64层螺旋CT测量肾积水体积评估肾功能的初步研究

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT测量肾积水体积用于评估梗阻性肾积水患者肾功能的价值.方法 选取在本院3 d内同时行单光子发射计算机体层成像(SPECT)肾动态显像及64层螺旋CT平扫的梗阻性肾积水患者共176例.根据SPECT测得的肾小球滤过率(GFR)将其分为肾功能正常组、肾功能轻度受损组、肾功能中度受损组及肾功能重度受损组.同时利用CT三维重建技术测量各组患者的肾积水体积大小,然后对比各组间肾积水体积的差异,并分析肾积水体积与GFR的相关性.结果 4组患者肾积水体积分别为(31.47±3.81) cm3、(83.43±7.81) cm3、(208.53±15.47) cm3 及(577.31±61.32) cm3 ,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);组间两两比较除肾功能正常组与肾功能轻度受损组外,其余各组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);肾积水体积与肾脏GFR具有良好的相关性(r=-0.614).结论 64层螺旋CT测得的肾积水体积与SPECT测得的GFR有较好的相关性,能在一定程度上反映肾积水患者的肾脏功能.     

肾动脉造影对肾肿瘤的临床价值

目的:了解肾肿瘤的动脉造影表现及肾动脉造影对肾肿瘤的临床价值。方法:对41例肾肿瘤进行选择性肾动脉造影,分析血管影像,并与CT和超声诊断作比较。其中20例作了肾动脉栓塞。结果:肾动脉造影对肾肿瘤的定位准确率为95% (P> 0.05),定性准确率为80% (P< 0.01),并发症少。结论:肾动脉造影对肾肿瘤的定性准确率高于CT和超声,它是一种安全、可靠的方法     

~(131)I-邻碘马尿酸盐肾图与肾盂积水和肾功能关系的探讨

目的 探讨~(131)I-邻碘马尿酸盐肾图与肾盂积水和肾功能的关系,为临床进一步明确肾盂积水的诊疗提供可靠依据.方法 回顾性分析120例泌尿外科住院患者的肾图结果.肾盂积水者按单侧、双侧积水和轻、中、重度分组.分析各组肾图图形特点及其肾图功能参数值15 min残留率、浓缩率和肾脏指数变化规律,并与临床肾功能评价结果和血尿素氮、肌酐水平进行比较.采用SPSS.16统计软件进行统计分析.结果 不同程度肾盂积水的肾图异常率显著高于无积水者(98.9%对39.3%,X~2=87.492,P＜0.01);轻、中度积水主要表现为高水平延长线和持续上升型肾图,重度积水则主要表现为低水平延长线型肾图;不同程度的积水均使15 min残留率增高、浓缩率和肾脏指数降低(F=74.56,20.0,61.917,P＜0.001);双肾积水的肾功能不全发生率明显高于单肾积水(55%/11%,X~2=13.848,P＜0.001),且肾功能不全程度较重,其血尿素氮和肌酐水平明显高于单肾积水(F=13.671,24.302,P＜0.001);单肾积水者双肾肾图功能参数平均值与血尿素氮和肌酐水平存在一定程度的相关性.结论 ~(131)I-邻碘马尿酸盐肾图评估肾盂积水程度和肾功能变化敏感性较高,但缺乏特异性,应结合临床进行分析.     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of renal transplantation.

Ultrasonography of the renal transplant is still a key screening examination for transplant dysfunction. The addition of Doppler technology has permitted screening for hemodynamic alterations. Ambitious researchers predicted that these hemodynamic profiles would permit the differentiation of rejection from other complicating factors; however, recent research and clinical experience has shown this to be ineffective. Imaging identification of a dilated collecting system identifies the patient population that should undergo a Whitaker procedure. Identification of large or increasing fluid collections helps focus attention to possible hemorrhage or urine leak. Similarly, the ultrasonographic identification of a lymphocele as the cause of leg edema or hydronephrosis rapidly focuses surgical treatment. Doppler evaluation of hemodynamics must be performed on all renal transplant recipients. Although the role of the resistive index in predicting rejection has been minimized lately, numerous vascular complications, if untreated, would result in loss of the kidney. Doppler sonography identifies those patients who would benefit most from renal arteriography. The evaluation of renal morphology on the basis of ultrasonography alone has little role in predicting the cause of transplant dysfunction. We continue to evaluate renal size and to correlate it with the clinical presentation as well as resistive index to defer patients from biopsy if a more obvious cause of dysfunction is identified.     

US, CT, and MR evaluation of accessory renal arteries and proximal renal arterial branches

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare color Doppler ultrasound (US), computed tomographic (CT) angiography, and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography for the evaluation of accessory renal arteries and proximal branches of the main renal artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six subjects who had undergone conventional arteriography of the renal arteries participated in a prospective comparison of Doppler US (45 patients), CT angiography (52 patients), and nonenhanced MR angiography (28 patients). Conventional arteriography depicted 28 accessory renal arteries and 21 proximal branches of the main renal artery within 2 cm of the aorta. RESULTS: US depicted five of 24 accessory renal arteries seen at arteriography but no proximal arterial branches. CT angiography depicted 24 of 26 accessory renal arteries and 13 of 17 proximal arterial branches, as well as 15 additional accessory renal arteries not seen at conventional arteriography. MR demonstrated 11 of 15 accessory arteries, as well as four additional accessory arteries not seen at conventional arteriography. MR did not depict any of nine proximal arterial branches seen at conventional arteriography. CONCLUSION: When compared with US or nonenhanced MR angiography, CT is the preferred method for evaluation of accessory renal arteries and proximal branches of the renal artery.     

Renal scintigraphy in infants with antenatally diagnosed renal pelvis dilatation

BACKGROUND/AIM: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux are the most frequent entities identified on the basis of antenatal hydronephrosis. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and pattern of abnormal renal scintigraphy findings in postnatal investigation of children with antenatal hydronephrosis. METHODS: Twenty-four infants (19 boys and five girls) presented with antenatal hydronephrosis and mild to moderate hydronephrosis on ultrasound in newborn period were referred for renal scintigraphy. Ten patients with vesicoureteral reflux documented on micturating cystoureterography underwent 99mTc-DMSA renal scintigraphy and 14 patients were subjected to 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy. RESULTS: Anteroposterior pelvic diameter on ultrasound ranged from 11 to 24 mm. Renal DMSA scans identified congenital scars in two boys with bilateral reflux of grade V and unilateral reflux of grade III. Relative kidney uptake (RKU) less than 40% was found in three, and poor kidney function (RKU less than 10%) in two patients. Significant obstruction was shown on DTPA diuretic renal scintigraphy in 6/14 patients. Some slowing in dranaige (T1/2 greater than 10 minutes) with no reduction in differential renal function was identified in three patients. Differential renal function less than 10% was obtained in one case. CONCLUSION: A high percent of abnormal renal scintigraphy findings was obtained. Renal scintigraphy was useful in determination of underlying cause of antenatally detected hydronephrosis.     

Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis in patients with normal renal function

In order to define the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis, 125 patients with normal renal function were examined after urography using high-resolution real-time scanning. The overall diagnostic accuracy of US in detecting hydronephrosis was 85.2%, with a specificity of 84.4% and a sensitivity of 89.9%. It is concluded that US may be considered the screening test of choice for the diagnosis of hydronephrosis. However, urography is still required for the evaluation of renal function, site, and nature of the obstruction when US shows a dilated collecting system and in the patient with a normal US but renal colic.     

Renal functional response to dopamine during and after arteriography in patients with chronic renal insufficiency

The potential renal vasodilatory effect of dopamine in improving renal function after arteriography was studied. Sixty patients with preexisting renal insufficiency were prospectively randomized into two groups. Patients in the treated group (n = 30) received an infusion of dopamine for 12 hours starting at the beginning of arteriography. Patients who received placebo infusion with arteriography (n = 30) served as controls. The study was conducted in two different time intervals. In the first interval, serum creatinine levels and 12-hour creatinine clearance values were obtained before and immediately after arteriography in 12 patients in the dopamine group and 13 patients in the control group. In the second interval, the same variables were measured before arteriography and for 3 consecutive days after arteriography in 18 patients in the dopamine group and 17 patients in the control group. Serum creatinine levels became significantly elevated in the control group on the 1st day and remained so on the 3rd day after arteriography, whereas the dopamine group did not show significant elevation of these levels. Creatinine clearance decreased in the control group on the 1st day, but this deterioration was not sustained on the 3rd day. In the dopamine group, there was no deterioration in creatinine clearance on either day, and mean effective renal plasma flow during and after arteriography was greater.     

双侧肾外型肾盂伴左肾盂重度积水99Tcm-DTPA肾动态显像一例

笔者报道了双侧肾外型肾盂伴左肾盂重度积水99Tcm-DTPA肾动态显像一例。肾外型肾盂临床上通常无症状,常为健康体检或其他原因行腹部超声或CT等影像学检查时偶然发现,可伴有肾结石、肾积水等。因肾盂位于肾外,肾盂积水对肾皮质一般无压迫,故患者早期血尿素、血肌酐水平正常或轻度增高。临床为评估分肾功能,将9Tcm-DTPA肾动态显像作为首选检查,肾外型肾盂伴一侧肾盂重度积水表现为患侧肾影外异常显像剂浓聚影,需与尿漏、肾旋转不良等鉴别。故笔者通过病例及文献复习加深了对肾外型肾盂伴肾盂积水9Tcm-DTPA肾动态显像特点及鉴别诊断的认识。认识这种解剖变异和提供肾功能相关信息可以帮助临床医师做出决策,并降低术中损伤肾盏肾盂的风险。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的造影诊断和介入治疗

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的造影表现及介入治疗方法。方法对42例微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血患者行肾动脉造影和超选择性动脉栓塞,术前、术后检查肾功。结果术前造影表现为单纯假性动脉瘤19例,假性动脉瘤伴动静脉瘘15例,造影剂外溢4例,阴性4例。24例钢圈栓塞,13例明胶海绵颗粒加钢圈栓塞,1例PVA栓塞,4例用明胶海绵栓塞,栓塞成功率100%。明胶海绵栓塞后复发1例。术前、术后检查肾功无明显变化。结论肾动脉造影及超选择动脉栓塞对诊断和治疗微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血效果优良,对内科治疗无效、造影阴性病例,按穿刺部位超选择诊断性动脉栓塞,可起到止血作用。     

Selective renal venography in the evaluation of a non-functioning hydronephrotic kidney.

A case is presented in which extreme hydronephrosis simulated absence of the right kidney. The hydronephrosis occurred as a result of surgical ligation of the right ureter 10 years previously. There was no visualization of the excretory system by intravenous urography or retrograde pyelography. Abdominal aortography did not show the renal artery. Selective renal venography revealed a patent venous bed with splaying and thinning of the intrarenal veins. The contribution of renal venography is discussed in clarifying cases in which the kidney and the renal artery were not visualized.     

不同肾ROI勾画法对肾积水患者GFR测定影响的研究

目的：探讨不同肾ROI勾画法对肾积水患者肾小球滤过率（GFR）测定的影响。方法：对31例（39只积水肾）血清肌酐（SCr）升高的不同程度肾积水患者行肾动态显像,用Gates法分别按全肾ROI及肾皮质ROI计算GFR,并与同期检测的SCr进行相关性分析。结果：轻、重度肾积水患者,由两种ROI计算的GFR值均与SCr呈显著负相关,但全肾ROI的相关系数低于肾皮质ROI的相关系数;中度肾积水患者,全肾ROI测定的GFR与SCr无相关性,而肾皮质ROI测定的GFR则与SCr呈显著负相关。结论：肾皮质ROI勾画法更灵敏而准确的反映肾积水患者肾功能的变化。     

The 99mTc-DMSA renal scan and 99mTc-DTPA diuretic renogram in children and adolescents with incidental diagnosis of horseshoe kidney

A prospective study was conducted to determine the possibility of obstructive hydronephrosis in horseshoe kidney found incidentally in school children and adolescents by using a radionuclide diuretic renogram. In a 2-year period, 22 school children and adolescents with horseshoe kidney were found in a mass renal sonography survey. They each underwent a 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid renal cortical scan to confirm the horseshoe kidney. Each diuretic renogram was performed with the patient in the supine position to rule out obstructive hydronephrosis. The patients were advised to empty their bladders before the intravenous injection of furosemide (1 mg x kg(-1)). The half-time for the clearance of radioactivity from the renal pelvis were calculated. Of the 22 patients, asymmetrical renal cortical function between the two kidneys was found in 14 (63.6%). Eleven kidneys (11/44, 25%) showed stasis of radioactive urine in the renal pelvic region prior to injection of furosemide. There was no incidence of bilateral hydronephrosis in these 22 patients. Only one kidney (1/44, 2.3%) showed obstructive hydronephrosis and five showed clearance of radioactive urine stasis from the renal pelvis immediately after standing up for voiding. There is a low percentage of obstructive hydronephrosis in these cases of horseshoe kidney found incidentally in children and adolescents. A follow-up cohort study on these patients would be valuable for monitoring the development of complications.     

Grade I hydronephrosis: pulsed Doppler US evaluation

This study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of blood vessels could mimic the appearance of grade I hydronephrosis on sonograms and thus cause false-positive readings. One hundred consecutive patients with grade I hydronephrosis were examined. Sample volumes were obtained with pulsed Doppler ultrasonography (US) at the site of the greatest separation of the central renal sinus echoes to determine if the separation was fluid accumulating in the collecting system, as in obstruction, or if the separation was actually caused by vessels that mimic hydronephrosis. Vascular structures accounted for the separation of the sinus echoes in 43% of patients. In patients 12 years of age or younger, this frequency rose to 61%. The simple procedure of evaluating the renal sinus echo separation with pulsed Doppler US should decrease the frequency of false-positive diagnoses of hydronephrosis and thus diminish the need for further confirmatory testing.     

Percutaneous antegrade pyelography in small infants and neonates.

Percutaneous antegrade pyelography is a safe and useful alternative to retrograde pyelography in the investigation of urinary-tract malformations in the neonate or very young infant. It is preferred to arteriography in the infant with a loin mass. Satisfactory delineation of hydronephrosis or cysts is simply and directly accomplished by this method, so that more complex and less definitive investigations can often be avoided. In addition, a variety of ureteric abnormalities may be displayed.     

输尿管非结石性梗阻肾积水影像特征分析

目的　分析输尿管非结石梗阻性肾积水的影像特征 ,提高对其的识别能力。方法　根据静脉肾盂造影、逆行尿路造影结果 ,对自 1997-0 1～ 2 0 0 4-0 2经手术和病理证实的输尿管非结石性梗阻肾积水 5 7例的影像及病理资料进行对照分析。结果　中、重度肾积水 47例 ,占 82 .5 % ,其中重度肾积水 2 3例中 ,输尿管肾盂高位连接 12例 ,低位连接 8例 ,输尿管局限狭窄的发病率为85 .1% ,其中输尿管多发和 /或双侧输尿管狭窄的发病率为 2 2 .0 % ,其它原因所致输尿管狭窄的发生率为 14 .9%。结论　输尿管非结石性梗阻的病因具有多样性 ,肾积水的不同影像改变与输尿管病变位置不同密切相关。当一侧肾为重度积水 ,另一侧肾盂表现为“壶腹”型肾盂时应注意排除双侧输尿管存在病变的可能性     

^99Tc^m-双半胱氨酸利尿肾动态显像评价小儿先天性肾盂积水手术前后肾功能

目的探讨^99Tc^m-双半胱氨酸（EC）利尿。肾动态显像（DR）在小儿先天性肾盂积水手术前肾功能评价和术后随访中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析40例肾盂积水患儿的DR（常规方法中第15分钟注射呋塞米）,对患肾血流灌注率（BPR）及有效肾血浆流量（ERPF）、肾盂积水分度、肾图曲线和动态显像图进行手术前后的比较。符合正态分布数据间比较采用t检验,等级资料数据间比较采用非参数检验。结果（1）40只患肾的BPR术前为（34．05±11．07）％,术后为（40．04±8．56）％,平均提高5．99％（t=-5．13,P〈0．01）。患肾的ERPF术前为（57．81±34．32）ml／min,术后为（70．29±5．37）ml／min,平均提高12．48ml／min（t=-4．35,P〈0．01）。（2）40只患肾的。肾盂积水分度的平均秩和术前为47．21,术后为33．79（Z=-2．64,P〈0．01）。（3）随着积水程度的加重,患肾形态增大,肾实质变薄,肾内放射性缺损范围增大,对利尿试验的反应明显减弱直至无反应。（4）术前DR诊断肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻（UPJO）37例,输尿管膀胱入口处梗阻（UVJO）3例,术前梗阻的定位均为手术证实。结论DR是评价小儿先天性肾盂积水的一种可靠方法,能够准确反映病情、指导治疗,并监测手术疗效。     

IVIM-MRI监测白兔肾积水肾功能损害的研究

目的 探讨体素内不相干运动磁共振成像(IVIM-MRI)监测肾积水肾功能改变的价值.方法 动态分析新西兰大白兔左侧输尿管不全梗阻肾积水模型成模后4、8、12、16周的左肾IVIM-MRI定量参数[表观扩散系数(ADC)值、纯扩散系数(D)值、假性扩散系数(D*)值、灌注分数(f)值]变化特点,并将该参数与核素肾小球滤过率(GFR)值做相关分析.结果 成模后4、8、12、16周白兔左侧积水肾的皮髓质D值、D*值、f值、ADC值随着肾功能受损程度加重数值逐步下降,其中D值、f值及ADC值组间两两LSD对比:12周、16周与对照组、4周,8周与16周组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);D*值组间两两LSD对比:8周、12周、16周与对照组、4周,12周、16周与8周间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);左侧积水肾成模后不同时间点的D值、D*值、f值、ADC值与核素GFR呈中度正相关.结论 IVIM-MRI能有效动态监测肾积水肾功能的变化.     

肾动态显像评价肾积水患者肾功能的应用价值

目的 探讨肾动态显像Gates法测定肾小球滤过率（GFR）（gGFR）在肾积水和非肾积水肾病中的应用价值。 方法 选取2015年1月至2017年1月同时接受双血浆法测定GFR（rGFR）和gGFR的肾积水患者和非肾积水肾病患者,肾积水患者191例,其中男性97例、女性94例,年龄（43.35±15.91）岁;非肾积水肾病患者133例,其中男性82例、女性51例,年龄（55.31±13.54）岁。参照美国慢性肾脏病及透析的临床实践指南,将肾积水患者和非肾积水肾病患者分别分为肾功能正常组和轻、中、重度慢性肾衰竭组,对每组gGFR和rGFR进行分析比较,并计算两种方法的差值（ΔGFR）。不同肾功能组的比较采用单因素方差分析（ANOVA）,若差异有统计学意义,则行LSD-t检验法进行两两比较。gGFR和rGFR的比较采用配对t检验;相关性采用Pearson相关分析;一致性分析用Bland-Altman检验。 结果 肾积水和非肾积水肾病患者的gGFR比rGFR高,且前者的差异有统计学意义[（70.60±22.58） mL/（1.73 m2·min） vs. （58.67±20.49） mL/（1.73 m2·min）,t=9.335,P=0.000];与非肾积水肾病患者比较,肾积水患者gGFR和rGFR的相关性（r=0.692,P=0.000）较低。在肾积水患者中,轻、中、重度慢性肾衰竭组的gGFR均明显高于rGFR[（81.01±18.40） mL/（1.73 m2·min） vs. （71.03±7.74） mL/（1.73 m2·min）、（60.98±18.28） mL/（1.73 m2·min） vs. （45.85±7.60） mL/（1.73 m2·min）、（42.88±16.14） mL/（1.73 m2·min） vs. （23.65±4.04） mL/（1.73 m2·min）],差异均有统计学意义（t=4.559、8.398、4.480,均P<0.05）;中度慢性肾衰竭组gGFR和rGFR的相关性（r=0.461,P=0.000）最高;肾功能正常组和轻、中、重度慢性肾衰竭组患者的ΔGFR逐渐增高,分别为（?1.61±14.05）、（9.99±18.81）、（15.14±16.54）、（19.23±15.48）mL/（1.73 m2·min）,差异有统计学意义（F=5.595,P=0.001）; 有5.76%（11/191,>5%）的点在一致性界限（L_OA）之外,gGFR和rGFR的一致性较差。在非肾积水肾病患者中,轻度慢性肾衰竭组的gGFR明显低于rGFR[（66.08±8.97） mL/（1.73 m2·min） vs. （70.59±8.08） mL/（1.73 m2·min）],差异有统计学意义（t=?3.472,P<0.05）,中、重度慢性肾衰竭组的gGFR高于rGFR[（45.99±9.76） mL/（1.73 m2·min） vs. （43.83±8.29） mL/（1.73 m2·min）、（26.25±8.57） mL/（1.73 m2·min）vs.（20.19±5.72） mL/（1.73 m2·min）],差异均有统计学意义（t=2.095、4.907,均P<0.05）;轻度慢性肾衰竭组gGFR和rGFR的相关性（r=0.737,P=0.000）最高;肾功能正常组和轻、中、重度慢性肾衰竭组患者的ΔGFR逐渐增高,分别为（?5.64±16.64）、（?4.51±6.23）、（2.16±7.71）、（6.06±6.87）mL/（1.73 m2·min）,差异有统计学意义（F=9.446,P=0.000）;有3.01%（4/133,<5%）的点在L_OA之外,gGFR和rGFR的一致性较好。 结论 肾动态显像Gates法评估肾积水患者的GFR价值有限,应参考双血浆法的定量结果和其他检查结果进行综合分析判断。     

MRU对小儿先天性肾积水的临床应用研究

目的:探讨泌尿系统水成像(MRU)技术对小儿先天性肾积水的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析52例手术证实为先天性肾积水的小儿MR图像。所有患儿均行冠状位MRU及兴趣区轴位T2WI序列检查。结果:52例患儿中,肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄35例,原发性巨输尿管4例,重复肾盂输尿管畸形7例,输尿管末端囊肿2例,肾发育不全或异位肾4例。手术中所见与MRU图像表现基本一致。结论:MRU能够无放射线、无需对比剂、多角度、直观显示小儿肾脏积水和/或合并其它泌尿系畸形。