微创切开减压联合正中神经显微松解术治疗腕管综合征的临床效果分析

目的 探讨分析微创切开减压联合正中神经显微松解术与传统腕掌部开放入路在治疗中、重度腕管综合征的临床疗效比较研究。方法 选取2018年6月至2022年6月收治的62例中、重度腕管综合征患者，按照术式不同分为观察组（微创切开减压联合正中神经显微松解术）30例、对照组（传统腕掌部开放入路）32例。比较两组患者一般资料，手术指标，术后并发症，术前、术后3个月的BCTQ评分、SSS评分、FSS评分及肌电图指标，末次随访的临床疗效。结果 两组在一般资料比较上无差异（P>0.05），具有可比性。观察组在手术时间、手术切口长度、术后住院时间均优于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后并发症发生率比较存在差异（P<0.05）。两组术后3个月时波士顿腕管量表（Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire,BCTQ）评分、症状严重程度（symp-tom severity score,SSS）评分、功能状况（function scale score,FSS）评分较术前均有所下降（P<0.05），且观察组下降幅度优于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后3个月时肌电图指...     

体外冲击波与超声波治疗轻中度腕管综合征的疗效对比

目的对比体外冲击波疗法(extracorporeal shock wave therapy,ESWT)与超声波疗法(ultrasound therapy,UST)治疗轻中度腕管综合征的疗效。方法收集内蒙古医科大学附属医院骨科2019年1月至2020年1月期间诊治的72例腕管综合征病人,随机分为ESWT组和UST组,每组36例,分别给予ESWT治疗、UST治疗,疗程共4周,在治疗前和治疗后4、12周分别采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)、波士顿腕管综合征评分量表(Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire,BCTQ)以及中华医学会手外科学会上肢功能评定标准评价病人的临床疗效。结果两组病人在治疗后4、12周的VAS评分、BCTQ症状评分和BCTQ功能评分均较治疗前显著改善(P<0.05),ESWT组在治疗后12周的VAS评分、BCTQ症状评分和BCTQ功能评分显著低于同期UST组(P<0.05),但两组病人治疗后4周的上述评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ESWT组病人的治疗优良率明显高于UST组...     

超声引导下双侧腋路臂丛阻滞的临床效果

目的探讨神经刺激器联合超声引导与单独使用超声引导行双侧腋路臂丛神经阻滞可行性。方法 44例患者随机均分为两组:超声组(U组)和神经刺激器联合超声组(NU组)。神经阻滞顺序均为桡神经、尺神经、正中神经和肌皮神经,每根神经使用0.5%罗哌卡因5ml进行阻滞。改变针尖位置,靠近神经束并注药,直至所有神经均被浸润。记录桡神经、尺神经、正中神经和肌皮神经阻滞的起效时间,并评价其阻滞成功率。结果 U组桡神经、尺神经感觉阻滞起效时间明显长于NU组(P0.05)。两组各神经阻滞成功率差异无统计学意义;U组4根神经阻滞成功率均为19例(86.4%),明显低于NU组的22例(100.0%)(P0.05)。结论超声引导下行双侧腋路臂丛阻滞是可行的,神经刺激器提高超声引导下双侧腋路臂丛阻滞的成功率。     

开放腕管松解术与关节镜下腕管松解术治疗腕管综合征的疗效比较

目的比较开放腕管松解术与关节镜下腕管松解术治疗腕管综合征的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2017-06—2020—07诊治的120例腕管综合征,60例采用关节镜下腕管松解术治疗(观察组),60例采用开放腕管松解术治疗(对照组),比较2组术后6个月疼痛VAS评分、BCTQ评分以及疗效,比较2组末次随访时屈伸活动度与尺桡活动度。结果120例均顺利完成手术并获得完整随访,随访时间1～9个月,平均5.3个月。观察组术后并发症情况较对照组优,手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间较对照组少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组正中神经长宽比比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后6个月2组疼痛VAS评分、BCTQ评分、临床疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时观察组屈伸活动度、尺桡活动度较对照组大,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论开放腕管松解术与关节镜手术治疗腕管综合征的远期疗效相当,但关节镜手术具有对腕关节功能破坏小、损伤轻、术中出血少、术后并发症少、术后恢复快等优点,值得临床应用推广。     

超声引导下肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞用于患儿上肢手术

目的评估超声引导下肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞用于患儿上肢手术的麻醉效果。方法 52例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级拟行单侧上肢手术患儿,随机均分为超声引导下肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞组(U组)和传统体表定位肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞组(N组)。局麻药为0.2%盐酸罗哌卡因,总量为1ml/kg。肌间沟入路和腋路分别给予局麻药总量的一半。观察两组注入局麻药后5、10、15min的桡神经、尺神经、正中神经和肌皮神经的阻滞情况、阻滞效果及不良反应。结果注入局麻药后5、10、15min时U组桡神经阻滞有效率明显高于N组,注入局麻药后10、15min时U组尺神经和正中神经阻滞有效率明显高于N组(P0.01或P0.05)。U组麻醉优良率为26例(100%),明显高于N组20例(76.9%)(P0.05)。结论超声引导下肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞用于患儿上肢手术安全可行。     

神经刺激器提高超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞成功率

目的比较神经刺激器联合超声引导与单独使用超声引导对腋路臂丛神经阻滞效果影响。方法拟行手部手术患者200例,男127例,女73例,年龄18～60岁,体重53～75kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。患者随机分为超声组(U组)和神经刺激器联合超声组(NU组)。神经阻滞顺序均为桡神经、尺神经、正中神经和肌皮神经,每根神经使用0.5%罗哌卡因10ml进行阻滞。改变针尖位置,靠近神经束并注药,直至所有神经均被浸润。记录桡神经、尺神经、正中神经和肌皮神经阻滞的起效时间,记录穿刺时间,并评价其阻滞成功率。结果 U组桡神经、尺神经感觉阻滞起效时间明显长于NU组(P0.05)。U组穿刺时间为(2.1±0.3)min,明显短于NU组的(3.6±1.1)min(P0.05)。U组神经阻滞总成功率为91%,明显低于NU组的100%(P0.05)。结论神经刺激器提高超声引导下的腋路臂丛神经阻滞成功率。     

轻中度腕管综合征药物治疗长短期疗效

目的探讨轻中度腕管综合征药物治疗的长短期疗效。方法门诊随访24例(35腕)口服四联药(弥可保、地巴唑、维生素B1、维生素B6)的轻中度腕管综合征病人。病人在入组时、治疗4个月、6个月后及停药1年后来我院门诊随访,向医生汇报其近期临床症状表现,自评其患手功能并填写Boston腕管问卷调查表(BCTQ)。病人在入组时及治疗6个月后,需接受患肢桡侧3指感觉神经传导速度(SNCV)检测。结果药物治疗后病人临床症状明显好转,短期(4个月、6个月)临床有效率可高达94.3%,长期(停药后1年)临床有效率可高达91.4%。BCTQ功能总评分及桡侧3指SNCV也较治疗前有明显恢复。结论弥可保联合地巴唑、维生素B1及维生素B6治疗轻中度腕管综合征有很好的长短期疗效。     

腕管综合征两种减压手术后肌电图检测结果的分析比较

目的 通过分析比较中、重度腕管综合征传统与内窥镜微创减压手术后中远期肌电图检测结果的差异,探讨两种方法治疗腕管综合征后肌电指标改善的程度.方法 选择中、重度腕管综合征患者共46例59腕,按手术方法的不同分为两组,其中传统切开减压组22例27腕、内窥镜微创减压组24例32腕,于术后1年进行肌电图检测,对复合肌肉动作电位(compound muscle action potential,CMAP)潜伏期、感觉神经动作电位(sensory nerve action potential,SNAP)波幅及感觉传导速度(sensory nerve conduction velocity,SNCV)的随访数据进行分析比较.结果 术后1年拇短展肌CMAP 潜伏期及SNCV组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而SNAP波幅组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 神经电生理检测提示传统切开减压治疗中、重度腕管综合征的中远期随访的肌电指标改善程度优于内窥镜微创治疗.     

腕管综合征术中神经电生理检测与手术疗效评价的初步探讨

目的 通过对腕管综合征术前、术中正中神经-拇短展肌复合肌肉动作电位(compound muscle action potential,CMAP)变化的观察,寻求检测手术效果的可靠指标和时机.方法 对15例腕管综合征行腕管切开正中神经松解术的患者,分别于术前(臂丛神经阻滞麻醉后)、正中神经松解术毕松止血带后即刻及1、3、5、7 min检测正中神经-拇短展肌CMAP潜伏期和波幅的动态变化,并与术前检测值进行统计学分析.方果 正中神经松解术毕松止血带后即刻至5 min,正中神经.拇短展肌CMAP的潜伏期和波幅随时间变化而有显著改变(P<0.05),5 min以后的变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).正中神经-拇短展肌CMAP的潜伏期比术前缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但波幅与术前相比差异有明显统计学意义(P<0.01).方论 对腕管综合征行神经松解术后,拇短展肌CMAP的波幅比其潜伏期更能体现神经松解的疗效,而在松止血带5 min后进行神经电生理检测来评价手术效果更为可靠.     

超声引导下肋间神经阻滞在单侧乳房肿块切除术中的应用

目的观察超声引导下肋间神经阻滞在单侧乳房肿块切除术中的应用效果。方法60例择期拟行单侧乳房肿块切除术女性患者,年龄19~42岁,BMI 17.9~26.8kg/m2,随机分为超声引导组(U组)和传统定位组(N组),均行肋间神经阻滞,局麻药均为0.25%左旋布比卡因20ml。观察阻滞操作时间,阻滞起效时间,阻滞完善时间,手术开始切皮时VAS评分,镇痛维持时间,手术中牵拉深部组织时VAS评分,镇痛不全和局麻药中毒情况。结果与N组比较,U组操作时间明显延长,阻滞起效时间明显缩短,手术开始切皮时VAS评分明显降低,阻滞完善时间明显缩短,镇痛维持时间明显延长,术中牵拉深部组织时VAS评分明显降低,镇痛不全及麻醉后出现头晕明显减少(P0.05)。两组均未出现恶心呕吐症状。结论超声引导下肋间神经阻滞在单侧乳房肿块切除术中的麻醉效果明显优于传统定位。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.