头孢唑兰对临床分离菌株体外抗菌作用评价

目的：评价头孢唑兰对临床分离菌株的体外抗菌作用,为头孢唑兰的临床使用提供参考依据。方法：用浊度法测定头孢唑兰对临床分离的无乳链球菌、甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）、甲氧西林敏感表皮葡萄球菌（MSSE）、肺炎链球菌、粪肠球菌、化脓性链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产气肠杆菌等的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,平行试验3次,观察头孢唑兰培养液的的浊度。结果：头孢唑兰对化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、无乳链球菌、MSSE、MSSA、粪肠球菌6种临床分离G~＋菌株的MIC分别为0.064,0.125,0.125,0.5,2,8μg·ml~（-1）,MBC分别为0.125,0.25,0.25,1,4,16μg·ml~（-1）;对肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、奇异变形杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌、产气肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌7种临床分离G~-菌株的MIC分别为0.125,0.125,0.25,1,1,8,32μg·ml~（-1）,MBC分别为0.25,0.25,0.5,2,2,16,64μg·ml~（-1）。结论：头孢唑兰具有较强的抑菌及杀菌作用。     

头孢替坦二钠的体外抗菌活性研究

为评价头孢替坦二钠的体外抗菌活性,本研究测定了其对663株临床分离菌的MIC分布,并与四种头孢菌素进行比较。结果表明,头孢替坦二钠对革兰阴性菌抗菌作用较强,对革兰阳性菌的抗菌作用较弱。在受试革兰阴性菌中,头孢替坦二钠对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌等11种菌具有较强的抗菌活性,尤其对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌抗菌活性突出,MIC90分别为4、8μg/mL。在革兰阳性菌中,头孢替坦二钠对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、化脓链球菌、肺炎链球菌具有一定抗菌活性,但对MRSA、MRSE、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌的抗菌活性弱。     

阿扑西林的体内外抗菌作用

目的评价阿扑西林的抗菌作用。方法体外试验采用平皿二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC),比较药物的90%抑菌范围(MIC90)或者50%抑菌范围(MIC50)。体内试验采用腹腔注射肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、大肠杆菌分别感染小鼠制备模型,尾静脉注射不同浓度的阿扑西林,观察小鼠1周内的死亡情况。结果阿扑西林对苯唑西林敏感的葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、肠球菌、非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌均具有较强的抗菌活性;阿扑西林对肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、大肠杆菌感染的小鼠均具有明显的体内保护作用,呈剂量-效应关系。结论阿扑西林在体内和体外均具有明显的抗菌活性。     

五水头孢唑啉体外抗菌作用

目的 评价五水头孢唑啉(头孢类抗菌药)及其他常用抗菌药物对近3年临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌活性.方法 琼脂二倍稀释法测定MIC值;活菌计数法绘制杀菌曲线.对来自全国19家医院近3年临床分离的604株致病菌进行了MIC测定.结果 在革兰阳性需氧菌中,五水头孢唑啉对甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)、表皮葡萄球菌(MSSE)、青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌(PSSP)以及B溶血组链球菌均有很好的抗菌活性,MIC90≤4 mg·L-1.在革兰阴性菌中,五水头孢唑啉对于不产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的肠杆菌科细菌,仍保持很好的抗菌活性,MIC≤8 mg·L-1.杀菌试验显示,五水头孢唑啉对葡萄球菌表现出典型的时间依赖性,但对大肠埃希菌的杀菌作用随药物浓度升高略有增强.结论 五水头孢唑啉对革兰阳性菌具有较好的抗菌活性,抗菌活性优于头孢氨苄、克拉霉素、克林霉素,略优于头孢替安,与阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢呋辛、左氧氟沙星相似;对不产ESBLs的肠杆菌科细菌也保持较好的抗菌活性,优于头孢氨苄,与阿莫西林/克拉维酸和头孢呋辛相似.     

国产克林霉素体外抗菌活性研究

目的:研究国产克林霉素对临床分离的300株需氧菌和30株厌氧菌的体外抗菌活性,并与红霉素和头孢拉定作比较.方法:采用美国NCCLS推荐的琼脂稀释法测定菌株对抗菌药物的MIC(最低抑菌浓度),并以MIC50、MIC90和抑制百分率,表示药物的抗菌活性.结果:克林霉素对流感嗜血杆菌MIC50为＜0.03mg/L,与红霉素和头孢拉定相同,抑制率为88%,强于红霉素,稍弱于头孢拉定;对卡他莫拉菌的MIC50为0.125mg/L,抑制率为80%,强于头孢拉定;克林霉素对甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌MIC50分别为0.125mg/L和2mg/L,远强于红霉素;对甲氧西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)MIC50为1mg/L,抑制率:66.7%,强于红霉素和头孢拉定;对肺炎链球菌MIC50为0.125mg/L,抑制率为77.5%,强于红霉素,稍弱于头孢他定;克林霉素对A群链球菌和B群溶血菌的MIC50分别为2mg/L和0.06mg/L,抑制率为76.6%,强于红霉素,弱于头孢拉定;克林霉素对厌氧菌包括厌氧球菌、丙酸杆菌、梭杆菌和拟杆菌属,抑制率均为100%.结论:国产克林霉素对临床分离的溶血性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌、嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌和厌氧菌均有良好的抗菌活性.     

头孢布烯(Ceftibuten)体外抗菌作用

目的:评价头孢布烯对临床分离的836株致病菌的体外抗菌作用.方法:头孢布烯与头孢克肟、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛、头孢克罗、头孢拉啶、环丙沙星进行比较.结果:头孢布烯对大多数革兰阴性菌具有很强的抗菌活性,如对大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、普通变形杆菌、沙门菌属、志贺菌属、粘质沙雷菌、阴沟肠杆菌的MIC90值均≤1mg·L-1,优于所测定的其他口服头孢菌素,与头孢他啶、头孢噻肟相似.头孢布烯对淋病奈瑟菌、流感嗜血杆菌也有很强的抗菌活性,但对某些肠杆菌科杆菌如弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌对本品与头孢他定相似不太敏感,MIC90值为8mg·L-1,乙酸钙不动杆菌对本品耐药,MIC90值为32 mg·L-1.头孢布烯对革兰阳性菌除化脓性链球菌外作用均较弱.对肺炎链球菌的MIC50与MIC90值分别为2与4mg·L-1,不及其他所测定的三代头孢菌素.金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、脆弱拟杆菌对头孢布烯耐药.从产酶大肠杆菌及肺炎克雷白菌的体外抗菌作用的结果表明,头孢布烯对产酶菌株具有较强的抗菌活性,MIC90值低于其他所测定的三代头孢菌素.结论:说明本品具有较强的β-内酰胺酶稳定性.细菌接种量、pH值的变化、人血清的含量对头孢布烯的体外抗菌作用无明显影响.     

儿茶素类对h-VRS的体外抗菌活性研究

目的 研究儿茶素类对异质性耐万古霉素葡萄球菌(h-VRS)的体外抗菌活性。方法 采用含4μg/mL万古霉素脑心浸液琼脂筛选h-VRS,菌谱分析法确证h-VRS菌株。分别观察儿茶素类3种成分(ECG、EGCG、EGC)单独对h-VRS的体外抗菌活性,并采用棋盘稀释法观察EGCG和EGC联合苯唑西林对h-VRS的协调抗菌情况。结果 儿茶素类3种成分对h-VRS原代和子代株均显示有抗菌活性,h-VRS原代菌株MIC为128-512μg/mL,子代菌株MIC值为256-512μg/mL,EGCG、EGC联合苯唑西林对h-VRS协调作用的部分抑菌浓度指数：FIC为0.52-0.75。结论 儿茶素类对h-VRS有一定抗菌作用,且h-VRS子代菌株对儿茶素类的敏感性明显降低,EGCG、EGC与苯唑西林联合对h-VRS抗菌活性呈相加作用。     

加替沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性

考察加替沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性以及抗MRSA的能力。采用药敏纸片法（K－B法），从129株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌筛选对甲氧西林和氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药菌株，用琼脂二倍稀释法对交叉耐药菌进行MIC测试，比较了加替沙星与环丙沙星等第二代氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药菌株，用琼脂二倍稀释法对交叉耐药菌进行MIC测试，比较了加替沙星与环丙沙星等第二代氟喹诺酮类药物的抗菌活性。用苯唑西林筛选三代自发突变株，比较环丙沙星、加替沙星对MRSA的抗菌活性。实验表明，苯唑西林、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星对129株金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率相似。体外活性表明，加替沙星比环丙沙星等第二代氟喹诺酮类药物的抗菌活性强，抗MRSA菌株的活性较强；敏感金黄色葡萄球菌发生加替沙星耐药的突变频率在所试药物中也是最低的。说明加替沙星比环丙沙星等第二代氟喹诺酮类药物的抗菌活性得到明显提高。     

熊胆贝母止咳胶囊在小鼠体内外的抗菌作用

目的 观察熊胆贝母止咳胶囊(XDBM)的体外抗菌活性和对染菌动物的保护作用.方法 测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC),研究XDBM的体外抗菌效果;通过计算染菌小鼠的半数有效量(ED50)研究其体内的抗菌效果.结果 XDBM对G-菌的抗菌活性较强,大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的MIC范围为生药2.0～31.2 mg·ml-1,痢疾杆菌、伤寒杆菌及产气肠杆菌的MIC范围为生药3.9～15.6 mg·ml-1;对G 菌中链球菌的抗菌活力较强,对肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌的MIC范围为生药3.9～15.6 mg·ml-1,而对金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌的抗菌活性较弱,MIC范围＜生药O.5～1×103 mg·ml-1.对染菌小鼠保护作用试验显示,XDBM灌服感染了金黄色葡萄球菌MSSA-43和大肠埃希菌9914小鼠的ED50分别为大于生药12.5、4.64 g·kg-1.结论 XDBM在小鼠体内外均具有抗菌作用.     

常用第一、二代头孢菌素注射剂体外抗菌活性研究

目的 评价目前临床常用第一、二代头孢菌素对近年临床常见分离菌的体外抗菌活性。方法 采用标准琼脂二倍稀 释法；对 760 株细菌进行了最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) 测定。结果 菌株主要来自 2015-2016 年间全国 18 个城市收集临床分离株。 对于革兰阴性菌，第二代头孢菌素抗菌作用优于第一代头孢菌素，但对于革兰阳性需氧或厌氧菌，则第一代头孢菌素抗菌作用 更优。第一代头孢菌素中，五水头孢唑林和头孢西酮抗菌作用最为全面，对甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、革兰阳性菌 具有较好抗菌作用，其中对甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌的 MIC90 值分别为≤ 1mg/L 和≤ 0.5mg/L，优于头孢拉定。对肠杆菌科细菌 中不产超广谱 β- 内酰胺酶 (ESBLs) 的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌以及嗜血菌、卡他莫拉菌，五水头孢唑林和头孢西酮也有很好 抗菌活性，MIC50 值≤ 4mg/L，MIC90 值分别为≤ 16mg/L 和≤ 32mg/L，优于头孢硫脒和头孢拉定。结论 第一、二代头孢菌素 各具特点，且同类药物中不同品种抗菌活性也不尽相同。其中五水头孢唑林抗菌作用较为全面，对革兰阳性、阴性菌均表现出 较好抗菌作用，是第一代头孢菌素中临床应用最广泛的品种之一。     

Yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2001--I. Gram-positive bacteria

The in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (CZOP), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates obtained between 1996 and 2001 were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, carbapenems, and penicillins. A total of 1,274 strains in 15 species of Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from January to December, and consisted of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus avium, and Peptostreptococcus spp. CZOP possessed stable antibacterial activities against all strains tested throughout 6 years. The MIC90 of CZOP against MRSA and S. haemolyticus tended to decrease while against S. pneumoniae and Peptostreptococcus spp., tended to increase year by year. However, the MIC90 just changed a little and were consistent with the results from the studies performed until the new drug application approval. Increases in the MIC90 against S. pneumoniae were also observed with ceftazidime (CPR), cefepime (CFPM), flomoxef (FMOX), sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ), and imipenem (IPM). Increases in the MIC90 against Peptostreptococcus spp. were also observed with FMOX, SBT/CPZ, and IPM. In conclusion, the annual antibacterial activities of CZOP against the Gram-positive bacteria did not considerably change. It, therefore, was suggested that CZOP had maintained high antibacterial activity during 6 years of post marketing.     

诺氟沙星的体外抗菌作用评价

目的：评价诺氟沙星对烧烫伤创面常见致病菌的抑菌、杀菌作用。方法：用浊度法测定诺氟沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌（ATCC6538）、大肠杆菌（ATCC8099）和铜绿假单胞菌[CMCC（B）10110]的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,实验平行3次,观察诺氟沙星培养液的浊度。结果：诺氟沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为0．15μg·ml^-1,MBC为0．25μg·ml^-1;对大肠杆菌的MIC为0．25μg·ml^-1,MBC为5．0μg·ml^-1;对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC为4．57μg·ml^-1,MBC为14．0μg·ml^-1。结论：诺氟沙星在体外对烧烫伤创面常见致病菌均具有较强的抗菌作用,可为临床创面用药剂量的筛选提供一些依据。     

浙新霉素对皮肤癣菌的体外抗真菌活性研究

目的：评价浙新霉素体外抗真菌活性。方法：采用CLSI推荐的M-38A方案测定浙新霉素对7种皮肤癣菌最小抑菌浓度（MIC）及最小杀菌浓度（MFC）。结果：浙新霉素对7种皮肤癣菌的MIC范围为0.125-2.000μg·ml^-1,MFC范围为0.250-4.000μg·ml^-1。结论：浙新霉素具有较强的抗真菌活性,能抑制和杀灭絮状表皮癣菌、红色毛癣菌、紫色毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌、须癣毛癣菌、断发毛癣菌、石膏样小孢子菌等多种皮肤癣菌。     

Yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2000--I. Gram-positive bacteria

The in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (CZOP), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates obtained between 1996 and 2000 were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, carbapenems, and penicillins. Fifteen species, 1,062 strains, of Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from January to December, and consisted of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA; n = 127), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; n = 123), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 104), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n = 58), Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 100), Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 50), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 125), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 150), Enterococcus faecium (n = 50), Enterococcus avium (n = 50), and Peptostreptococcus spp. (P. anaerobius, P. asaccharolyticus, P. magnus, P. micros, P. prevotii; n = 125). CZOP possessed stable antibacterial activities against all strains tested throughout 5 years. The MIC90 of CZOP against MRSA and S. haemolyticus tended to decrease while against S. pneumoniae and Peptostreptococcus spp., tended to increase year by year. However, the MIC90 just changed a little and were consistent with the results from the studies performed until the new drug application approval. Increases in the MIC90 against S. pneumoniae were also observed with cefpirome (CPR), cefepime (CFPM), flomoxef (FMOX), sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ), and imipenem (IPM). Increases in the MIC90 against Peptostreptococcus spp. were also observed with ceftazidime (CAZ), CPR, CFPM, FMOX, SBT/CPZ, and IPM. The decreases in the sensitivities were not always considered to depend upon generation of resistant bacteria because the annual MIC range of each antibacterial agent was almost generally wide every year and the annual sensitivity of each strain to the agents extremely varied. In conclusion, the annual antibacterial activities of CZOP against the Gram-positive bacteria did not considerably change. It, therefore, was suggested that CZOP had maintained high antibacterial activity during 5 years of post-marketing.     

Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (2003). I. Susceptibility distribution

The bacterial strains isolated from 565 patients diagnosed as having urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 14 institutions in Japan were collected between August 2003 and July 2004. The susceptibilities of them to many kinds of antimicrobial agents were investigated. Of them, 701 strains were estimated as prophlogistic bacteria and used for the investigation. The strains consisted of 258 Gram-positive bacterial strains (36.8%) and 443 Gram-negative bacterial strains (63.2%). Against Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin (VCM) showed the strongest activity and prevented the growth of all strains with 2 microg/mL. Against Streptococcus agalactiae, ampicillin (ABPC), cefozopran (CZOP), imipenem (IPM), and clarithromycin (CAM) showed a strong activity and the MIC90 was 0.125 microg/mL or less. Against Enterococcus faecalis, VCM, ABPC, and IPM showed a strong antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of cephems to Escherichia coli was generally good, and especially CZOP and cefpirome (CPR) showed the strongest activity (MIC90: < or = 0.125 microg/mL). Quinolone resistant E. coli [MIC of ciprofloxacin (CPFX): > or =4 microg/mL] was detected at frequency of 15.7%, which was higher than that in the last year. Against Klebsiella pneumoniae, meropenem (MEPM) showed the strongest activity and next, the antibacterial activity of CRMN and CZOP was good. The antibacterial activity of the other cephems, however, significantly decreased, compared with that evaluated in last year. Against Serratia marcescens, MEPM had the strongest antibacterial activity. Against Proteus mirabilis, MEPM and CRMN showed the strongest activity and prevented the growth of all strains with 0.125 microg/mL or less. Nest, cefmenoxime (CMX), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefixime (CFIX), cefpodoxime (CPDX), CPR, CZOP, and cefditoren (CDTR) showed a strong activity. The antibacterial activity of the drugs to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was generally low, and MIC90 of all the drugs was ranged from 32 to < or = 256 microg/mL except IPM and amikacin (AMK) having 16 microg/mL. The antibacterial activity of CZOP was relatively good (MIC50: 2 microg/mL).     

In vitro activity of cefixime: correlation index between MIC and disc diffusion test

In this study the in vitro antibacterial effects of cefixime are presented. Its activity was studied by evaluation of MICs, MBCs and the disc diffusion susceptibility method on Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Moreover, the coefficient of correlation between MIC values and the disc diffusion susceptibility test was evaluated. The results support the wide antimicrobial activity of cefixime, which appears to be particularly effective against enterobacteria.     

Post-marketing surveillance of antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates--I. Gram-positive bacteria

As a post-marketing surveillance, the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (CZOP), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, penicillins, and carbapenems. Changes in the bacterial susceptibility for CZOP were also evaluated with the resistance ratio calculated with breakpoint MIC. Sixteen species (2,363 strains) of Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from 1996 to 2001, and consisted of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis (MSSE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus avium, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PSSP), penicillin-intermediate resistant S. pneumoniae (PISP), penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP), Streptococcus milleri group and Peptostreptococcus spp. The antibacterial activity of CZOP either against MSSA or MSSE was preferable (MIC90: 2 or 0.5 micrograms/mL) and comparable to those of other cephems. CZOP was also effective on MRSE (MIC90: 16 micrograms/mL) but not on MRSA. CZOP and other cephems had low antibacterial activity against S. haemolyticus (MIC90: 64 micrograms/mL). The antibacterial activity of CZOP against S. saprophyticus was comparable to or higher than those of other cephems, but the MIC90 of CZOP in 2001 was higher than those in 1996-2000 (32 vs 1-2 micrograms/mL). The antibacterial activity of CZOP against E. faecalis was comparable to that of cefpirome (CPR; MIC90: 16 micrograms/mL) and higher than those of other cephems. No antibacterial activity of CZOP against E. faecium and E. avium was observed, like other drugs. The antibacterial activity of CZOP against S. pyogenes was as potent as those of cefotiam and CPR (MIC90: < or = 0.063 microgram/mL), and, against S. agalactiae, was also preferable (MIC90: 0.125 microgram/mL). CZOP indicated preferable antibacterial activity either against PSSP, PISP, or PRSP (MIC90: 0.25, 1, or 2 micrograms/mL). The antibacterial activity of CZOP against S. milleri group was also preferable, but the MIC90 of CZOP in 2001 was higher than those in 1996-2000 (4 vs 0.5 micrograms/mL). The antibacterial activity of CZOP against Peptostreptococcus spp. was preferable but weaker than those of cefazolin and cefmetazole. The resistance ratio estimated from breakpoint MIC of CZOP was 95.9% in MRSA, 93.5% in PRSP, 63.3% in PISP, 35.8% in S. haemolyticus, 27.9% in E. faecalis, and 13.3% MRSE. Those resistance ratios were comparable to those for cefepime (CFPM), but E. faecalis showed 91.2% for CFPM. The difference in the resistance ratio of E. faecalis demonstrated that CZOP successfully maintained its antibacterial activity against these species. In correlation of drug susceptibility, 40.3% of PRSP was not inhibited at breakpoint MIC either CZOP or CFPM while 69.2% at breakpoint MIC either CZOP or ceftazidime. In conclusion, the antibacterial activities of CZOP against the Gram-positive bacteria obtained from the 6-year duration study were consistent with the results from the studies performed until the new drug application approval. A decline in the sensitivities of S. saprophyticus, S. milleri group, PISP, and PRSP to CZOP, however, was suggested.     

罗红霉素胶囊的抗菌作用

采用试管双倍稀释法，选用部分临床分离致病菌和标准菌株，对罗红霉素胶囊进行了体内外抗菌作用实验．体外抗菌实验结果表明：本品对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、链球菌、流感杆菌等的ＭＩＣ５０分别为：０．１９５，０．６２５，０．７８，０．３９ｍｇ／Ｌ；考察了不同细菌接种量、培养基中血清浓度、培养基的不同ｐＨ值等对罗红霉素体外抗菌作用的影响．体内的保护实验结果表明：本品对接种金黄色葡萄球菌的小鼠口服给药的ＥＤ５０为５．６６ｍｇ／ｋｇ，对接种肺炎链球菌的小鼠口服给药的ＥＤ５０为１７．７７ｍｇ／ｋｇ．     

Nationwide sensitivity surveillance of ciprofloxacin and various parenteral antibiotics against bacteria isolated from patients with severe infections--the first Ciproxan IV special investigation in 2001

The parenteral injection of ciprofloxacin (CPFX), a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug, was approved in September 2000 and a re-examination period of 6 years was set at that time. As a special investigation to apply for re-examination of this drug, it has been planned to conduct 3 nationwide surveillances during the re-examination period by collecting clinically isolated bacteria from patients with severe infections, to whom the drug was mainly indicated, and examining drug susceptibilities of the bacteria to various parenteral antimicrobial drugs including CPFX. This time, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of various parenteral antimicrobial drugs including CPFX against 1,220 strains isolated from patients with severe infections by the micro-liquid dilution method and compared susceptibilities of various clinically isolated bacteria to CPFX with those to other antimicrobial drugs. Gram-positive bacteria were less susceptible to CPFX than to carbapenems except 2 bacterial species, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus avium but susceptibilities of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis to CPFX were comparable to those to cefozopran. Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to CPFX did not differ among ampicillin (ABPC)-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC of ABPC: < 0.25 microgram/ml), ABPC-intermediate S. pneumoniae (MIC of ABPC: 0.25-2 micrograms/ml) and ABPC-resistant S. pneumoniae (MIC of ABPC: > or = 4 micrograms/ml) MIC90 of CPFX: 1 microgram/ml) and a decrease in the antimicrobial activity seen among cephem and carbapenem antimicrobial drugs against penicillin-intermediate strains was not noted with CPFX. Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to CPFX similarly to carbapenems and the MIC90 values of CPFX were in the range from < or = 0.063 to 2 micrograms/ml against strains except Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most susceptible to CPFX among the antibacterial drugs examined and the MIC90 was 2 micrograms/ml. CPFX also showed the lowest MIC90 value (0.5 microgram/ml) against beta-lactam-resistant P. aeruginosa among the drugs examined. When extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and class B beta-lactamase production were examined in 439 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and 168 strains of glucose non-fermentative bacteria out of the Gram-negative bacteria collected this time, 3 strains (0.49%) producing ESBL and 7 strains (1.15%) producing class B beta-lactamase were found. The MIC range of CPFX to these 10 strains was between < or = 0.063 to 8 micrograms/ml and 5 strains among those showed susceptibilities (MIC of CPFX: 1 microgram/ml) based on the NCCLS breakpoint. CPFX also showed a satisfactory result concerning susceptibilities of major causal bacteria based on the report of the committee of Japan Society of Chemotherapy on the standard method for determination of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, the breakpoint of pneumonia. Furthermore, susceptibilities of various bacteria isolated clinically from patients with severe infections this time did not differ much from the result of the nationwide surveillance which we conducted in 1997. Thus, it was concluded that the antimicrobial activity of CPFX was maintained in the post-marketing surveillance for its parenteral preparation.