肿瘤坏死因子α与一氧化氮在脑型疟疾发病中的作用

目的研究肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）与一氧化氮（NO）在脑型疟疾（cerebral malaria,CM）发病中的作用。方法建立C57BL/6J小鼠CM动物模型,按文献方法检测发病过程中血清及脑组织TNF-α、NO及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）含量,同时观察地塞米松及NO合成抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸（L-NNA）对血清和脑组织中TNF-α和NO浓度的影响。结果CM模型组小鼠均发生CM,地塞米松组、L-NNA组小鼠及感染对照组小鼠至感染后第10d均未发生CM;CM模型组小鼠发病时脑组织、血清TNF-α、NO、NOS及脑组织含水量均高于感染第5d（P〈0.01）;CM模型组小鼠发病时和感染后第5d脑组织及血清TNF-α、NO、NOS和脑组织含水量均高于正常对照组及感染对照组（P〈0.01）;地塞米松组小鼠感染后第5d及第10d与同时间CM模型组比较,脑组织、血清TNF-α和脑组织含水量均显著下降（P〈0.01）;L-NNA组与CM模型组比较,脑组织及血清NO、NOS、脑组织含水量均显著降低（P〈0.01）。结论CM症状可能与小鼠脑组织NO过量有关,TNF-α主要通过NO起作用。使用地塞米松和L-NNA可降低体内NO浓度,预防CM发生。     

银杏双密达莫对AECOPD患者抗氧化作用的研究

目的探讨银杏双密达莫对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者抗氧化作用。方法 80例AECOPD患者随机分为常规＋银杏双密达莫治疗组（A组）40例和常规治疗组（B组）40例。每组在治疗前和治疗21 d后测血清8-iso-PGF2α、SOD、GSH、MDA、T-AOC和FEV1%pred,并与30例健康人（C组）比较。结果治疗前,A、B组血清8-iso-PGF2α、MDA显著增高,SOD、GSH、T-AOC和FEV1%pred显著降低（均P〈0.01）,A、B组之间差异无显著性（均P〉0.05）。血清8-iso-PGF2α、MDA与FEV1%pred显著负相关,SOD、GSH、T-AOC与FEV1%pred显著正相关（均P〈0.01）。治疗后与治疗前比较,A、B组血清8-iso PGF2α、MDA显著降低（均P〈0.01）,SOD、GSH、T-AOC和FEV1%pred显著升高（均P〈0.01）,A组与B组比较各项指标均有显著性差异（均P〈0.01）。结论 AECOPD患者存在明显的氧化应激,银杏双密达莫抗氧化作用显著。     

姜黄素与吡格列酮对大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎作用的对照研究

目的 比较姜黄素和吡格列酮对高脂饮食诱导的大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）的作用并探讨其机制.方法 48只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、姜黄素组和吡格列酮组（每组各12只）.正常组全程饲以普通饲料,另外三组均给予高脂饮食.6周末,每组各处死2只大鼠.验证非酒精性脂肪肝病造模成功后,姜黄素组和吡格列酮组每日分别给予姜黄素50 mg/kg和吡格列酮10 mg/kg灌胃,正常组、模型组给予相应体积的0.5%的羧甲基纤维素钠灌胃.6周治疗结束后,留取血样和肝组织.统计体/肝质量,计算肝指数和胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）;进行肝功能检测及病理组织学检查;并检测血清FFA、TNF-α和IL-6水平及肝组织FFA、TNF-α、IL-6、MDA、GSH含量和SOD的活性.结果 与模型组相比,姜黄素组和吡格列酮组大鼠NAS评分及血清ALT、AST水平均降低（P均〈0.05）.模型组较正常组大鼠血清HOMA-IR、FFA、TNF-α、IL-6水平及肝组织TNF-α、IL-6、MDA含量均明显升高（P均〈0.01）,而姜黄素组、吡格列酮组与模型组大鼠相比,上述指标均降低（P均〈0.05）,且以姜黄素组大鼠体质量、血清AST、NAS积分及肝组织FFA、MDA下降最为显著（P均〈0.01）.结论 姜黄素与吡格列酮均可通过调脂、改善IR、抗炎及抗氧化作用防治NASH,但前者的作用更强,且不增加大鼠的体质量.     

血府逐瘀汤对刀豆蛋白A诱导小鼠肝纤维化的干预作用

目的：观察血府逐瘀汤对刀豆蛋白A （ Con A）诱导小鼠肝纤维化的干预作用。方法： Balb/c雄性小鼠40只,随机分为正常组（8只）,模型组（16只）和治疗组（16只）。模型组和治疗组按照1.25mg/100g小鼠体重予以尾静脉注射Con A,正常组予注射相应剂量生理盐水,1次/周,共10周。治疗组于造模同时,予血府逐瘀汤药液1ml/100g小鼠体重灌胃,正常组及模型组则予以等量饮用水,1次/d。10周后,处理各组小鼠,留取血清、肝脾标本。全自动生化仪检测血清血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）和白蛋白（Alb）; HE和天狼星红染色观察肝组织炎症和胶原沉积; RT-PCR和Western Blot法检测肝组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）和转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）表达。结果：模型组小鼠ALT和AST活性均较正常组明显升高（P＜0.05）;肝组织HE染色可见肝细胞坏死和大量炎性细胞浸润;天狼猩红染色可见大量胶原沉积和假小叶形成;肝组织α-SMA和TGF-β1较正常组显著升高（P＜0.01）。与模型组相比,治疗组ALT、 AST水平明显降低（P＜0.05）;肝脏炎症和胶原沉积明显改善;α-SMA和TGF-β1表达显著下调（P＜0.01）。结论：血府逐瘀汤可通过减轻肝脏炎症和抑制肝星状细胞活化而改善Con A诱导的小鼠肝纤维化。     

保脾手术对晚期血吸虫病肝纤维化及相关细胞因子的影响

目的探讨保脾手术对晚期血吸虫病肝纤维化及相关细胞因子的影响。方法新西兰兔50只随机分为正常对照组（NCG）10只、模型对照组（MCG）12只、全脾切除组（TSG）14只、脾大部切除组（SSG）14只。后3组（MCG、TSG、SSG）先制作血吸虫病肝纤维化模型。感染后15周,NCG组和MCG组行假手术,TSG组行全脾切除术,SSG组行脾大部切除术（保留1/3脾组织）。观察各组家兔感染后8、15、21周血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）水平的动态变化和术前、术后6周肝组织转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）、Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的表达变化。结果感染尾蚴后8周,模型家兔血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平均较正常对照组显著升高（P均〈0.01）;至感染后15周（术前）,血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β已显著回落（P均〈0.01）;术后第6周不同手术方式之间比较,血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术前模型组家兔肝组织TGF-β1和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原表达显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）;术后6周,不同手术方式之间比较,肝组织TGF-β1和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论晚期血吸虫病行保脾手术不会加重肝纤维化,可能与晚期血吸虫病TGF-β1、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平已显著回落,此时切脾不影响这些细胞因子水平有关。     

川芎生物碱对大鼠血清中SOD活性、NO、NOS、MDA含量的影响

目的 研究川芎生物碱对局灶性脑缺血再灌注(I/R)大鼠血清中一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.方法 取大鼠50只,随机分成5组,每组10只.即假手术组,I/R模型组,川芎碱低、中、高剂量治疗组.采用线栓法建立大鼠局造性脑I/R病理损伤模型[1].用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定血浆中SOD活性;用硫代巴比妥酸显色法测定血浆中MDA含量;用NOS试剂盒测定NOS活性;硝酸还原酶法测定血清中NO含量.结果 I/R组与假手术组相比,血清中的SOD活性降低,MDA含量增加(P＜0.01),川芎碱低、中、高剂量治疗组与I/R组相比,血清中的SOD活性均升高,MDA含量均降低(P＜0.05).I/R组与假手术组相比,血清中NO含量升高,NOS活性增强(P＜0.01),川芎碱低、中、高剂量治疗组与IYR组比,NO含量均显著降低(P＜0.01).结论 川芎生物碱对脑I/R引发的自由基损伤有保护作用,从而减轻脑L/R后脑绢织的损害.     

巨噬细胞刺激蛋白对烟熏大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞氧化应激和细胞因子产生的影响

目的 探讨巨噬细胞刺激蛋白(MSP)对烟熏大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞氧化应激和细胞因子产生的影响.方法 培养正常和烟熏不同时间(1个月、2个月、3个月)的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,给予不同浓度MSP处理24 h,采用酶联免疫法检测细胞上清液中细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介索8(IL-8)和IL-1β的浓度,比色法检测细胞上清液中丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平.结果 ①MSP呈浓度依赖性促进正常组和各烟熏组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-8和IL-1β;经MSP处理后,各烟熏组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞上清液中TNF-α、IL-8和n-1β浓度均高于正常组(P＜0.05);大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞上清液中TNF-α、IL-8和IL-1β浓度随烟熏时间延长呈时间依赖性增加.②MSP呈浓度依赖性促进正常组和各烟熏组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌MDA,抑制其产生SOD;烟熏2个月组和烟熏3个月组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞上清液中MDA水平均高于正常组(P＜0.05),SOD水平均低于正常组(P＜0.05);随着烟熏时间延长,大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞上清液中MDA水平呈时间依赖性增加,SOD水平呈时间依赖性降低.结论 MSP呈浓度依赖性促进正常和烟熏大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-8、IL-1β和MDA,抑制其产生SOD.MSP促烟熏大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-8、IL-1β、MDA及抑制其产生SOD的作用较正常大鼠更显著,且烟熏时间越长此作用越明显.     

牛磺酸对老年雄性大鼠抗衰老作用的研究

目的 通过检测牛磺酸和β-丙氨酸对老年雄性大鼠血清抗氧化指标的影响,探讨牛磺酸的抗衰老作用.方法 通过在老年雄性大鼠（18月龄）饮水中添加牛磺酸和β-丙氨酸（牛磺酸转运抑制剂）30 d,测定牛磺酸对老年大鼠血清中一氧化氮合酶（NOS）、一氧化氮（NO）、谷胱甘肽过氧物酶（GSH-Px）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）和丙二醛（MDA）活性/含量.结果 牛磺酸和β-丙氨酸对老年大鼠NOS活力和NO含量没有明显影响;牛磺酸能显著提高老年雄性大鼠T-AOC、CAT和GSH-Px活力以及GSH含量,明显降低MDA含量,而β-丙氨酸可显著降低老年雄性大鼠T-AOC、SOD和CAT活力以及GSH含量,极显著提高MDA含量.结论 牛磺酸具有良好的抗衰老作用,其作用机制可能是增强机体清除氧自由基的能力和抗氧化功能,减轻自由基的损伤效应,减少脂质过氧化反应的发生和脂质过氧化产物MDA的生成,维持细胞内环境的稳定,从而起到细胞保护作用.     

L-精氨酸对糖尿病大鼠肾脏、大脑、睾丸氧自由基和抗氧化水平的影响

目的探讨L-精氨酸对糖尿病(DM)大鼠肾脏、大脑、睾丸氧自由基和抗氧化水平的影响.方法给大鼠腹腔注射四氧嘧啶制备DM模型,随机分为DM组、L-精氨酸治疗组及正常对照组;用药4 w末处死大鼠,测定肾脏、大脑及睾丸组织一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果 DM大鼠睾丸NOS活性(P＜0.01)及大脑、睾丸NO含量(P＜0.05,P＜0.001)、肾脏SOD(P＜0.001)、肾脏、大脑、睾丸GSH-Px活性(P＜0.01,P＜0.001,P＜0.05)均较正常对照组显著降低,而肾脏、大脑、睾丸MDA含量均较正常对照组明显升高(均P＜0.001);L-Arg可显著增加DM大鼠肾脏、大脑、睾丸NOS活性和NO含量(均P＜0.001)及大脑SOD(P＜0.01)、大脑、睾丸GSH-Px活性(P＜0.05,P＜0.001),并使肾脏、大脑、睾丸MDA含量显著降低(分别P＜0.01,P＜0.001,P＜0.001).结论 DM大鼠肾脏、大脑、睾丸组织存在脂质过氧化损伤;L-Arg通过提高NO含量,保护抗氧化酶活性,对DM大鼠肾脏、大脑、睾丸组织的氧化应激有一定的减轻作用.     

氯沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾小管间质TGF-β1和α-SMA的影响

目的 研究血管紧张素ⅡⅠ型受体拮抗剂(AT1RA)--氯沙坦对链脲佐菌素(STZ)大鼠肾小管间质转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)和平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达的影响.方法 用Wistar大鼠建立STZ诱导的糖尿病(DM)大鼠模型,设正常对照组(A),糖尿病组(B)和糖尿病+氯沙坦治疗组(C).用免疫组化方法检测肾小管间质TGF-β1和α-SMA蛋白的表达,RT-PCR检测TGF-β1mRNA.结果 TGF-β1和α-SMA在DM大鼠肾小管间质的表达较正常对照组显著升高(P＜0.05),C组与同期B组相比明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 氯沙坦能降低糖尿病大鼠肾小管间质TGF-β1和α-SMA的表达,缓解肾小管间质病理损害.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.