月经周期不同阶段对妇科腹腔镜手术后恶心呕吐的影响

目的观察月经周期不同阶段对妇科腹腔镜手术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的影响。方法选择2016年3月至2017年2月在北京大学第一医院接受全身麻醉下妇科腹腔镜手术的患者228例。根据患者在手术日处于月经周期的不同阶段分为卵泡期(n=98)、排卵期(n=79)和黄体期(n=51)。收集围术期资料,记录术后0~2h、0~24h内恶心呕吐的发生情况。采用Logistic回归模型分析月经周期不同阶段对PONV发生率的影响。结果术后0~2h有53例(23.2%)患者发生PONV,0~24h有125例(54.8%)PONV。单因素分析显示:月经周期不同阶段PONV发生率差异无统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:手术时间1h(OR=3.176,95%CI 1.567~6.436,P=0.001)、PONV史(OR=5.711,95%CI 1.710~19.080,P=0.005)是术后0~2h恶心呕吐的独立危险因素;手术时间1h(OR=2.577,95%CI 1.460~4.549,P=0.001)、术后使用PCA泵(OR=2.671,95%CI 1.224~5.831,P=0.014)、术后应用甲硝唑(OR=2.728,95%CI 1.413~5.267,P=0.003)是术后0~24h恶心呕吐的独立危险因素。结论月经周期不同阶段对妇科腹腔镜手术后恶心呕吐的发生率无明显影响。     

术后恶心呕吐发生率与预防性用药的意义

目的通过大样本调查分析术后恶心呕吐(PONV)发生的因素并观察预防性应用不同5-羟色胺3(5-HT3)受体拮抗药的效果。方法1046例手术患者随机分为三组,于术前分别给予昂丹司琼、托烷司琼或生理盐水。术后24h回访患者PONV发生率和情况。结果显著影响PONV发生率的因素有性别、麻醉方式、手术时间、术后阿片类药物镇痛及既往PONV或晕动病史。三组PONV发生率依次为昂丹司琼组26.3%、托烷司琼组21.4%、空白对照组28.3%,其中托烷司琼组PONV发生率较低(P<0.05)。女性或接受全麻的患者应用昂丹司琼或托烷司琼均可有效的降低其PONV发生率(P<0.05)。结论女性或全麻患者预防应用5-HT3受体拮抗药可降低PONV发生率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后恶心呕吐原因分析及护理干预

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）目前已取代传统手术成为胆囊切除的“金标准”。全麻术后恶心呕吐（postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV）是外科手术后的常见并发症,其发生率为20％-30％,在腹腔镜手术中因其手术方式、麻醉用药及麻醉方法等影响导致术后恶心、呕吐发生率相对较高,LC的PONV发生率可高达46％。PONV的发生与患者、麻醉、手术等诸多因素有关,PONV不仅引起患者不适,而且影响患者术后进食、伤口愈合、甚至可造成威胁生命等严重并发症,     

术后恶心、呕吐的防治

术后恶心、呕吐(PONV)的发病机制不明确,目前没有标准的防治措施.个体因素、麻醉与手术均可影响PONV的发生,青春期后的女性、非吸烟病人、晕动症或PONV史、挥发性麻醉气体、氧化亚氮、围术期应用阿片类药物等都是明确的PONV危险因素.不同个体发生PONV的危险因素各异,发生PONV的几率也不相同,常规地给所有病人预防用药是没有必要的,而且总体效果不理想.应采用个体化的综合防治措施,以求安全、有效、经济,具体策略为:评估病人发生PONV的危险性、尽可能减少PONV的危险因素、合理的预防用药、积极治疗已发生PONV的病人.     

妇科腹腔镜手术术后恶心呕吐的临床研究

目的 分析妇科腹腔镜手术术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的发生情况及其影响因素.方法 按前瞻性临床队列研究设计,应用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析围术期变量与术后PONV发生之间的关系.术后6 h及24 h内发生的恶心或呕吐为本研究的结局变量.结果 研究期间共有260例患者行妇科腹腔镜手术,最终有237例有效病例.其中术后6 h内有80例出现PONV,术后24 h内有94例发生PONV.多因素logistic回归分析提示妇科腹腔镜手术术后6 h及24 h PONV的危险因素为既往FONV史及术毕疼痛,而氟哌利多有助于减轻术后6 h内PONV.结论 妇科腹腔镜手术PONV,高发,尤以6 h内明显;既往PONV史及术毕疼痛可增加本次手术PONV发生的风险.     

腹腔镜左肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石的效果及影响因素分析

目的:分析腹腔镜左肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石的效果及影响因素。方法:选择2016年1月至2018年10月行完全腹腔镜左肝切除术的98例左肝胆管结石患者为观察组,纳入同期行开腹左肝切除术的32例左肝胆管结石患者为对照组。对比两组术中情况、术后恢复情况,记录实验室指标及术后并发症;将观察组分为疗效优良组、差组,通过对比两亚组患者资料分析影响预后的因素。结果:与对照组相比,观察组术后饮食恢复时间、住院时间短,术后白蛋白输注率低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术中出血量、肝切除方式、并发症发生率、一期清石率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组术前C反应蛋白(CRP)、白蛋白、ALT、AST、WBC水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后第1天、第3天,两组ALT、AST差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组CRP、WBC水平低于对照组,白蛋白高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。优良组与差组既往肝胆手术史、手术时间、术后胆道引流、活化部分凝血活酶时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素分析显示既往肝胆手术史、手术时间≥168 min、术后胆道引流是术后效果不良的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜左肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石的效果与开腹手术相当,腹腔镜手术后康复更快,对血清指标影响更小;有肝胆手术史、手术时间≥168 min、术后胆道引流是影响疗效的独立危险因素。     

地塞米松联合帕洛诺司琼预防泌尿外科腹腔镜手术后恶心呕吐的研究

目的比较地塞米松和(或)帕洛诺司琼预防泌尿外科腹腔镜手术后恶心呕吐的效果。方法采用前瞻随机对照研究法,纳入2015年7月至2015年10月择期行泌尿外科腹腔镜手术患者320例,随机分为四组:地塞米松组(D组),麻醉诱导后给予地塞米松10 mg静推;帕洛诺司琼组(P组),麻醉诱导后给予帕诺洛司琼0.25 mg静推;联合给药组(L组),麻醉诱导后给予地塞米松10 mg+帕洛诺司琼0.25 mg静推;对照组(C组),诱导后给予生理盐水5 ml静推。手术后24h评价四组患者术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的发生率。结果四组患者PONV发生率分别为25%(D组)、27.5%(P组)、11.3%(L组)和40%(C组),组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。以校正检验水准(0.05/6)两两比较时只有L组与C组PONV发生率差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论联合使用地塞米松和帕诺洛司琼能够更有效降低泌尿外科腹腔镜手术PONV的发生。     

肌松拮抗用于短时腹腔镜手术的临床观察

目的:观察不同剂量新斯的明肌松拮抗用于短时腹腔镜手术的疗效与副作用。方法:选择60例择期行腹腔镜卵巢囊肿剥除术的患者,采用单次插管剂量罗库溴铵全身麻醉,手术结束时随机分为3组(n=20),N0组静脉注射生理盐水5 ml,N1组静脉注射新斯的明20μg/kg、阿托品10μg/kg,N2组静脉注射新斯的明40μg/kg、阿托品20μg/kg,根据临床征象判断拔除喉罩。检测手术结束时、拔除喉罩时及10 min后四联串刺激比率(train-of-four ratio,TOFR),记录麻醉时间(麻醉诱导至手术结束)、手术时间、拔除喉罩时间(手术结束至拔除喉罩),观察肌松拮抗用药10 min内心动过速、心动过缓及拔除喉罩10 min内低氧血症(吸入空气状态脉搏血氧饱和度<93%)发生情况。随访早期(0~6 h)及延迟(7~24 h)术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)发生情况。结果:3组患者年龄、体重、麻醉时间、手术时间、拔除喉罩时间、手术结束时TOFR及拔除喉罩后10 min内低氧血症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);拔除喉罩时TOFR N1组(0.87±0.10)、N2组(0.85±0.12)高于N0组(0.55±0.15,P<0.05);拔除喉罩10 min后TOFR N1组(0.88±0.08)、N2组(0.86±0.09)高于N0组(0.62±0.16,P<0.05);肌松拮抗用药10 min内心动过速及心动过缓发生率,N2组高于N0组、N1组(P<0.05);早期PONV发生率,N2组高于N0组(P<0.05);延迟PONV发生率,3组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对于短时腹腔镜手术,采用单次插管剂量罗库溴铵全麻后,推荐采用小剂量(20μg/kg)新斯的明进行肌松拮抗。     

盐酸托烷司琼联合盐酸戊乙奎醚预防妇科腹腔镜术后恶心呕吐

术后恶心呕吐(PONV)在全部住院手术患者中发生率约为20%~37%,大手术后发生率达35%~50%,高危PONV患者发生率达70%~80%[1],妇科腹腔镜手术患者属于PONV高危人群[2]。盐酸托烷司琼作为5-羟色胺3(5-HT3)受体阻断药,常用于该类手术PONV的预防和治疗,但仍有部分患者会发生PONV[2]。盐酸戊乙奎醚既可减     

腹腔镜胃肠手术术后认知功能障碍的危险因素分析

目的分析腹腔镜胃肠手术患者发生术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)的危险因素。方法腹腔镜胃肠手术患者85例(腹腔镜组),开腹胃肠手术患者80例(开腹组),分别于术前1天、术后第1天和第7天进行简易智力状态检查(Mini Mental State Examination,MMSE),并进行Logistic多因素回归分析。结果腹腔镜组和开腹组患者术后第1天POCD的发生率分别为24.71%和27.50%,第7天分别为18.82%和21.25%,两组在两个时间点分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,腹腔镜手术中,年龄、气腹时间、麻醉时间与POCD的发生呈正相关。结论腹腔镜和开腹胃肠手术后POCD的发生率比较差异无统计学意义,患者的年龄、气腹时间以及麻醉时间是腹腔镜患者术后POCD的危险因素。     

Apfel’s simplified score may favourably predict the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting

PURPOSE: To compare two of the latest published scores for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in potentially high-risk patients. METHODS: Adult in-patients scheduled for throat, thyroid, breast or gynecological surgery under general inhalational anesthesia were studied prospectively over 24 hr for PONV. The latest published score considers four risk factors: female gender, previous history of PONV or motion sickness, non-smoking status and postoperative use of opioids (Apfel-score). The previously published score includes, in addition to these factors, duration, type of anesthesia and surgery (Sinclair-score). The two scores were compared by calculating the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-curve and plotting calibration curves of the predicted and the observed incidence of PONV. RESULTS: Five hundred consecutive patients were studied and patients who received prophylactic antiemetics were excluded. Of the remaining 428 patients 49.5% suffered from PONV. Multivariable analysis revealed that age, gender, previous history of PONV or motion sickness and postoperative use of opioids had an impact on PONV. The area under the ROC-curve was significantly greater for the Apfel-score compared to the Sinclair-score (0.71 vs 0.64, P=0.008). The correlation between the predicted (x) and the observed (y) incidence for the Apfel-score and for the Sinclair-score was y=1.08x - 0.07 and y=0.93x + 0.27. CONCLUSION: In our hospital, the simplified Apfel-score presented with favourable discriminating and calibration properties for predicting the risk of PONV. Therefore, we have implemented this score in our daily clinical practice as well as in an ongoing antiemetic trial.     

全麻病人术后恶心呕吐的危险因素及预模型的构建

目的 筛选全麻病人术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的危险因素,并构建预测模型.方法 选择本院2008年8月至2008年9月全麻下行口腔、耳鼻喉、食管、肺部、骨科、普通外科、妇科手术的病人,年龄＞15岁、ASA Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,收集病人和手术等有关因素,记录术后24 h内恶心呕吐的发生情况.采用Logistic回归分析的方法筛选PONV的危险因素.根据Logistic回归分析得出的危险因素数量和危险因素及其相关系数(多元回归)分别构建两种PONV预测模型,绘制ROC曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC)以评估预测模型的效能.结果 共纳入350例全麻病人,术后恶心和呕吐的发生率分别为36.6%和22.3%.Logistic回归分析结果显示,女性、PONV史、晕动史、偏头痛史和妇科或腹腔镜手术是PONV的独立危险因素.以危险因素数量建立的预测模型的AUC为0.749±0.027,多元回归预测模型的AUC为0.755±0.027.结论 女性、PONV史、晕动史、偏头痛史、妇科手术或腹腔镜手术是全麻病人PONV的危险因素,根据危险因素的数量可初步筛选PONV高危人群.     

Risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting

Knowledge of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) risk factors allows anesthesiologists to optimize the use of prophylactic regimens. Modern PONV risk research began in the 1990s with publication of studies using logistic regression analysis to simultaneously identify multiple independent PONV predictors and publication of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. This literature shows that female gender post-puberty, nonsmoking status, history of PONV or motion sickness, childhood after infancy and younger adulthood, increasing duration of surgery, and use of volatile anesthetics, nitrous oxide, large-dose neostigmine, or intraoperative or postoperative opioids are well established PONV risk factors. Possible risk factors include history of migraine, history of PONV or motion sickness in a child's parent or sibling, better ASA physical status, intense preoperative anxiety, certain ethnicities or surgery types, decreased perioperative fluids, crystalloid versus colloid administration, increasing duration of anesthesia, general versus regional anesthesia or sedation, balanced versus total IV anesthesia, and use of longer-acting versus shorter-acting opioids. Early-phase menstruation, obesity and lack of supplemental oxygen are disproved risk factors. Current risk scoring systems have approximately 55%-80% accuracy in predicting which patient groups will suffer PONV. Further research examining genetic and under-investigated clinical patient characteristics as potential risk factors, and involving outpatients and children, should improve predictive systems.     

肝内胆管结石患者行腹腔镜左肝切除术后远期生存质量的影响因素分析

目的:探讨肝内胆管结石行腹腔镜左肝切除术后远期生存质量的影响因素。方法:回顾分析2010年1月至2017年12月216例肝内胆管结石患者行腹腔镜左肝切除术的临床资料,根据远期生存质量情况分组,分析患者术后远期生存质量的影响因素。结果:79例行左半肝切除术,137例行左外叶切除术;术后随访25~80个月,中位随访时间34.0个月;随访评价生存质量良好192例,不佳24例;其中结石残留22例、复发16例、胆管炎反复发作24例、死亡6例。单因素分析结果显示,性别、肝胆手术史、血肌酐、白蛋白、活化部分凝血活酶时间、胆道镜使用情况、术后胆道引流情况、手术时间及术后结石残留情况与腹腔镜左肝切除术后远期生存质量有关(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,肝胆手术史、术后胆道引流情况及手术时间是肝内胆管结石患者微创左肝切除术后远期生存质量的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:有肝胆手术史、术后胆道引流及手术时间≥240 min的肝内胆管结石患者远期生活质量更差,预后不良风险更高。     

Prediction of postoperative nausea and vomiting using a logistic regression model

In a previous study, logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of independent fixed patient factors with the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Female sex, previous history of PONV, use of postoperative opioids, previous history of motion sickness and an interaction between male sex and previous history of PONV were combined in an equation from which risk of PONV could be estimated. The present study was designed to test this equation in a group of patients with wide selection criteria. Data on 400 patients were collected in relation to pre-, per- and postoperative factors which may influence the incidence of PONV. The equation was used to predict PONV, and actual outcome was compared with that predicted. The overall incidence of PONV was 36%. The equation predicted an overall probability of PONV of 27.4%. If the model was used to define individual patients as predicted to have or not to have PONV, it was correct only 71% of the time. However, there was good agreement between the actual incidences of PONV and those predicted among the 16 risk groups created by the model.      

Incidence of and risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting at a Japanese Cancer Center: first large-scale study in Japan

Purpose

The first purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of postoperative nausea and/or vomiting (PONV) 0–48 h after anesthesia at a Japanese cancer center. The second purpose of this study was to collect information on PONV risk factors, independently, in the categories of patient-related, anesthesia-related, and surgery-related factors.

Methods

The frequency of nausea and vomiting was prospectively investigated from 0 to 48 h after anesthesia in 1645 patients (11–94 years of age) at a single medical institution. The occurrence of nausea and vomiting and the use of antiemetics were recorded up to 48 h after anesthesia. Patient-related, anesthesia-related, and surgery-related factors were also recorded and submitted to multiple logistic regression analysis to determine the relationship of these factors to nausea and vomiting.

Results

The incidences of nausea and vomiting from 0 to 24 h after anesthesia were 40 and 22 %, respectively. The incidences 24–48 h after anesthesia were 10 and 3 %, respectively. Female sex, previous history of PONV, prolonged anesthesia, and remifentanil use during surgery were identified as risk factors for both nausea and vomiting. The use of a volatile anesthetic, use of fentanyl during surgery, postoperative use of opioids, nonsmoking status, and drinking alcohol on 4 or fewer days per week were identified as risk factors for nausea alone.

Conclusion

The incidence of and risk factors for PONV at a Japanese cancer center according to this study are comparable to those reported elsewhere.     

Antiemetic Prophylaxis Does Not Improve Outcomes after Outpatient Surgery When Compared to Symptomatic Treatment

Background: Although prophylactic administration of antiemetics reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, or both (PONV), there is little evidence to suggest this improves patient outcomes. The authors hypothesized that early symptomatic treatment of PONV will result in outcomes, including time to discharge, unanticipated admission, patient satisfaction, and time to return to normal daily activities, that are similar to those achieved with routine prophylaxis.

Methods: Men and women (n = 575) scheduled for outpatient surgery during general anesthesia were randomized to receive either 4 mg intravenous ondansetron or placebo before operation and either 1 mg intravenous ondansetron or placebo if postoperative symptomatic treatment of PONV was necessary. Patients were stratified into subgroups by risk factors for PONV.

Results: No differences occurred in the time to discharge, rate of unanticipated admission, or time to return to normal activity between the prophylaxis and treatment groups. The reported level of satisfaction with control of PONV was 93% in the treatment arm and 97% in the prophylaxis arm, which fall within the limits defined a priori as clinically equivalent. Female patients with a history of motion sickness or PONV who were undergoing highly emetogenic procedures had a higher reported level of satisfaction with prophylaxis than with treatment (100% vs. 90%, P = 0.043); however, the level of satisfaction with the overall outpatient surgical experience was not different.     

The impact of nitrous oxide on postoperative nausea and vomiting after desflurane anesthesia for breast surgery.

A recent meta-analysis showed that omitting N2O significantly reduced postoperative vomiting (POV) compared with a N2O regime. Our study was designed to evaluate the effect of the combination of desflurane with N2O versus desflurane alone on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in a subgroup of female patients and PONV was considered as the primary endpoint. After approval of the local Ethics Committee and informed consent 60 female in-patients (ASA I & II), aged 18-65 y, scheduled for breast surgery with a duration of 1-3 h were included. Obese patients or patients with a history of PONV and motion sickness were excluded. No prophylactic anti-emetic therapy was allowed during the study. Patients received a standardized anesthetic technique consisting of propofol for induction, vecuronium and fentanyl for intubation, followed by desflurane with or without N2O (randomisation list) and fentanyl supplements if required for maintenance of anesthesia. At the end of anesthesia PONV was recorded during 24 h in different periods. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to demographic data and duration of anesthesia. In addition, there were no significant differences in the amount of intraoperative fentanyl or postoperative narcotics. The incidence of PONV was significantly higher in the group of patients receiving desflurane in N2O-O2 mixture compared with the group receiving desflurane in AIR-O2 mixture. The combination of desflurane with N2O in female patients undergoing breast surgery is associated with a significantly higher incidence of PONV and a higher need of antiemetic drugs, when compared to a N2O free regime.