肿瘤

021515异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿宜血液病的临床研究/黄绍良…//中华儿科杂志一2001,39(10)一583一587 脐血移植(ucBT)治疗9例重症p地中海贫血(p-thal)、1例慢性特发性溶血性贫血(CIHA)、3例急性髓性白血病(AML)及1例急性淋巴细胞白血病〔ALL)。异基因外周血干细胞移植(allo-p欣芜T)治疗5例仔thal及1例慢性粒细胞白血病慢性期(CML一CP)患儿。结果:血缘相关脐血移植(RD一UCB产T)8例中植入6例,其中排斥l例,死亡1例,恢复地中海贫血状态2例;UD一 UCBT中2例即hal及2例AML均植入,1例AML一MS复发.AML-M3b自体恢复造血,1例AML一…     

脐血外周血造血干细胞移植治疗遗传性溶血性贫血的疗效比较

目的　比较亲属异基因脐血造血干细胞移植 (UCBT)与亲属异基因外周血造血干细胞移植 (PBSCT)治疗遗传性溶血性贫血 (溶贫 )的临床疗效。方法　 16例遗传性溶贫 (重型 β地中海贫血 14例 ,先天性特发性溶血性贫血 2例 )中 9例行UCBT ,7例行PBSCT。预处理方案以白消安 14～ 2 0mg/kg、环磷酰胺 16 0～ 2 0 0mg/kg和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白 90mg/kg为基础 ,8例加马法兰 90mg/m2 ,2例加噻替哌 6mg/kg ,4例加噻替哌和氟达拉宾15 0mg/m2 。结果　UCBT组植入 7例 (7/ 9) ,其中 2例于移植术后 6 0d(+6 0d)内排斥、回复地中海贫血 (地贫 )状态 ,1例发生急性肾衰竭死亡 ;4例出现急性移植物抗宿主病 (aGVHD) ,1例出现慢性移植物抗宿主病 (cGVHD) ;中位随访时间 4 9个月 (38～ 6 4个月 )。PBSCT组植入 6例 (6 / 7) ,无继发排斥 ,1例发生肝衰竭死亡 ,1例于 +3d死于败血症 ;5例出现aGVHD ,其中 3例延续为cGVHD ;中位随访时间 39个月 (2 5～ 4 9个月 )。结论　UCBT、PBSCT治疗遗传性溶贫具有不同的特点。PBSCT治疗具有植入率高 ,GVHD发生率也高的特点。UCBT具有GVHD程度较轻 ,提示人类白细胞抗原配型不全相合也可开展移植 ,但应改善低植入率的问题。     

造血干细胞移植治疗儿童白血病若干问题

该文涉及各类儿童造血干细胞移植(HSCT),如骨髓移植(BMT)、外周血造血干细胞移植(PBSCT)和脐血移植(UCBT)治疗白血病的优缺点及HSCT在儿童白血病治疗中的地位。绝大多数儿童白血病可通过正规联合化疗根治,仅少数(约20%)高危、难治及复发的白血病是异基因HSCT的适应证,无适合的同胞供体时,可选择HLA全相合非血缘相关BMT或PBSCT,UD-UCBT更适合于儿童患者。     

脐血移植治疗37例儿童恶性血液病的临床研究-单中心经验

目的 探讨脐血造血干细胞移植（UCBT）治疗儿童恶性血液病的疗效。方法 回顾性分析接受UCBT 的37 例恶性血液病患儿的临床资料，包括急性淋巴细胞性白血病14 例，急性髓细胞性白血病9 例，幼年粒单细胞白血病5 例，慢性粒细胞白血病和骨髓增生异常综合征各3 例，急性混合型白血病2 例，淋巴肉瘤性白血病1 例。其中34 例非血缘相关，3 例血缘相关。HLA 配型6/6 相合5 例，5/6 相合12 例，4/6 相合11 例，3/6 相合9 例。移植中位年龄5.7 岁，中位体重20 kg。结果 中性粒细胞和血小板植入中位天数分别是12 d 和25 d，植入率分别为95% 和78%。中性粒细胞植入率与CD34+ 细胞数呈正相关（P=0.011）。血小板植入率与CD34+ 细胞数和有核细胞数均有关（分别P=0.001、0.014）。急性移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的发生率为49%，慢性GVHD 为11%。随访中位时间54 个月，5 年移植相关病死率、总生存率和无病生存率分别为27%、57%和41%。结论 脐血移植是快速获得的造血干细胞来源之一，为恶性疾病患儿争取了治疗时间。     

非血缘脐血及骨髓移植治疗儿童血液病的meta分析

目的 观察非血缘脐血移植(UCBT)和非血缘骨髓移植(UBMT)对儿童血液病的治疗效果.方法 计算机检索Cochrane、Medline、CNKI、CBM在1999-2007年期间发表的关于儿童脐血移植和非血缘骨髓移植的研究文献.从干细胞植入、移植并发症、早期死亡、生存率等方面对比分析了UCBT和UBMT的临床疗效.采用Review Manager 4.2软件进行meta分析,发表性偏倚采用倒漏斗图(funnel plot)显示.结果 检索出292篇文献,最终纳入6个试验共668例患儿.UCBT与UBMT相比,因植入延迟使植入失败率增高、早期移植相关死亡率增加,但巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染并未明显增加,而慢性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)减少使两者的长期生存率相似.结论 儿童UCBT和UBMT移植后的长期生存率无明显区别,目前文献表明,UCBT也是儿童血液病的有效治疗方法.     

CD40和CD40配体表达在异基因造血干细胞移植后移植物抗宿主病发生中的变化

目的 探讨在血缘相关人类白细胞抗原(HLA)全相合异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)中发生移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)患者CD40和CD40配体(CD40L)表达的变化及意义.方法 成功应用血缘相关HLA全相合异基因HSCT治疗19例重型珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血和1例遗传性溶血性贫血.其中脐血移植(UCBT)8例,异基因外周血造血干细胞移植(allo-PBSCT)12例,移植前、后发生急、慢性GVHD时采用流式细胞仪检测和比较其外周血CD40和CD40L的表达.结果 UCBT 3例和allo-PBSCT 4例无急性GVHD,余13例均发生I-Ⅳ度急性GVHD.急性GVHD发生时CD4 CD40L 和CD8 CD40L T细胞表达明显升高,尤其在alloPBSCT者更明显.5例UCBT和12例allo-PBSCT发生慢性GVHD,慢性GVHD发生时患者的CD40L 、CD25 和CD69 在CD4 和CD8 T细胞上的表达增加.CD19 CD40 B细胞的表达在UCBT和allo-PBSCT后l a一直处于低水平.结论 HSCT移植后患者外周血CD40L T细胞的高表达可能与异基因HSCT GVHD的发生过程中的T细胞活化与增殖有关.     

人类白细胞抗原不全相合非血缘脐血移植治疗儿童难治性复发急性白血病

脐血移植治疗血液系统恶性肿瘤的疗效仍需观察。我科于2001年4月～2003年3月应用非血缘脐血移植(UD-UCBT)治疗儿童难治性复发急性白血病患儿3例,现报告如下。     

脐血移植治疗重型β地中海贫血的临床研究

目的探讨脐血移植(UCBT)治疗重型β-地中海贫血(简称β-地贫)的疗效.方法用人类白细胞抗原(HLA) 全相合或不全相合UCBT治疗重型β-地贫患儿12例.供受者的有核细胞(3.63～16.0)×107/kg,CD34+细胞(0.11～1.03)×106/kg,粒-巨噬细胞集落形成单位(0.17～1.18)×105/kg.移植的预处理方案HLA全相合的患儿采用马利兰+环磷酰胺+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白方案;HLA 2个位点不全相合者采用高剂量输血+连续静脉滴注去铁胺+羟基脲+氟达拉宾+马利兰+环磷酰胺+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白方案.结果 10例患儿获得植入,其中7例为长期稳定植入,3例植入后发生排斥;2例未能植入.获得植入的10例患儿均发生急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD),其中Ⅰ度aGVHD 7例,Ⅱ度aGVHD 3例.脱离地贫状态生存7例,血红蛋白始终维持正常.3例恢复地贫状态.2例未获植入的患儿1例发生移植后再生障碍性贫血,1例死于严重感染.结论 UCBT是目前β-地贫最有效的治疗手段.     

无关血缘脐血移植治疗儿童恶性和非恶性疾病的临床研究

目的 探讨无关血缘脐血移植治疗儿童恶性和非恶性疾病的临床疗效.方法 24例进行非血缘脐血移植的患儿,包括急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)8例,急性髓系白血病(AML)4例,幼年慢性粒单细胞白血病(JMML)3例,慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)2例,骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS-RA)2例,急性混合型白血病、石骨症、X连锁肾上腺脑白质营养不良、Ⅵ型黏多糖和慢性肉芽肿各1例.HLA高分辨全相合6例,5个位点相合10例,4个位点相合5例,3个位点相合3例.预处理选用白消安(Bu)/环磷酰胺(CTX)/抗胸腺球蛋白(ATG)或全身放疗(TBI)/CTX/ATG为主方案.6例ALL采用TBI/CTX/ATG,其中2例加鬼臼乙叉苷(VP16),18例采用Bu/CTX/ATG,其中3例JMML加马法兰,1例ALL和1例AML加VP16,3例非恶性疾病加塞替哌.于0 d回输脐血有核细胞中位数为5.26(2.26～13.3)×107/kg,CD34细胞中位数为2.86(0.79～9.8)×105/kg.预防急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)采用环孢素A和甲基泼尼松龙(MP)或骁悉,出现Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD者,加用CD25单抗.结果 脐血干细胞粒系植入率为91.7%(22/24),1例ALL未植入,1例CML于+130 d排斥;血小板植入率为83.3%(20/24),中性粒细胞≥0.5×109/L中位天数+15(+13～+28)d;血小板≥20×109/L中位天数+38(+25～+100)d.7例出现Ⅰ～Ⅱ度aGVHD;1例出现Ⅲ度aGVHD,给予MP均控制;2例出现Ⅳ度aGVHD,给予MP及CD25单抗后未控制.随访中位时间28(9～96)个月,均未发生慢性GVHD(cGVHD).现存活14例血型均转为供者型;死亡10例,其中原发病复发2例(急变期CML和婴儿型ALL各1例),Ⅳ度aGVHD合并感染2例,6例感染(CMV间质性肺炎4例,霉菌性肺炎2例).结论 无关血缘脐血是快速的造血干细胞来源之一,为恶性疾病患儿争取了治疗时间;因其cGVHD发生率低,对非恶性疾病患儿的治疗更具优势.     

无关脐血移植治疗儿童高危急性白血病临床研究

目的　探讨无关脐血移植 (UD UCBT)治疗儿童高危急性白血病的疗效及合并症。方法　采用UD UCBT治疗儿童高危急性白血病 5例 ,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL) 2例 ,急性混合性白血病 (HAL) 1例 ,慢性粒细胞白血病 (CML)急淋变 1例 ,非霍奇金淋巴瘤 (Ⅳ期 )第 2次完全缓解 (CR2 ) 1例。人类白细胞相关抗原(HLA) 5 / 6个位点相合 3例 ,6 / 6个位点相合 2例。输入脐血 (UCB)有核细胞数为 (4 9～ 11 78)× 10 7/kg。结果　 5例患儿中 4例获得造血重建。白细胞恢复至 1 0× 10 9/L以上所需时间为 13～ 18d ,与异基因骨髓移植无明显差别 ;但血小板恢复延迟 ,恢复至 2 0× 10 9/L以上所需时间为 4 5～ 6 0d。 4例获得造血重建患儿中 ,2例发生Ⅰ度急性移植物抗宿主病 (aGVHD) ,Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度aGVHD各 1例。aGVHD出现较早 (在脐血输注后 4～ 10d)。但增加环孢素A(CsA)剂量 ,加用甲基泼尼松龙治疗 ,aGVHD容易控制。结论　UD UCBT可有效重建造血 ,但血小板恢复延迟。严重aGVHD的发生与HLA不相合位点数目无关。在疾病的恢复稳定状态进行移植治疗 ,可望获得更好的远期疗效。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.