新发现、新成果

香港引入新法有效治疗老年人骨折，英科学家发现可杀死“超级细菌”的深海微生物，中国体外活体组织研究居世界领先水平，股骨头“种植”干细胞患者接受手术10个月后痊愈，俄罗斯科学家开发出检测丙肝病毒变种新方法     

深海冷泉链霉菌OUCLQ19-3次级代谢产物的研究

目的 探究深海冷泉来源微生物产生丰富次级代谢产物的潜力,挖掘具有抗多重耐药(multi-drug resistant, MDR)菌活性的次级代谢产物,为新型海洋药物研发提供先导化合物。方法 采用大规模发酵积累粗提物,利用有机溶剂萃取、C18反相硅胶开放柱层析、半制备高效液相等分离手段对发酵产物进行分离纯化,通过MS、NMR数据以及文献比对进行化合物的结构鉴定,进而对化合物进行抗MDR菌活性测试。结果 从深海冷泉来源链霉菌Streptomyces sp. OUCLQ19-3发酵产物中分离得到2个xiamycin类化合物,分别为xiamycin B(1)和xiamycin A(2);活性结果显示,化合物1和2均无抗MDR菌活性。结论 深海冷泉来源链霉菌Streptomyces sp. OUCLQ19-3能够产生一系列丰富的次级代谢产物,具有潜在的药用价值,其活性化合物有待进一步挖掘。     

中国抗生素杂志第31卷1～12期（2006年）目次检索

进展、述评与专栏土壤环境基因组技术及其在新药发现中的应用闫珠君,崔晓龙,李铭刚,等31(1):1以酵母病毒杀伤系统为基础的抗病毒药物筛选模型叶燕锐,潘力31(8):449深海微生物的研究开发肖湘,王风平31(2):87微生物天然产物数据库的建立及应用姜威,司书毅,陈湘萍,等31(2):119小单孢菌及其产生的次级生物活性代谢产物程元荣,郑卫31(6):321海藻真菌次级代谢产物研究进展贾铁争,刘红兵,方玉春,等31(6):328微生物来源活性多糖的研究进展贺晓波,司书毅31(2):127抗真菌药物的研究进展刘正印,王爱霞31(2):69微生物次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇与药物创…     

深海鱼油:假的多,真的少

"源自深海的健康奥秘""血管清道夫,健康好伴侣""中老年人的最佳选择""每天两粒深海鱼油提高记忆力,治疗血脂异常"……极具煽动性的广告,让深海鱼油成了保健品市场的热销品。不过,远有营养学专家"吃鱼油还不如吃鱼"的表态,近有官员对国内深海鱼油生产造假严重的揭秘,深海鱼油的种种"神奇功效",难道真的只是传说?     

冷泉来源诺卡氏菌OUCLQ19-35-1次级代谢产物的研究

目的 探究深海冷泉来源微生物的次级代谢产物产生能力,从中挖掘具有抗多重耐药(multi-drug resistant, MDR)菌活性的次级代谢产物,为新药研发提供化合物实体。方法 采用稀释涂布法分离纯化深海冷泉海泥样品中的放线菌,通过琼脂扩散法筛选具有抗MDR菌活性的放线菌;基于16S rRNA基因片段序列分析和系统进化树构建初步确定目标放线菌种属;对目标放线菌进行大规模发酵,采用有机溶剂萃取、反相硅胶柱层析、半制备高效液相等分离手段对发酵产物进行分离纯化,利用NMR、MS等波谱学技术并结合文献对化合物进行结构鉴定,然后对化合物进行抗MDR菌活性测试。结果 从深海冷泉中筛选到一株具有抗MDR菌Micrococcus luteus ML01和Staphylococcus aureus CCARM3090活性的放线菌OUCLQ19-35-1,16S rRNA序列及系统进化树分析初步确定其为Nocardiopsis synnemataformans;从其发酵产物中分离得到3个化合物,分别为questiomycin A(1)、1,6-dihydroxyphenazine(2)和5a,6,11a,12-tetrahydro-5a,11a-dimethyl[1,4]benzoxazino[3,2-b][1,4]benzoxazine(3);活性结果显示,化合物1-3均无抗MDR菌活性,但其所在的组分有抑菌活性。结论 从深海冷泉筛选得到一株诺卡氏菌OUCLQ19-35-1,其能够产生抗MDR菌的活性次级代谢产物,具有潜在的应用价值,但其活性成分待进一步的确定。     

深海鱼油的急性毒性和致突变实验研究

深海鱼油是目前市场上普遍受到欢迎的一种保健食品,其不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,具有一定的软化血管、预防动脉粥样硬化的特点。为保障消费者的食用安全,我们按《食品安全性毒理学评价程序和方法》对维灵深海鱼油软胶囊进行了一、二阶段的毒性试验。结果如下：维灵深海鱼油...     

保健品中的稳健一族

如果说，合成保健品和参茸等传统滋补品就像跷跷板的两头，此消彼长，冷热相伴，那么，深海鱼油，卵磷脂等产品就是中间的那一段了：波澜不惊，走势平稳。     

抗菌药物制剂微生物限度检查

我国药品卫生标准未规定口服抗生素和消毒剂的微生物限度。1995年国家颁布了医院消毒卫生标准，规定了使用中消毒剂和无菌器械保存液的微生物限度。近年有关文献报道证明抗菌药物制剂中污染微生物十分严重。本文就抗菌药物制剂中微生物的性质、微生物限度标准和检查方法进行讨论。五微生物在抗菌药物中的性质微生物的生长和繁殖受许多因素影响，如营养、温度、酸碱度等。抗菌药物对微生物是起抑制或杀灭作用，一些不敏感的微生物可能更易生长繁殖，甚至一些原本敏感的微生物也可能发生生理、生化或结构方面的改变。1．且抗菌药物可能引起微…     

深海鱼油并非多多益善

哪些人需要补充深海鱼油制品 1.血脂高的中老年人。 2.饮食结构不合理，吃海产品较少的人。 3.经常出差，饮食不规律的人也可适当补充。     

维生素C片的微生物限度检查方法学研究

建立维生素C片的微生物限度检查法。样品用常规法、酸碱中和法、薄膜过滤法3种方法进行微生物限度方法学验证试验，观察结果，样品酸碱度用碳酸钠调节至中性，可消除其抑茵作用。该方法简单、可靠，可用于维生素C片的微生物限度检查。     

肠道微生物在慢性肝病中的作用及其潜在治疗策略

越来越多的研究表明,肠道微生物在维持肝脏稳态中发挥着重要的作用。肝脏通过门静脉与肠道紧密联系,而肠道微生物及其代谢产物转移到肝脏,能够影响肝脏的正常生理功能。随着近年来对肠道微生物研究的不断深入,大量研究发现,肠道微生物在慢性肝病的发生发展中发挥着重要的作用,并且不断有研究证明,肠道微生物群的调节可能是慢性肝病潜在的治疗靶点。该文总结了近年来肠道微生物群在慢性肝病发生发展中的作用及其相关机制研究,旨在为临床慢性肝病的预防,以及治疗提供一定的参考。     

海洋来源的放线菌次级代谢产物及其生物活性

放线菌是迄今最重要和最大的药用微生物种群。海洋放线茵生存于苛刻特殊的海洋环境，使其具备了复杂独特的代谢途径，其次级代谢产物在结构类型以及在生物活性等方面都呈现出与陆生放线茵不同的特点和多样性。多年来，诸多结构新颖、生物活性显著的天然活性产物持续从海洋来源放线茵代谢产物中被发现，这些活性化合物为新药研究提供了丰富的先导化合物，有些已进入研发阶段。近年，海洋放线茵活性产物的研究仍然是海洋微生物产物研究中值得关注的一个热点。本文按化舍物结构类型简要介绍了海洋来源放线茵代谢产物及其生物活性的研究概况。     

红树林植物的研究进展

目的：介绍红树林植物的研究概况与进展。方法以近年来国内外发表的文献为依据,从红树林植物的生理生态、分类分布,与微生物的关系,化学成分以及分子水平多样性等方面对它的研究进展做一综述。结论与结果红树林植物分为真红树植物和半红树植物,因其恶劣的生长环境而形成了独特的形态结构和生理生态特性,且它与微生物形成了相互营养供给的依存关系。     

Parabens as antimicrobial preservatives in creams

Antimicrobial effectiveness of methylparaben and a mixture of methyl- and propylparabens in an oil-in-water cream was studied. How the number of microbes and inclusion of nutrients into the cream affect the effectiveness of these compounds were also investigated, as well as the survival of test microbes in the cream without preservatives. Survival of microbes and antimicrobial effectiveness of parabens against the microbes in the cream were dependent on the species and number of microbes present and also on the amount of nutrients available for the microbes. In spite of the large amount of water, the cream studied did not readily support microbial growth unless the number of microbes was large or nutrients were added. Parabens were not effective antimicrobial agents against the yeast studied. The bacterial species showed different sensitivities to parabens. A mixture of methyl- and propylparabens was more effective than the methylester alone.     

珊瑚来源真菌天然产物及其活性的研究进展

随着海洋天然产物和海洋药物研究的不断深入,海洋共附生微生物,特别是热带珊瑚礁生态系统的无脊椎动物来源的共附生微生物,引起了科研界的广泛关注。本文依化合物结构类型综述了21世纪以来文献所报道的珊瑚来源真菌的天然产物,并统计分析了化合物的结构与菌株来源及生物活性的关系。     

Impact of microbial attachment on intravascular catheter-related infections

Intravascular catheters (IVCs) are the most frequently used medical devices in hospitals. However, they are associated with life-threatening IVC-related bloodstream infection (IVC-BSI), which is one of the main hospital-acquired infections, and continue to be associated with morbidity, mortality and additional medical cost. Most published studies focus on measuring the rate of IVC-BSIs and addressing their importance, but only a few studies have mentioned the possible routes for microbes entering the bloodstream, which would help in developing effective prevention methods, and large trial studies are lacking. Some studies on IVC-BSIs have reported the most frequently isolated microbes, but caution needs to be made since many fastidious microbes are not isolated under current laboratory conditions. Although it is known that microbes colonise IVC surfaces and develop biofilms, leading to IVC-BSI, the relationships of microbial biofilms with patients’ symptoms or outcomes remain unclear. Here we discuss the knowledge gained from microbial research in other (non-IVC) medical and non-medical applications that may be helpful in understanding the IVC context. In addition, published theory and data regarding microbial colonisation and biofilm development specifically in IVCs are reviewed. More research is needed to explore mechanisms of IVC-BSI and to provide superior prevention strategies.     

Deep-sea water improves cardiovascular hemodynamics in Kurosawa and Kusanagi-Hypercholesterolemic (KHC) rabbits

Deep-sea water is rich in minerals, e.g., Mg, Ca, and K which have been considered to be associated with prevention of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the effect of deep-sea water on cardiovascular hemodynamics in Kurosawa and Kusanagi-Hypercholesterolemic (KHC) rabbits. Deep-sea water was pumped in the offing of Cape Muroto in Japan and the mineral constituents were refined to a degree of hardness of 1,000. Twenty four 4-month-old KHC rabbits were given refined deep-sea water (n=12) and tap water (n=12) for 6 months. Pressure and flow waves at the ascending aorta were recorded under pentobarbital anesthesia. Systolic, diastolic, pulse and mean arterial pressures and total peripheral resistance were significantly lower in the deep-sea water group than in the control group. There were no significant differences in changes in serum lipid levels, plasma renin and angiotensin converting enzyme activities and electrolyte levels except for Mg(2+) after the feeding of the water between the two groups. A slight increase in serum Mg(2+) level in the deep-sea water group may not account for the inhibition of mild hypertension. From our results, we conclude that deep-sea water could improve cardiovascular hemodynamics, even though the factors which affect the blood pressure are still unknown.     

A review of the pharmacobiotic regulation of gastrointestinal inflammation by probiotics, commensal bacteria and prebiotics

The idea that microbes induce disease has steered medical research toward the discovery of antibacterial products for the prevention and treatment of microbial infections. The twentieth century saw increasing dependency on antimicrobials as mainline therapy accentuating the notion that bacterial interactions with humans were to be avoided or desirably controlled. The last two decades, though, have seen a refocusing of thinking and research effort directed towards elucidating the critical inter-relationships between the gut microbiome and its host that control health/wellness or disease. This research has redefined the interactions between gut microbes and vertebrates, now recognizing that the microbial active cohort and its mammalian host have shared co-evolutionary metabolic interactions that span millennia. Microbial interactions in the gastrointestinal tract provide the necessary cues for the development of regulated pro- and anti-inflammatory signals that promotes immunological tolerance, metabolic regulation and other factors which may then control local and extra-intestinal inflammation. Pharmacobiotics, using nutritional and functional food additives to regulate the gut microbiome, will be an exciting growth area of therapeutics, developing alongside an increased scientific understanding of gut-microbiome symbiosis in health and disease.     

绿色荧光蛋白在药学研究中的应用进展

来自水母的绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein，GFP）具有很多理想的特性，被喻为活分子探针。GFP适用于作普遍的报告标记，尤其适用于活体细胞或组织，已被广泛应用于动物学、植物学、微生物学等领域的研究。本文对GFP在药学研究中的应用做一综述。     

Infection and atherosclerosis. An alternative view on an outdated hypothesis

Already at the beginning of the 20th century, a potential role for microbes in vascular diseases was suggested. However, not until the late '70 of that century, much attention has been paid to this infection hypothesis. Then, predominantly based on the pioneering work of Fabricant et al., evidence for a contributing or even initiating role for microbes in atherosclerosis, as well as other vascular diseases, was accumulating. Also, the seminal paper by Saikku and co-workers, demonstrating serological evidence of an association of Chlamydia pneumoniae, an obligate intracellular respiratory gram-negative bacterium, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction, significantly boosted the research on the infection hypothesis. Since then, numerous papers have been published demonstrating associations between a large variety of pathogens and atherosclerotic disease. Furthermore, many molecular mechanisms have been suggested by which microbes may affect atherogenesis. Nevertheless, in recent large randomised prospective trials, evaluating the efficacy of antibiotic treatment for the secondary prevention of coronary events, no reduction in the rate of cardiovascular events was observed, thereby seriously challenging the validity of the infection hypothesis. Nevertheless, the large body of supporting evidence, which has accumulate over the past decades, should not be ignored and maybe we should look at the hypothesis, and in particular the mechanisms by which microbes affect the disease, from a different angle.