异基因外周血造血干细胞和骨髓混合移植治疗白血病12例

目的探讨异基因外周血造血干细胞和骨髓混合移植治疗白血病的疗效。方法 12例白血病患者,人白细胞抗原（HLA）配型全相合11例,2个位点不相合1例,采用粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）动员的外周血造血干细胞和骨髓联合移植,环孢素A联合甲氨蝶呤加/不加吗替麦考酚酯方案预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）。结果 12例患者均获得异体植活,中性粒细胞（ANC）〉0.5×109L-1,血小板（BPC）〉20×109L-1的中位时间分别为移植后的11 d（10-15 d）和14.5 d（11-43 d）。有3例发生了Ⅰ度急性GVHD,1例发生了Ⅱ度急性GVHD。在可评估的7例患者中有1例出现了局限的慢性GVHD。有3例患者因白血病复发而死亡,另1例因植活后感染死亡,其余8例中位随访时间13个月（2-29个月）,均无病生存。结论外周血造血干细胞和骨髓混合移植对HLA配型全相合和部分相合患者是安全有效的移植方法。     

HLA配型不合情况下造血干细胞移植的新方法

目的:采用新方法进行非体外去除T细胞的人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen, HLA)配型不合造血干细胞移植.方法:58例血液恶性肿瘤患者,33例为高危或难治复发白血病,接受了至少一个HLA位点不合的家庭供者造血干细胞移植.移植物为经粒细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte clony-stimulating factor, G-CSF)动员的骨髓以及外周血造血干细胞,而无需体外去除T细胞.移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host-disease, GVHD)预防采用环孢菌素A 霉酚酸酯 短程甲氨喋呤方案.结果:所有患者均获得持久、完全供者植入.58例患者中发生Ⅱ度及以上急性GVHD 22例(37.9%),其中Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度急性GVHD分别为2例和1例,其严重程度与HLA不合程度无相关;42例可评估患者中,慢性GVHD为26例(61.9%),广泛型和局限型分别为11例和15例.复发9例,除1例外均为复发、难治白血病患者.死亡14例,其中7例死于疾病复发,另7例死于移植相关合并症,其中严重感染和间质性肺炎各2例,巨细胞病毒性脑炎、病毒型肝炎和急性GVHD死亡各1例.中位随访10月(2～37.5月),58例患者中42例无病存活(disease-free survival, DFS),高危患者2年DFS明显低于标危患者,分别为63.2%和77.6%(P= 0.04).DFS与供受者间HLA配型不合程度、急性GVHD严重程度及回输干细胞数量无关.结论:(1)无需体外去除T细胞的新方法可克服HLA屏障、安全有效地用于HLA不合的移植;(2)G-CSF动员的外周血干细胞可安全用于HLA不合的造血干细胞移植.     

非T细胞去除HLA单倍体匹配造血干细胞移植治疗白血病

目的：探讨相关HLA单倍体匹配造血千细胞移植治疗白血病的疗效及移植相关并发症。方法：4例白血病患者接受单倍体相合未去T细胞造血干细胞移植，3例为HLA-A、B、DR3个位点不合亲缘骨髓移植，1例为HLA-DR位点不合外周血造血干细胞移植，3例移植时处于完全缓解(CR)期，1例处于慢性粒细胞白细病(CML)急变期，预处理采用阿糖胞苷 环磷酰胺(CTX) 全身照射(TBI)，Graft versus host disease(GVHD)预防联合使用环孢菌素A(CsA)、甲氨喋呤(MTX)、兔抗人胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)、抗CD25单抗、霉酚酸酯(MMF)。结果：4例均获得造血重建，植入直接证据检测证实完全供者造血，3例无aGVHD，1例发生Ⅱ度肠道aGVHD，1例移植后3个月复发，2例在行供者淋巴细胞输注治疗后均并发了Ⅲ度肠道和Ⅱ度肝脏aGVHD．免疫重建延迟。至今，3例存活( 70天- 19个月)，均为持续完全缓解(CCR)，1例 11个月因感染死亡。讨论：未去T细胞单倍体相合HSCT造血重建稳定，移植相关并发症较少，重症GVHD发生率可能低。     

异体造血干细胞移植治疗白血病的长期疗效和预后分析

目的 分析异体造血干细胞移植(Allo-HSCT)治疗白血病的长期疗效和相关预后因素.方法 1999年4月～2007年12月,应用Allo-HSCT治疗各类白血病患者37例,其中第1次完全缓解期急性髓细胞白血病(AML)和急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)各11例,慢性期的慢性粒细胞性白血病(CML)15例.在37例中,HLA全相合同胞供体外周血造血干细胞移植20例,HLA相合非血缘供体造血干细胞移植17例(骨髓14例,外周血3例);移植预处理包括环磷酰胺(Cy)+全身照射(TBI)±依托泊苷(VP16)方案21例、白消安(Bu)+Cy方案11例和氟达拉宾(Flud)+阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)+Bu方案5例;异基因移植患者预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)方案为氨甲碟啶(MTX)+环孢素(CSP)±吗替麦考酚酯(MMF).对37例患者的总体生存率、移植相关死亡率(TRM)、复发率进行统计,并分析相关预后因素.结果 移植后预期6年总体生存率为(67.6±10.1)%;移植后第100天TRM为(2.7±2.7)%,预期6年总体TRM为(28.6 4±9.9)%;预期6年复发率为(5.34±5.5)%.单因素和多因素分析提示,发生重度GVHD(Ⅱ～Ⅳ度急性GVHD或广泛性慢性GVHD)是影响生存的最重要因素.结论 Allo-HSCT治疗白血病具有良好的长期疗效.预防和治疗GVHD对进一步提高Allo-HSCT的长期疗效和生存率具有重要意义.     

异体造血干细胞移植治疗白血病的长期疗效和预后分析

目的 分析异体造血干细胞移植(Allo-HSCT)治疗白血病的长期疗效和相关预后因素.方法 1999年4月～2007年12月,应用Allo-HSCT治疗各类白血病患者37例,其中第1次完全缓解期急性髓细胞白血病(AML)和急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)各11例,慢性期的慢性粒细胞性白血病(CML)15例.在37例中,HLA全相合同胞供体外周血造血干细胞移植20例,HLA相合非血缘供体造血干细胞移植17例(骨髓14例,外周血3例);移植预处理包括环磷酰胺(Cy) 全身照射(TBI)±依托泊苷(VP16)方案21例、白消安(Bu) Cy方案11例和氟达拉宾(Flud) 阿糖胞苷(Ara-C) Bu方案5例;异基因移植患者预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)方案为氨甲碟啶(MTX) 环孢素(CSP)±吗替麦考酚酯(MMF).对37例患者的总体生存率、移植相关死亡率(TRM)、复发率进行统计,并分析相关预后因素.结果 移植后预期6年总体生存率为(67.6±10.1)%;移植后第100天TRM为(2.7±2.7)%,预期6年总体TRM为(28.6 4±9.9)%;预期6年复发率为(5.34±5.5)%.单因素和多因素分析提示,发生重度GVHD(Ⅱ～Ⅳ度急性GVHD或广泛性慢性GVHD)是影响生存的最重要因素.结论 Allo-HSCT治疗白血病具有良好的长期疗效.预防和治疗GVHD对进一步提高Allo-HSCT的长期疗效和生存率具有重要意义.     

HLA不全相合外周血造血干细胞移植治疗急性白血病的临床观察

目的 探讨人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)不全相合外周血造血干细胞移植(peripheral blood stem cell transplantation,PBSCT)治疗急性白血病的疗效及安全性.方法 3例急性白血病患者行HLA不全相合PBSCT,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病-L2 2例,急性非淋巴细胞白血病-M1EO 1例,移植时均处于完全缓解状态.HLA配型1、2、3个位点不合各1例.预处理方案由全身照射或白舒菲、阿糖胞苷、环磷酰胺、司莫司汀组成.移植物抗宿主病(graft versus host disease,GVHD)的预防采用环孢素A、甲氨蝶吟、霉酚酸酯、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白四联方案.结果 3例患者均获得造血功能重建并达完全供者植入.出现Ⅰ度急性GVHD 2例,出现Ⅱ度急性GVHD 1例,并发巨细胞病毒间质性肺炎1例,并发真菌性肺炎2例.至今2例患者分别无病存活27个月和12个月,1例死亡.结论 HLA不全相合PBSCT疗效较好、安全可行,为无HLA完全相合供者的白血病患者提供了新的治疗手段.但要特别注意移植后病毒和真菌感染的防治.     

HLA单倍体异基因造血干细胞移植治疗重症再生障碍性贫血的护理

目的 探讨HLA单倍体异基因造血干细胞移植治疗重症再障性贫血患者的护理.方法 针对移植患者的干细胞回输、移植后移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)及相关并发症进行护理.结果 移植过程顺利,白细胞植入中位时间13d,血小板植入中位时间14d.4例患者中有2例出现皮肤急性GVHD,1例出现肠道急性GVHD,1例出现出血性膀胱炎.结论 移植过程中及时发现并正确处理GVHD及感染、口腔黏膜炎、出血性膀胱炎是提高移植成功率的关键因素.     

人类白细胞抗原不相合造血干细胞移植治疗白血病的临床研究

目的 :探讨应用人类白细胞抗原 (humanleukocyteantigen ,HLA)不相合供体造血干细胞移植治疗白血病。方法 :总结我所于 2 0 0 0年 7月至 2 0 0 1年 12月进行的 7例HLA不相合造血干细胞移植 ,其中包括 3例慢性髓性白血病、3例急性非淋巴细胞性白血病、1例急性淋巴细胞白血病。干细胞来源 :6例为外周血干细胞 ,1例为骨髓干细胞。预处理方案为改良马利兰 (busulfan ,BU) /环磷酰胺 (cyclophosphamide,CY)或BU/CY +抗胸腺细胞球蛋白 (antithymocyteglobulin ,ATG)。预防急性移植物抗宿主病 (graftversushostdisease,GVHD)采用环孢霉素A及短疗程氨甲喋呤 ,5例患者加用霉酚酸酯 (骁悉 )。结果 :1例为骨髓造血干细胞 ,采集骨髓单个核细胞数 3 .4 1× 10 8kg-1,6例为粒细胞集落刺激因子 (granlocytecolony stimulatingfactor,G CSF)动员后外周血干细胞 ,平均接受8.4 6× 10 8kg-1(4.3 0× 10 8～ 15 .3 5× 10 8kg-1)供者外周血单个核细胞 ,平均 + 13天 (+ 11～ + 16天 )中性粒细胞(absoluteneutrophilcount,ANC)大于 0 .5× 10 9L-1。平均 + 16天 (+ 11～ + 2 3天 )血小板大于 2 0 .0× 10 9L-1。发生急性Ⅰ～Ⅱ度GVHD 3例 (42 .9% ) ,无 1例严重的急性GVHD ,发生慢性广泛性GVHD 2例 (2 8.6% )。中位随访时间 1     

亲缘间HLA半相合外周血造血干细胞移植治疗急性白血病的临床研究

目的探讨HLA半相合外周血造血干细胞移植（PBSCT）治疗急性白血病的疗效及安全性。方法4例急性白血病患者行HLA不全相合PBSCT,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病2例,急性非淋巴细胞白血病-M4b1例、M4EO1例,移植时均处于完全缓解状态。HLA配型1、2个位点不合各1例,3个位点不合2例。预处理方案由全身照射或白消胺、阿糖胞苷、环磷酰胺、司莫司汀组成。移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的预防采用环胞素A、甲氨蝶呤、霉酚酸酯、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白四联方案。结果患者移植过程顺利,4例患者均获得造血功能重建并达完全供者植人。3例出现Ⅰ度急性GVHD,1例出现Ⅱ度急性GVHD。1例并发巨细胞病毒间质性肺炎,2例并发真菌肺炎。至今2例患者分别无病存活30月和15月,1例目前为移植后4月,1例死亡。结论HLA半相合PBSCT疗效较好、安全可行,为无HLA完全相合供者的白血病患者提供了新的治疗手段。     

异基因外周血干细胞移植治疗白血病27例

目的: 探讨异基因外周血干细胞移植治疗白血病的疗效及主要并发症的处理.方法: 接受异基因外周血干细胞移植的白血病患者27例,年龄16～50岁,其中急性髓细胞白血病(AML)10例, 急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL) 8例,慢性髓细胞白血病(CML) 9例.HLA完全相合同胞供者25名, 1～2个HLA主要位点不合同胞供者2名.采用环磷酰胺联合全身放疗(CYTBI)为主的预处理方案或白消安联合环磷酰胺(BuCY2 )方案预处理.采用标准环孢霉素A(CsA)联合短期甲氨蝶呤(MTX)预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD).2个HLA主要位点不合的1例移植患者加用兔抗人胸腺球蛋白(ATG)及抗CD25单克隆抗体.结果: 全部患者均获得稳定植入,Ⅱ-Ⅲ度急性GVHD 3例(11%),慢性GVHD 7例.并发特发性间质性肺炎1例.ABO血型主要不合及Rh血型不合的CML患者并发纯红细胞性再生障碍性贫血1例.随访2～30 mo,存活20例(74%),移植后4～11 mo死于白血病复发7 例(26%). 结论: 异基因外周血干细胞移植是治疗白血病的有效方法,但移植前处于高危难治状态的病例复发率仍较高.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.