清新县2006—2007年麻疹发病情况分析

目的通过对清新县2006—2007年麻疹的发病情况分析,了解其流行趋势,为制定防控措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法,运用Epi Info软件进行分析、评价。结果2006—2007年清新县共报告253例麻疹病例,确诊190例,临床诊断63例,麻疹平均发病率22．14／10万。病例发病时间主要集中在4—7月,占全年病例的67．19％。发病年龄分布呈现〈8月龄的婴儿和〉20岁年龄组的成人发病增高的现象。56．13％的病例无麻疹疫苗免疫史,32．80％的病例接种史不详。病例呈现全县散发流行及局部地区聚集的现象．乡镇发病率最高的达138．72／10万。结论麻疹的发病水平与其疫苗的初免和复种工作落实情况有密切的关系．免疫接种是目前麻疹防控的重要手段。     

A Kermack-McKendrick model applied to an infectious disease in a natural population

robertsm{at}agresearch.cri.nz The dynamics of a fatal infectious disease in a population regulatedby density-dependent constraints are represented as a systemof nonlinear integral equations. Survival probabilities anddisease transmission coefficients may vary with the time elapsedsince infection, and horizontal and vertical modes of transmissionare allowed for. Criteria for the existence and stability ofsteady states are derived, and an example based on the dynamicsof tuberculosis is presented. Finally, the relative merits ofthis approach, and the familar compartmental models based ondifferential equations are discussed.     

Approaches to the demonstration of congenital heart disease.

Advances in antenatal screening techniques have increased the interest in obtaining a detailed pathological correlation with the ultrasonographic findings obtained before death. As a consequence, inadequacies in traditional methods used by pathologists to display congenital malformations have been brought to light. We describe a simple technique of inflation and wax impregnation for the permanent proof of congenital heart defects that can be used in routine perinatal necropsies.     

Endothelial cell autoantibodies are a marker of disease susceptibility in inflammatory bowel disease but apparently not linked to persistent measles virus infection

Intestinal vasculitis caused by persistent measles virus infection of intestinal endothelial cells was described in Crohn's disease. Furthermore, endothelial cell autoantibodies have been demonstrated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Autoantibodies against intestinal endothelial cells were visualized by indirect immunofluorescence in patients with IBD, in their healthy first-degree relatives, in patients with infectious enterocolitis, and in healthy, unrelated controls. In intestinal tissue specimens of 22 antibody-positive IBD patients a search for the measles virus genome was performed. Endothelial cell autoantibodies were significantly more frequent in patients with IBD, in both groups of first-degree relatives, and in patients with infectious enterocolitis than in the healthy controls (P = 0.0002 or less). The measles virus genome was found in none of the intestinal biopsies. Endothelial cell autoantibodies are not a genetic but rather an epigenetic (infectious) marker of disease susceptibility. The expression of these autoantibodies is unlikely to be triggered by a persistent measles virus infection.     

Morphofunctional state of neurons in the temporal cortex and hippocampus in relation to the level of spatial memory in rats after ablation of the olfactory bulbs

Ablation of the olfactory bulbs (bulbectomy) in mice and guinea pigs evokes a neurodegenerative process which, in terms of its morphological, biochemical, and behavioral features, is similar to Alzheimer’s disease. We report here studies of the long-term sequelae of bulbectomy in rats. One year after surgery, testing of spatial memory in bulbectomized rats (BER) allowed the animals to be divided into two groups-those with good memory (BER-gm) and those with poor memory (BER-pm). Quantitative analysis of the morphofunctional state of neurons showed that BER-pm, as compared with the BER-gm group, had more marked pathological lesions in neurons of the temporal cortex and hippocampus, with significant increases in the numbers of cells showing pyknosis, karyolysis, cytolysis, and vacuolization. Both groups showed decreases in the distribution density of cells in the cortex. In terms of the level of brain β-amyloid, the study groups fell in the order: BER-pm > BER-gm > control sham-operated rats. These results provide evidence of the long-term nature of changes in the morphofunctional state of neurons in the brains of BER, correlating with their levels of spatial memory. __________ Translated from Morfologiya, Vol. 131, No. 2, pp 32–36, March–April, 2007.     

Impact of lipoxin-mediated regulation on immune response to infectious disease

During Toxoplasma gondii infection pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF are essential in controlling parasite growth. Those factors, however, can be detrimental to the host if produced in excess, and their effects need to be counterbalanced by the simultaneous induction of regulatory mediators including cytokines and antiinflammatory ecosanoids, lipoxins. Here, we review such novel molecules and the stop signaling pathways recently referred to as checkpoint controllers to keep proinflammatory response under control during chronic disease, as well as from the perspective of the pathogen, which pirates the host's lipoxygenase machinery to its own advantage as a probable immune-escape mechanism.     

2010年安义县手足口病的流行特征分析

目的分析2010年安义县手足口病流行病学和病原学特征,为手足口病的防控工作提供依据。方法搜集手足口病资料,录入SPSS13.0,并进行统计分析。结果 2010年安义县共报告手足口病253例,发病率为104.76/10万,病死率为0.40%,发病年龄多集中在3岁以下儿童。男性多于女性,以散居儿童为主。全年均有病例发生,1-3月份为发病高峰。病原学检测结果,肠道病毒71型阳性率为28.30%,柯萨奇病毒A组16型阳性率为16.98%,其他肠道病毒阳性率为13.21%。结论 2010年安义县手足口病发病率较高,3岁以下散居儿童为重点人群。肠道病毒71型、柯萨奇病毒A组16型是引起安义县手足口病的主要病原体。     

2007-2010年广州市海珠区疑似麻疹风疹病例血清学检测结果分析

目的分析广州市海珠区2007-2010年麻疹及风疹的流行特征。方法采用IgM抗体捕捉ELISA对广州市海珠区2007-2010年麻疹、风疹疑似病例血清标本进行IgM抗体检测。数据用SPSS13.0进行统计分析。结果麻疹IgM抗体总阳性率为44.30%,风疹IgM抗体总阳性率为13.09%,各年度麻疹、风疹的阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ2=171.708,P〈0.05;χ2=34.191,P〈0.05）。男女麻疹、风疹病例性别分布差异均无统计学意义。麻疹阳性病例年龄主要分布在8月龄～7岁及15～29岁,风疹阳性病例年龄主要分布在15～29岁。4年间麻疹、风疹阳性病例分别集中在3～7月、3～6月。结论海珠区2010年麻疹阳性率较前几年明显降低,说明防控措施有力,但2010年风疹的阳性率升高应引起足够的重视。麻疹的发病人群主要为学龄前儿童和青年,风疹的发病人群以青年为主。春季为麻疹、风疹的高发季节,应适时进行防控,避免暴发流行。     

A probabilistic and decision-theoretic approach to the management of infectious disease at the ICU

The medical community is presently in a state of transition from a situation dominated by the paper medical record to a future situation where all patient data will be available on-line by an electronic clinical information system. In data-intensive clinical environments, such as intensive care units (ICUs), clinical patient data are already fully managed by such systems in a number of hospitals. However, providing facilities for storing and retrieving patient data to clinicians is not enough; clinical information systems should also offer facilities to assist clinicians in dealing with hard clinical problems. Extending an information system's capabilities by integrating it with a decision-support system may be a solution. In this paper, we describe the development of a probabilistic and decision-theoretic system that aims to assist clinicians in diagnosing and treating patients with pneumonia in the intensive-care unit. Its underlying probabilistic-network model includes temporal knowledge to diagnose pneumonia on the basis of the likelihood of laryngotracheobronchial-tree colonisation by pathogens, and symptoms and signs actually present in the patient. Optimal antimicrobial therapy is selected by balancing the expected efficacy of treatment, which is related to the likelihood of particular pathogens causing the infection, against the spectrum of antimicrobial treatment. The models were built on the basis of expert knowledge. The patient data that were available were of limited value in the initial construction of the models because of problems of incompleteness. In particular, detailed temporal information was missing. By means of a number of different techniques, among others from the theory of linear programming, these data have been used to check the probabilistic information elicited from infectious-disease experts. The results of an evaluation of a number of slightly different models using retrospective patient data are discussed as well.     

Susceptibility of chicken mesenchymal stem cells to infectious bursal disease virus

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the causative agent of one of the most important viral diseases affecting the poultry industry worldwide. The virus causes an acute, highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease in chickens. Previous studies have demonstrated that in addition to B cells, macrophages can support the replication of IBDV. Since mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow regulate the differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic precursors, the interaction between IBDV and mesenchymal stem cells was investigated. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from chicken bone marrow. The classical IM strain and the variant strain-E of IBDV, both adapted to grow in a chicken macrophage cell line, were used to infect mesenchymal stem cells. Primary chicken mesenchymal stem cells were highly susceptible to replication of IBDV. Both viruses induced cytopathic effects and replicated to high titers in mesenchymal stem cells. The finding that IBDV can replicate in mesenchymal stem cells provides new information on the susceptible target cell population within the host and contributes to the understanding of the pathogenic potential of the virus.     

The absence of disease-specific polymorphisms within the HLA-B51 gene that is the susceptible locus for Behçet's disease

Beh?et's disease is known to be associated with HLA-B51 in many different populations. Genetic evidence supports that the susceptible gene for Beh?et's disease is the HLA-B51 allele at the HLA-B locus. This study was aimed to determine the HLA-B51 nucleotide sequence variation in three Beh?et's disease patients and three healthy controls in order to elucidate if any disease specific mutations or polymorphisms may exist in the HLA-B51 gene of patients. Long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first carried out to give a PCR-amplified product of 9.5 kb which was then used as a template for nested PCR to give a final amplified product of 4.2 kb. This final product containing the 1.3-kb promoter/enhancer region and the entire HLA-B gene except for a 363-bp 3' terminal end segment encoding the 3' untranslated region was subcloned by the BP cloning technique and sequenced. The sequencing results showed that all the patients possessed the HLA-B*51011 allele, and there were no differences in the exonic nucleotide sequences between the three Beh?et's disease patients and the three healthy controls. The HLA-B*51011 intronic and promoter/enhancer nucleotide sequences from the three patients had 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), a single insertion of 6 bp and a single deletion of 2 bp. On the other hand, the three healthy controls had 24 SNPs in their intronic and promoter/enhancer regions. However, none of these polymorphisms in the patients were specific for the disease. Therefore, these results clearly demonstrate that the HLA-B exonic sequence that encodes the HLA-B51 allele is the real pathogenic factor in Beh?et's disease.     

Pathology of vaccine-preventable infectious disease and the central nervous system

Infections of the central nervous system are important sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The risk for infections with specific bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic agents varies greatly with the patient's age, immune status, prior vaccination history, seasonality and geographic exposures. While vaccines are available for many viral and bacterial pathogens, there has been a resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in recent years due to under-vaccination of eligible children and adults. This review will discuss key pathognomonic features of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases of the central nervous system that may be encountered in general surgical and autopsy practice.     

Lack of effect of vaccination with an attenuated infectious bursal disease virus on the immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination

Vaccination at either 1, 7 or 15 days of age with an attenuated strain (vaccinal strain 1-65 PV) of infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus did not suppress the immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination. These results suggest that vaccination of chickens against IBD with vaccinal strain 1-65 PV does not damage the bird's lymphoid tissues and consequently its immunological capabilities against other infectious diseases.     

Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Taiwan in 2010–2011: The common genotype changed from H1 to D9 and the first appearance of D4

Measles has been controlled effectively in some countries because of high coverage rates with an effective vaccine. However, measles outbreaks still occasionally occur in areas with high vaccine coverage as a result of imported transmission. To identify the sources of measles infection and to determine whether measles cases are part of a single outbreak or due to multiple importations, measles virus (MV) genotyping is required and plays an important role in MV elimination. In Taiwan, genotype H1 of MV was detected most frequently before 2009. From 2006 to 2011, 47 of 48 genotype H1 cases were associated with the imported cases, indicating that genotype H1 was not an endemic genotype in Taiwan after 2006. The distribution of the other genotypes (D3, D4, D5, D8, D9, and G3) detected during 2006–2011 varied by year. Taiwan has a pattern of measles genotypes that is consistent with the elimination of MV and with the absence of endemic genotypes. In this study, the genotypes of 40 cases of MV detected during 2010–2011 were investigated and analyzed. In 2010, the most common genotype changed from H1 (3/40) to D9 (35/40). In 2011, genotype H1 was not detected, and genotype D4 first appeared and was imported from Europe. The dynamic change of detected genotypes of MV in Taiwan is influenced by the activity of a measles control program in WHO regions. This study emphasizes that global synchronous elimination is important for an individual country or area to maintain free from MV. J. Med. Virol. 85: 1095–1099, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Host genes controlling the susceptibility and resistance to squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a rat model

Development of tongue carcinoma (TC) in rats by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), a potent carcinogen, is under host genetic control. The inbred Dark-Agouti (DA) strain rats showed a much higher susceptibility to TC than the Wistar-Furth (WF) strain. The author's previous study on crosses between two strains postulated a susceptibility gene in DA and a resistance gene in WF rats. This hypothesis was confirmed by the genetic analysis of the backcrosses to either parent and F2 with a simple sequence repeat polymorphism analysis. In the crosses between the DA and WF strains of rats, two major independently segregating host loci that influenced the cancer development by application of 4NQO positively or negatively were identified and mapped. DA rats had a semidominant susceptibility gene, Stc1, closely linked with D19Mit9 on chromosome 19, which was on the segment syntenic to human chromosome 16. In contrast, WF rats had a semidominant resistance gene, Rtc1, closely linked with D1Rat320 on chromosome 1, which is syntenic to human chromosome 11. The presence of other susceptibility and resistance genes on some chromosomes of both DA and WF rats was suspected, and they will be clarified in the near future. These findings provide powerful evidence that chemically induced tongue carcinogenesis is a multigenetic event.     

Amino acids contributing to antigenic drift in the infectious bursal disease Birnavirus (IBDV)

We examined the effect of amino acids 222 and 254 on antigenicity of the variant Del-E strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Using molecular epidemiology, we identified a virus designated as Del-E-222 that was identical to Del-E except for alanine at position 222. A second virus was generated using reverse genetics of the Del-E backbone to create Del-E-254 that contained an asparagine at amino acid 254. The Del-E-222 and Del-E-254 viruses were tested for their ability to escape neutralizing immunity provided by parenteral vaccination. The bursas from birds vaccinated with parental Del-E and challenged with Del-E-222 or Del-E-254 had macroscopic lesions typical of an IBDV infection, and their B-BW ratios were significantly smaller than the controls. Microscopic lesions included lymphocyte depletion and confirmed the ability of Del-E-222 and Del-E-254 to break through the immunity induced by the parental Del-E virus vaccination. Both mutations appear to be contributing to antigenic drift.     

Chip-mediated techniques: how close are we to generalised use in the infectious disease clinic?

This could be the beginning of a new molecular era for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Biological chips (biochips or microarrays and labchips) offer a potentially important shortcut to early diagnosis and treatment. It is also possible to develop multiplex assays for use in complex diagnostic situations; however, this technology depends crucially on the robotics developed to support these functions, and the soundness of the mathematics employed to analyse the output. Although the number of research applications is increasing, the question as to when, or if, chip-mediated techniques will be used routinely in the infectious disease clinic remains unanswered at present.