选择性椎体次全切除治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的护理

脊髓型颈椎病是中老年人常见的一种严重的骨科疾病,主要临床表现为单侧或双侧肢体无力、麻木,以至行走困难,胸腰有束带感,严重者可致四肢瘫痪、大小便障碍,严重影响患者的生活和工作。我科于2005年1月-2008年3月采用颈前路椎间隙撑开选择性椎体次全切除治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病31例,术后采取科学的护理措施和正确的康复指导,取得了较好的效果,现将护理体会介绍如下。     

改良颈椎椎体次全切除术临床疗效随访

采用改良式颈椎椎体次全切除术治疗６６例多节段脊髓型或脊髓神经根混合型颈椎病。手术有效率为９５．５％（６３例），优良率为８４．８％（５６例），无手术死亡或重残发生。该术式的优点是手术野较大，脊髓损伤机会少，能同时直接去除椎间盘水平和椎体后方的脊髓压迫，且可避免椎体切除过多和脊髓减压不充分，镶嵌植骨和术后颈胸口膏围领外固定能防止植骨块脱出和确保植骨融合。最为适宜２￣４个节段的脊髓型或脊髓神经根混合型颈     

脊髓型颈椎病前路减压术的围手术期护理

脊髓型颈椎病主要表现为椎管明显狭窄或多平面骨质增生、椎间盘突出等，绝大多数病人需行前路减压术。常用的前路减压手术方式有：Cloward前路减压融合术（椎间隙钻孔、骨赘切除并植骨融合）、Smith-Robinson前路减压融合术（椎间盘切除并植骨融合）和椎体次全切除植骨融合术3种。我院自2004年8月-2006年8月共行颈椎病前路减压术76例，效果满意，现将护理体会报告如下：     

椎体次全切除植骨融合治疗多平面脊髓型颈椎病

报告了椎体次全切除植骨融合治疗多平面脊髓型颈椎病15例。术后13例随访4～42个月,其中10例显效或有效。椎体次全切除植骨融合的优点在于:(1)能直接解除脊髓前方的压迫,不仅限于椎间隙平面,还包括椎体平面,因而减压较为彻底;(2)植骨不融合的发生率较低;(3)术野较大,便于在显微镜下操作。可有效地避免直接损伤脊髓和神经根。作者强调手术减压要彻底,植骨融合需稳固。     

一期前后路联合手术治疗多节段前后受压的脊髓型颈椎病

目的 探讨一期前后路联合手术治疗多节段前后受压的脊髓型颈椎病疗效.方法 对28例前后方同时受压的严重颈椎病患者,采用一期前路减压(椎间盘摘除或椎体次全切除)、自体髂骨植骨或钛笼自体骨植骨、颈前钢板固定,后路单开门丝线缝合或CENTER PIECE固定,观察脊髓功能恢复情况、颈椎稳定情况及植骨融合率.结果 随访12～36个月,平均13.7个月,28例皆获得骨性愈合,术后融合节段稳定,颈椎生理曲度得到良好重建及维持,脊髓功能均有不同程度恢复.结论 一期前后路联合手术治疗前后受压的严重脊髓型颈椎病有助于脊髓的功能恢复及颈椎稳定性的重建.     

颈椎病手术入路的选择

为总结并比较不同类型颈椎病的不同手术方法,以提高颈椎病的手术治疗效果,对采用椎板切除术、椎管成形术、椎体次全切、Cloward术式、Smith术式、Keyhole椎间孔扩大术、椎间盘切除 植骨融合术、钛钢Cage椎间固定术、Orion钛合金钢板固定术等手术方式治疗的1780例进行分析。结果：①脊髓型363例：椎板切除4例,椎体次全切136例,Cloward术式201例,Smith术式4例,椎间盘切除 椎间植骨14例,钛钢板椎间固定4例。随访104例,术后优良率82.7％。②脊髓神经根型1106例：椎板切除3例,椎管成形143你,椎体次全切687例,Cloward术式263例,Smith术式2例,椎间盘切除 椎间植骨8例。随访396例（58.4％）,术后优良率85.6％。③神经根型35例：后方入路Keyhole椎间孔扩大术19例,侧方入路椎间孔扩大术9例,前方入路椎间孔扩大术7例。术后优良率100％。④椎动脉型9例：钩椎关节骨赘磨除5例,横突孔开放4例,效果均好。⑤食管型18例：采用骨赘切除,症状消失。⑥后纵韧带骨化型93例：椎体次全次39例,椎管成形45例,椎板切除9例。随访41例,术后优良率85.3％。⑦发育性椎管狭小156例：椎管成形149例,椎板切除7例。随访82例,术后优良率97.5％。结果表明,各种手术方式应根据压迫灶的骨赘来源选择,直接切除骨赘,解除压迫;同时植骨融合应注意脊柱的稳定性;术后的康复指导对防止脊柱不稳产生新的压迫灶也很重要。     

脊髓型颈椎病的MRI改变及其临床意义

目的探讨脊髓型颈椎病的MRI改变及其临床意义。方法回顾分析经手术和临床证实的脊髓型颈椎病23例的MRI改变。结果在全部患者的MRI上主要影像学改变为椎间隙变窄、椎间盘信号减弱、受累节段椎体后缘有信号减弱的致压物,受压颈髓弯曲、变形、向后移位等异常信号。结论MRI对脊髓型颈椎病的诊断、治疗方法选择和预后判断有重要价值。     

中医内固定法与颈前路植骨在治疗脊髓型颈椎病的效果观察

目的：为了进一步了解中医内固定法治疗脊髓型颈椎病与颈前路植骨治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效对比情况,研究系统评价中医内固定法与颈前路植骨治疗脊髓型颈椎病的效果对比。方法：将120例脊髓型颈椎病患者随机分成两组。中医内固定法作为实验组60例,颈前路植骨作为对照组60例。经过手术治疗和颈前路植骨治疗2月后,观察疗效。通过Х^2检验的统计学方法,对两组的疗效进行统计学分析。结果：在120例患者中,中医内固定法治疗组有效率91．37％,颈前路植骨治疗组的有效率为84．69％。经Х^2检验两两比较,中医内固定法激光治疗组的有效率均高于单独用颈前路植骨组,P值为0．041。在两组治疗过程中,患者均未出现严重不良反应。结论：中医内固定法治疗脊髓型颈椎病的效果明显好于单独用颈前路植骨的有效率。同时,在治疗过程中的不良反应少,安全可靠。     

颈椎病手术方式对颈椎稳定性影响的研究

颈椎病的手术治疗方式主要有前路减压和后路减压两大类。其疗效已有较多报道，但这些手术方式对颈椎稳定性影响的专门报道及研究不多。本文综述了这些手术方式对颈椎稳定性影响的研究情况，包括术后复查、实验研究，介绍了研究的材料、方法、原理及结论。1经前路椎间盘切除加植骨该术式对颈椎稳定性无明显影响已得到临床卜的广泛共识[1、2、3、4]。杨克勤等[1]报道对4例经前路多节段减压及融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病，植骨愈合者83例，占62．9％，未愈合者49例，占37．1％。两种情况植骨虽有所吸收，但多数椎间隙稳定，不稳者仅3例，占1．4％。张…     

医源性脊髓损伤四例

脊柱外科手术或椎管造影等操作中可发生难以预料的脊髓损伤。笔者对 4例医源性脊髓损伤的原因、机制及防治进行探讨。临　床　资　料本组 4例皆为男性 ;年龄 47～ 6 1岁 ,平均 5 4.5岁。脊髓型颈椎病行前路减压植骨术 2例 ;下胸段椎管肿瘤行椎管造影 1例 ;上胸段椎管肿瘤摘除术 1例。脊髓型颈椎病行前路减压植骨术 2例 ,均采用颈丛麻醉 ,患者始终清醒 ,能对话 ,可主动活动、伸屈指、趾。其中 1例为Ｃ5椎体次全切除、Ｃ4～ 6 前路开槽减压自体髂骨移植术 ;1例为Ｃ5～ 6 间盘切除自体髂骨移植术。减压完毕后 ,骨槽内有少量渗血 ,在锤击嵌入髂…     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.