies, and 145 abdominal wall computed tomographic angiograms (CTAs) in patients undergoing preoperative imaging of the abdominal wall vasculature. The evaluation of the subcutaneous branching pattern and zone of perfusion of individual DIEA perforators was explored, particularly exploring differences between medial and lateral row perforators. Results: Fundamental differences exist between medial row and lateral row perforators, with medial row perforators larger (1.3 mm vs. 1 mm) and more likely to ramify in the subcutaneous fat toward the contralateral hemiabdomen (98% of cases vs. 2% of cases). A model for the perfusion of the abdominal wall based on a single perforator is presented. Conclusion: The “perforator angiosome” is dependent on perforator location, and can mapped individually with the use of preoperative imaging. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.     

Successful breast reconstruction with a perforator to deep inferior epigastric perforator flap

The authors report their experience with deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction in which an unusual recipient site was used. Successful anastomosis between a suitable perforating vessel from the internal mammary axis and the deep inferior epigastric bundle was performed, and the advantages of this alternative recipient site (perforator to the DIEP flap) are examined.     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣血管磁共振血管成像研究及其在乳房再造中的应用

目的:腹壁下动脉穿支(Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator,DIEP)皮瓣已经成为乳房再造的重要手段之一,本研究通过磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)对腹壁下动脉穿支进行三维成像,研究其血管走形及穿支情况,并在临床中加以应用。方法:本研究中共11位单侧乳房缺如的女性患者,均为乳腺癌乳房切除术后,术前1周以内行腹部磁共振血管成像检查,根据血管三维成像的结果,术前在皮肤表面标记血管穿支的位置,与手术中实际寻找到的血管穿支点进行比较,得出定位准确率及定位距离误差。结果:术前MRA对腹壁下动脉穿支的三维成像与手术实际操作相比,血管穿支定位距离误差为(1.08±0.51)mm,定位腹壁下动脉血管的准确率为100%。结论:MRA应用于DIEP皮瓣是一种无创、有效、简便的辅助手段,有利于提高手术效率,减少手术时间及并发症的产生。     

Salvage of congested deep inferior epigastric perforator flap with a reverse flow venous anastomosis

The deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP) is an increasingly popular method for autologous breast reconstruction because of less abdominal wall donor-site morbidity. However, disadvantages with the DIEP flap are its greater technical difficulties for flap harvest and a greater incidence of venous congestion. We report a case of salvage of a congested DIEP flap with a superficial inferior epigastric vein (SIEV) to deep inferior epigastric vein reverse flow anastomosis. Drainage of both the superficial and deep system resulted in complete reversal of venous congestion and flap salvage. Preservation and use of the SIEV for venous augmentation via a reverse flow anastomosis is a novel and simple method for DIEP flap salvage of venous congestion.     

Anatomical features of perforator blood vessels in the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap.

The anatomical basis of the blood supply to the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap and the circulation of the cutaneous territory zone IV have been studied in 40 anatomical dissections on fresh cadavers. The pedicle length, diameter and the number and distribution of the major perforator vessels were recorded. The cutaneous territories supplied by the perforator vessels were studied by injecting blue dye in the pedicle of ten specimens. In addition, intravital blue dye studies were performed by injecting the largest perforating vessel of five patients at abdominoplasty. The resulting cutaneous staining was recorded. The deep inferior epigastric artery was present in all cadaver dissections with an average length of 10.3 cm (range 9.0-13 cm) and an average diameter of 3.6 mm (range 2.8-5.0 mm). There were consistently one or two major perforator vessels for each pedicle, located within a radius of 8 cm below the umbilicus. The results of the injection study revealed cutaneous staining of zones I-III. Zone IV was stained weakly or not at all. The same findings were obtained in the clinical cases of abdominoplasty. Zone IV must be critically assessed in clinical cases of the DIEP flap.     

Factors that predict deep inferior epigastric perforator flap donor site hernia and bulge

Abstract

Deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap has become the gold standard in autologous breast reconstruction. Attention is now being focused on the impact of DIEP flap harvest technique on abdominal hernia rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate DIEP abdominal wall morbidity in relation to flap harvest and fascial closure technique. A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing DIEP flap breast reconstruction between 2012 and 2016 was performed. Post-operative evaluation of the abdominal wall integrity was performed by an operating consultant. The rectus fascia was closed using one of three techniques. The study included 202 patients, in whom 234 DIEP flaps were performed. Eight patients (3.4%) developed a clinically evident abdominal bulge post-operatively and one (0.5%) had a hernia. Harvesting two or more perforators was more likely to result in post-operative abdominal hernia/bulge than taking a single perforator (p?=?.032). Using a perforator from the lateral row or both rows was more likely to result in a hernia/bulge than if a single medial perforator was harvested (p?=?.026). Comparison of the rectus fascia closure technique did not show any statistically significant difference in abdominal wall morbidity. Consideration should be given towards perforator selection when harvesting a DIEP flap. Where appropriate, a suitable single medial row perforator with a favourable suprafascial course should be chosen. This study has not shown mesh-free fascial closure to be inferior to mesh-supported closure. Careful consideration to the role of synthetic mesh within this patient cohort should be given.     

Objective evaluation of fat tissue induration after breast reconstruction using a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap

Problems in breast reconstruction with deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps include postoperative fat induration and necrosis. A resulting clinical symptom is palpable indurated tissue, but it is difficult to measure the stiffness of transplanted fat tissues objectively at a deep site. The ability to perform shear-wave elastography (SWE) was recently added to some common ultrasonic echo devices, enabling objective three-dimensional measurements of tissue stiffness. In this study, we measured the stiffness of transplanted DIEP flaps using SWE to examine the effects of measurement sites, flap size and perforator patterns on stiffness. The subjects were 26 patients who showed induration of a transplanted flap on palpation in follow-up observation performed more than 6?months after breast reconstruction with a DIEP flap. The effects of the weight of the transplanted flap, and the diameter, number and location of the perforators on the stiffness of fat tissue were also analyzed. Within each zone, distal regions showed higher values, but in Zone II, significantly higher stiffness was also found in the proximal region. Multivariate regression analysis including all measurement sites, the weight of transplanted flap, and diameter, number and location of perforators showed that the stiffness of fat tissue was significantly higher in subjects with a larger weight flap. For safe reconstruction, it will be useful to examine the stiffness of fat tissue in individual regions of a transplanted flap retrospectively, because the examination results can be used in actual clinical practice.