帕瑞昔布对剖宫产术后病人不同剂量吗啡硬膜外镇痛效果的影响

目的 评价帕瑞昔布对剖宫产术后病人不同剂量吗啡硬膜外镇痛效果的影响.方法 择期行剖宫产手术的病人300例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄20～40岁,体重54 ～ 89 kg,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为6组(n＝50):帕瑞昔布联合常规剂量吗啡PCEA组(P1组)、帕瑞昔布联合中剂量吗啡PCEA组(P2组)、帕瑞昔布联合小剂量吗啡PCEA组(P3组),3组各设置生理盐水联合吗啡PCEA对照组(C1组、C2组和C3组).于手术结束时P1组、P2组和P3组静脉注射帕瑞昔布40 ng,C1组、C2组和C3组给予等容量生理盐水.6组术后行吗啡PCEA,C1组和P1组:负荷量为吗啡2.0mg,镇痛泵药物为吗啡3.0 mg;C2组和P2组:负荷量为吗啡1.5mg,镇痛泵药物为吗啡2.0 mg;C3组和P3组:负荷量为吗啡1.0 mg,镇痛泵药物为吗啡1.5 mg;负荷量中均加入0.15％罗哌卡因8ml,所有镇痛泵中药物均加入罗哌卡因150 mg、格拉司琼3 mg和地塞米松5 mg,用生理盐水稀释至100 ml,背景输注速率2 ml/h,PCA量0.5ml,锁定时间15 min.分别记录术毕～术后24h期间静息状态及活动状态时镇痛有效情况,记录恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制、低血压和嗜睡等不良反应的发生情况.结果 与C1组或G2组比较,P1组或P2组术后活动状态和静息状态镇痛有效率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与C3组比较,P3组活动状态镇痛有效率升高(P<0.01),静息状态镇痛有效率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与P1组和P2组比较,P3组恶心呕吐程度和皮肤瘙痒发生率降低(P<0.01),无一例病人发生呼吸抑制、低血压和嗜睡.结论 静脉注射帕瑞昔布40 mg可增强剖宫产术后小剂量吗啡硬膜外镇痛的效果,而对中等剂量或常规剂量吗啡硬膜外镇痛效果无影响.     

维拉帕米在硬膜外术后镇痛中对吗啡的增效作用

目的　比较硬膜外单独注射吗啡与吗啡加维拉帕米在术后镇痛方面的疗效。方法　2 70例在硬膜外麻醉下行腹部手术的患者 ,随机分为三组 ,吗啡加维拉帕米组 (MV组 )、吗啡 1mg组(M 1组 )、吗啡 2mg组 (M2组 ) ,每组 90例。MV组 :吗啡 1mg +维拉帕米 0 2 5mg +0 9%NaCl稀释到 10ml;M 1组 :吗啡 1mg +0 9%NaCl稀释到 10ml;M2组 :吗啡 2mg +0 9%NaCl稀释到10ml。均于手术结束时由硬膜外导管缓慢注入硬膜外腔。观察 15min后拔除硬膜外导管送回病房。手术后 12、2 4、4 8h记录疼痛评分 (VAS)、平均动脉压和呼吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度 ,以及尿潴留、恶心、呕吐等不良反应情况。结果　术后 4 8h内MV组镇痛效果明显优于M 1组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与M2组相近 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但不良反应发生率MV组明显低于M2组 (P <0 0 1)。三组的呼吸循环及脉搏血氧饱和度无显著差异。结论　维拉帕米在硬膜外术后镇痛中对吗啡有增效作用 ,可减少吗啡的用量 ,从而减少吗啡的不良反应 ,并取得良好的术后镇痛效果     

早产儿不同脐带结扎时机对母婴结局的影响

目的探索不同脐带结扎时机对母亲和早产儿分娩结局及生长发育的影响,明确早产儿脐带结扎的最佳时机。方法将经阴道自然分娩的115对产妇及其早产儿随机分为对照组(常规即刻断脐处理)40对、干预A组(延迟断脐30～60 s)39对和干预B组(延迟断脐60～120 s)36对,比较各组产妇产后2 h出血量及早产儿出生1 min、5 min Apgar评分、产后24～48 h血红蛋白、红细胞比容及产后1 d、2 d、3 d经皮胆红素浓度。结果干预A、B组产妇产后2 h出血量显著少于对照组,干预A、B组早产儿产后24～48 h血红蛋白显著高于对照组,且干预B组红细胞比容显著高于干预A组(均P0.05),各组早产儿出生1 min、5 min Apgar评分及产后1 d、2 d、3 d经皮胆红素浓度差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论延迟结扎脐带对早产儿及产妇是安全的。延迟结扎脐带30～120 s为早产儿提供额外的胎盘血,有利于降低早产儿贫血发生率,且减少产妇产后2 h出血量。     

剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛对产妇催乳素及新生儿神经行为的影响

目的 研究布托啡诺复合左布比卡因在剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛对产妇泌乳及新生儿神经行为的影响.方法 选择剖宫产产妇60例,按术后镇痛方式不同分为3组(B、M、C组,每组20例),B组:0.006％布托啡诺+0.15％左布比卡因;M组:0.004％的吗啡+0.15％左布比卡因;C组:术后疼痛时采用盐酸哌替啶肌注镇痛(1 mg/kg).B、M组采用连续硬膜外镇痛.术后进行视觉模拟评分(VAS)并记录恶心、呕吐等副作用发生率,测产妇血清催乳素(prolactin,PRL)浓度并记录产后初乳时间,进行新生儿神经和适应能力评分(NACS).结果 B组[4 h:(1.1±0.7),8 h:(1.2±1.2),12 h:(1.7±1.1),24 h:(1.4±1.5),48 h:(1.0±0.9)]、M组[4 h:(1.1±0.9),8h:(1.3±1.9),12 h:(1.6±1.2),24 h:(1.3±1.3),48 h:(1.0±0.7)]的VAS评分明显低于C组[4 h:(2.2±1.3),8 h:(4.3±1.7),12 h:(4.7±1.5),24 h:(3.6±1.3),48 h:(2.4±1.1)](P＜0.05),但M组恶心呕吐(30％)、瘙痒(25％)等副作用要明显高于B组(分别为:3％,0％)(P＜0.05),B组(26±8)h、M组(26±9)h泌乳时间要早于C组(35±10) h(P＜0.05),且B组[分别为:(357±62)、(387±63) μg/L]、M组[分别为:(367±64)、(392±61) μg/L]术后24、48 h PRL明显高于术前[B组:(220±59) μg/L,M组:(238±70) μg/L]及C组[分别为:(299±93)、(327±74)ug/L],而B、M差异无统计学意义,3组NACS比较无统计学意义.结论 布托啡诺复合左布比卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛效果好、副作用少且可促进产妇泌乳,对新生儿神经行为无明显影响.     

静脉泵注布托啡诺复合硬膜外吗啡减轻剖宫产术后镇痛不良反应的观察

目的观察静脉泵注不同剂量布托啡诺复合硬膜外吗啡用于剖宫产术后镇痛的镇痛效果和不良反应。方法选择足月妊娠行择期剖宫产的产妇80例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为不同剂量布托啡诺组(B1、B2、B3组)和对照组(C组),每组20例。采用连续硬膜外麻醉,麻醉平面上界控制在T6水平。各组产妇手术结束时均给予硬膜外腔推注吗啡2mg,手术结束后接静脉镇痛泵行自控静脉镇痛(PCIA),B1、B2、B3组分别给予布托啡诺160、240、280μg/h,Bolus160、240、280μg,间隔时间45min;C组用生理盐水100ml。观察各组产妇术后4、12、24、36、48h的VAS评分和PCA次数及不良反应发生率。结果 B1、B2、B3组在术后24、36、48h的VAS和术后24、36h的PCA次数低于C组(P<0.05),B2、B3组在术后24、36、48h的VAS和术后24、36h的PCA次数低于B1组(P<0.05)。B1、B2、B3组皮肤瘙痒发生率(5%、0、0)均低于C组(25%)(P<0.05),B1、B2、B3组恶心发生率(15%、10%、10%)均低于C组(40%)(P<0.05),B3组眩晕发生率(40%)高于B1、B2、C组(0、0、5%)(P<0.05)。结论静脉泵注布托啡诺240μg/h复合硬膜外吗啡2mg用于剖宫产术后镇痛,不良反应较少,镇痛效果满意。     

关节腔内注射盐酸氢吗啡酮在膝关节镜手术术后镇痛中的临床应用

目的 评价关节腔内注射不同剂量盐酸氢吗啡酮对膝关节镜手术术后镇痛的效果. 方法 择期硬膜外麻醉下行膝关节镜手术患者150例,按随机数字表法分为5组(每组30例):H1组、H2组、H3组、M组、C组.术毕H1组关节腔内注射盐酸氢吗啡酮0.1 mg(用生理盐水配制成10ml),H2组关节腔内注射盐酸氢吗啡酮0.2 mg,H3组关节腔内注射盐酸氢吗啡酮0.3 mg,M组关节腔内注射吗啡2 mg,C组关节腔内注射等量生理盐水10ml.记录术后4、6、8、12、24 h患者在屈膝关节90°状态下的VAS,记录术后24h内需要追加镇痛药物的患者例数以及术后副作用的发生情况. 结果 术后8h内H1组、H2组、H3组、M组VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后12 h VAS评分,H2组(2.5±0.6)分、H3组(2.1±0.7)分、M组(2.3±0.8)分低于H1组(3.1±0.6)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);术后24 h VAS评分,H3组(2.2±0.5)分低于H2组(3.1±0.8)分和M组(3.0±0.6)分,差异有统计学意义(JP＜0.05).术后需要追加镇痛药物的患者例数随盐酸氢吗啡酮剂量的增加而减少.结论 关节腔内注射不同剂量盐酸氢吗啡酮和吗啡用于膝关节镜均能获得良好的术后镇痛效果,0.3 mg盐酸氢吗啡酮的镇痛效果更佳.     

加巴喷丁联合吗啡治疗大鼠神经病理性疼痛的疗效

目的 观察加巴喷丁联合吗啡治疗L5神经结扎(SNL)大鼠神经病理性疼痛的疗效及其对腰段脊髓炎性细胞因子表达的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠24只行SNL术后,随机均分为四组,在术后第5天分别接受加巴喷丁100 mg/kg(G组)、吗啡3.0 mg/kg(M组)和加巴喷丁50 mg/kg联合吗啡1.5 mg/kg(GM组)、生理盐水(NS组).记录术前1 d、术后第5天给药前和给药后2、4、6 h左后肢热痛阈(PWL).然后取大鼠腰段脊髓,检测其肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6和IL-10的表达.结果 与术前1 d比较,术后第5天NS组各时点和G、M、GM组给药前左后肢PWL缩短(P<0.01).与NS组各时点比,G、M、GM组给药后2 h,G、GM组给药后4 h,CM组给药后6 h左后肢PWL延长(P<0.05或P<0.01).与给药前比较,G组给药后2、4 h,M组给药后2 h,GM组给药后2、4、6 h左后肢PWL延长(P<0.05或P<0.01).与NS组比较,GM组TNF-α、IL-6表达下降,IL-10表达上升(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 加巴喷丁50 mg/kg联合吗啡1.5 mg/kg治疗L5神经结扎大鼠神经病理性疼痛的疗效优于加巴喷丁100 mg/kg或吗啡3 mg/kg.其镇痛机制可能与改变腰段脊髓炎性细胞因子表达有关.     

老年全膝关节置换术应用连续骨神经阻滞联合单次硬膜外腔吗啡镇痛的效果观察

目的分析和评价老年全膝关节置换术(TKA)应用连续骨神经阻滞(CFNB)联合单次硬膜外腔吗啡镇痛的效果。方法选取2015-03—2016-03间在河南中医药大学第三附属医院接受单侧TKA治疗的82例老年患者。随机分为2组,每组41例。对照组行CFNB镇痛,观察组在对照组基础上联合单次硬膜外腔吗啡镇痛。应用视觉模拟量法(VAS)评测2组患者术后静息、活动状态下的疼痛情况。分析2组术后患侧关节弯曲度及镇痛泵按压次数。结果术后第1、5天观察组患者静息、活动状态的VAS评分低于对照组,患侧关节弯曲度大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后第1、2天的镇痛泵按压次数显著少于对照组,差异有统计意学意义(P0.05)。结论在老年TKA术中采取CFNB联合单次硬膜外腔吗啡镇痛,优于单一CFNB镇痛,且有助于患侧关节功能恢复。     

氟比洛芬酯对经腹子宫全切术后病人 PCA效应的影响

目的比较研究硬膜外持续输注0.2%左旋布比卡因期间氟比洛芬酯静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的临床效应和不良反应,并与氯诺昔康和吗啡作比较。方法选择择期经腹子宫全切术病人60例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为三组氟比洛芬酯组(F组)、氯诺昔康组(L组)和吗啡组(M组)。采用双泵法行双盲对照观察,A泵三组均为硬膜外持续输注0·2%左旋布比卡因4ml/h;B泵F组以氟比洛芬酯PCIA强化,L组以氯诺昔康PCIA强化,M组以吗啡PCIA强化。记录术后1、2、4、6、8、12、16、18、24h视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Ramesay镇静评分、术后运动神经阻滞恢复评分(改良Bro-mage分级)和病人对PCA综合满意度评分,按常规记录PCA开始后的0~1h、1~2h、2~4h、4~6h、6~8h、8~12h、12~16h、16~18h、18~24hPCA泵的按压次数(D1)与实际进入次数(D2),并记录肛门排气时间及可能出现的不良反应。结果三组病人的一般情况相似,24h硬膜外左旋布比卡因的使用剂量为192mg,三组未按压PCA泵的病人各为2例(10%),静脉用药量分别为(53·9±2·1)mg(F组)、(11·4±2·8)mg(L组)、(4·7±3·5)mg(M组),在相同时点三组间VAS、Ramesay镇静评分、改良Bromage分级均相似,在相同时间段内三组间D1/D2值亦相似。结论在0·2%左旋布比卡因硬膜外持续输注(4ml/h)的基础上,新型靶向非甾体类镇痛药氟比洛芬酯与氯诺昔康和吗啡静脉PCA均能达到辅助镇痛的效果,静脉PCA氟比洛芬酯与吗啡的比例约为12∶1。     

纳洛酮复合吗啡对裸鼠人胃癌皮下瘤生长的影响

目的观察纳洛酮复合吗啡对裸鼠人胃癌皮下瘤生长的影响。方法建立裸鼠人胃癌MGC-803细胞皮下瘤模型,将50只裸鼠随机分为五组:对照组(C组)、生理盐水组(S组)、20mg/kg吗啡组(M组)、1mg/kg纳洛酮组(N组)、1 mg/kg纳洛酮+20 mg/kg吗啡组(NM组),每组10只。成瘤后,C组不作任何处理;S、M、N组裸鼠每天在右下腹分别腹腔注射生理盐水1.5ml/kg、吗啡20mg/kg或纳洛酮1mg/kg;NM组裸鼠每天在右下腹先腹腔注射纳洛酮1mg/kg,30min后再给予吗啡20mg/kg;连续注射14d。每2天测量1次肿瘤的长径和短径,计算肿瘤相对体积(RTV);用药结束后拉颈处死裸鼠,采用透射电镜观察肿瘤组织的结构变化,免疫组化、半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western blot法检测肿瘤组织中Cyclin D1、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)的表达。结果 M组裸鼠皮下瘤RTV为(2.21±0.62)%,明显小于C组的(3.16±0.68)%、S组的(2.98±0.61)%、N组的(3.16±0.35)%和NM组的(2.64±0.37)%(P0.05);NM组裸鼠皮下瘤RTV明显小于C、S和N组(P0.05)。电镜下,C、S、N及NM组皮下瘤组织结构基本正常,M组皮下瘤细胞出现胞浆空泡化、核膜破裂、核染色质边集等。M组裸鼠皮下瘤组织内Cyclin D1、VEGF、MMP-9阳性染色肿瘤细胞、mRNA和蛋白的表达明显低于C组(P0.05);NM组裸鼠皮下瘤组织内Cyclin D1、VEGF、MMP-9阳性染色肿瘤细胞、mRNA和蛋白的表达明显高于M组(P0.05)。结论吗啡可抑制裸鼠人胃癌皮下瘤的生长,纳洛酮可拮抗这一作用,其机制可能与其调节Cyclin D1、VEGF、MMP-9的表达有关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.