大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外定向诱导分化为心肌样细胞的实验研究

目的研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养及向心肌样细胞转化的条件。方法获取成年大鼠胫骨干骨髓,采用贴壁法进行间充质干细胞的培养、传代,观察经5-氮胞苷诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞的生长和分化。结果大鼠骨髓基质细胞贴壁呈集落生长,5-氮胞苷诱导骨髓基质细胞转化为心肌样细胞。结论骨髓基质细胞能够在体外被诱导分化为心肌样细胞,为自体心肌细胞移植提供了一种良好的来源。     

骨髓间充质干细胞体外定向诱导分化为心肌样细胞的实验研究

目的 研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养及向心肌样细胞转化的条件。方法 获取成年大鼠胫骨干骨髓，采用贴壁法进行间充质干细胞的培养、传代，观察经5-氮胞苷诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞的生长和分化。结果 大鼠骨髓基质细胞贴壁旱集落生长，5-氮胞苷诱导骨髓基质细胞转化为心肌样细胞，结论 骨髓基质细胞能够在体外被诱导分化为心肌样细胞，为自体心肌细胞移植提供了一种良好的来源。     

流体剪切力对5-氮杂胞苷诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的影响

目的观察5-氮杂胞苷诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化,并探讨流体剪切力对诱导过程的影响。方法贴壁法从大鼠骨髓中分离骨髓间充质干细胞,进行纯化传代培养,取第4代骨髓间充质干细胞以3、5、10、15及20μmol/L 5-氮杂胞苷分别作用12、24及48 h,用免疫荧光法鉴定分化的心肌样细胞α-肌动蛋白表达率,10μmol/L作用24 h为最佳诱导浓度。通过建立流体剪切力模型,设立以下四组:不加载流体剪切力组、加载5 dyn/cm2流体剪切力组、加载15 dyn/cm2流体剪切力组和加载25 dyn/cm2流体剪切力组,作用24 h,倒置显微镜观察诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞形态的变化,4周后逆转录聚合酶链反应测定分化的心肌样细胞心肌肌钙蛋白ImRNA的表达。结果骨髓间充质干细胞随着传代逐渐变成梭形,5-氮杂胞苷诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞胞体逐渐增大并伸出细长突起,部分相邻细胞的突起连接成网,形态学上表现出向心肌细胞方向转化的特征。免疫荧光显示α-肌动蛋白表达阳性。经过流体剪切力作用细胞后,心肌肌钙蛋白I的表达增高,阳性条带均比未进行力学刺激的细胞表达明显,以15 dyn/cm2剪切力最明显。但是25 dyn/cm2剪切力作用结果并没有随着力的增大而增大。结论 5-氮杂胞苷可以诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化,5-氮杂胞苷可联合剪应力诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化,且诱导效果优于单独使用5-氮杂胞苷。     

骨髓干细胞诱导转化成心肌细胞的实验研究

目的探讨骨髓基质干细胞(BMCs)在5-氮杂胞苷(5-aza)的作用下是否能向心肌细胞转化。方法用梯度离心法分离大鼠BMCs;用不同浓度的5-氮胞苷对BMCs进行体外诱导转化,并使用心肌特异性抗体(肌钙蛋白I和肌凝蛋白重链)对诱导后的BMCs进行免疫组织化学染色,光镜和电镜观察。结果分离培养后的BMCs生长密集,形态呈纺锤状,在5μmol/L和10μmol/L 5-aza的诱导下分化成类心肌细胞,前者诱导后生长更好。HE染色细胞质嗜酸性,免疫组织化学染色心肌特异性抗体阳性。电镜发现胞核居细胞中央,肌丝和幼稚肌结形成。结论在5-aza的诱导下,BMCs能转化成心肌细胞,5μmol/L 5-aza的诱导效果更好。     

骨髓间质干细胞心肌分化过程中细胞内钙离子浓度的变化

目的研究骨髓间质干细胞心肌分化前、后钙离子浓度变化。方法用5-杂氮胞苷(5-azacytidine)体外诱导猪骨髓间质干细胞使之向心肌分化；ELASA法测定分化前、后细胞内心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)变化；应用离子图像分析系统测定分化前、后细胞内钙离子浓度变化。结果(1)经5-杂氮胞苷诱导后细胞形态发生变化；(2)诱导后第3周起细胞内cTnⅠ明显增高；(3)诱导组细胞内钙离子浓度较对照组高，且诱导前后细胞内钙释放机制不同。结论骨髓间质干细胞体外经5-杂氮胞苷诱导后可具有心肌细胞的某些特性，这一过程与钙信号有关。     

5-氮胞苷体外诱导骨髓间质干细胞分化为心肌细胞的实验研究

目的观察5-氮胞苷对骨髓间质干细胞(BMMSC)体外向心肌细胞诱导分化的影响.方法分离大鼠BMMSC体外培养,使用终浓度为10 μmol/L的5-氮胞苷(5-aza)对其定向诱导,观察细胞形态学的变化,荧光免疫组织化学方法进行鉴定,电镜观察细胞的超微结构.结果BMMSC体外经5-aza诱导4周,肌钙蛋白及Connexin43表达阳性,电镜下在部分细胞内肌节样结构及细胞间形成缝隙连接.结论BMMSC可以在体外经5-氮胞苷诱导分化为心肌细胞.     

5-氮杂胞苷诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞的实验研究

目的 :观察 5 氮杂胞苷 （5 Azacytidine）能否诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞及其分化率 ,并探明骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞外 ,尚有哪些细胞类型存在 ?方法 :以成年SD大鼠为研究对象 ,分离单个核细胞 ,用 5 氮杂胞苷诱导骨髓间充质干细胞的分化。通过倒置显微镜观察受到诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞形态的变化 ,用免疫组化的方法标测分化的心肌样细胞的肌钙蛋白I（troponinI）和结蛋白 （desmin）是否存在 ?并用放免试剂盒测定分化的心肌样细胞能否分泌心房钠尿肽 ,透射电镜可以观察到分化的心肌样细胞内是否有肌丝和肌丝团的存在 ,RT PCR方法可以测定分化的心肌样细胞是否有Nkx2 .5和troponinI的cDNA的表达 ?从不同的层面鉴定诱导分化的心肌样细胞是否具有心肌细胞的特性和功能 ?并用流式细胞仪测定分化的心肌样细胞占细胞总数的百分比。结果 :① 5 氮杂胞苷可以诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞。②在骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞的过程中 ,有部分成纤维细胞生长和未分化的单个核细胞存在。结论 :5 氮杂胞苷可以诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞 ,5 氮杂胞苷诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞后再做细胞移植 ,可能有改善受损心脏的功能。     

人外周血单个核细胞向心肌样细胞分化的研究

目的通过体外直接培养人外周血单个核细胞(MNCs),并应用5-氮杂胞苷诱导其分化,探讨MNCs经过培养和诱导能否向心肌样细胞分化。方法以Ficoll密度梯度离心法从人外周血中分离出MNCs,于含20%FBS的DMEM培养液中培养,第3天以10μmol/L的5-氮杂胞苷诱导24 h。第14天,对于所培养的贴壁细胞行肌球蛋白、α-肌节肌动蛋白、结蛋白和肌钙蛋白T的免疫细胞化学染色;逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测细胞是否表达-αMHC和-βMHC等基因;同时作CD34、AC133和α-肌节肌动蛋白的流式细胞计数分析(FACS)。结果培养第14天开始纺锤形贴壁细胞数量明显增多,并聚集成簇。免疫细胞化学染色法显示肌球蛋白、α-肌节肌动蛋白、结蛋白和肌钙蛋白T均呈阳性。RT-PCR结果显示经5-氮杂胞苷诱导分化后的MNCs存在α和-βMHC基因的表达。FACS显示,CD34阳性或AC133阳性率为(53.04±5.60)%、α-肌节肌动蛋白阳性率为(42.70±11.73)%。结论体外培养并经5-氮杂胞苷诱导后的MNCs既具有心肌样细胞的部分特点,又具有干细胞的部分特征。在适当的条件下,MNCs有向心肌样细胞分化的潜能。     

骨髓间质干细胞体外诱导为心肌细胞的实验研究

目的:探讨骨髓间质干细胞(MSCs)体外诱导分化为心肌细胞的可行性,为心肌梗死治疗提供理想的细胞材料。方法:分离大鼠下肢骨获取MSCs进行培养;5-氮胞苷(5-aza)诱导24h后继续培养;免疫细胞化学检测细胞对连接蛋白-43和α横纹肌肌动蛋白的表达;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进一步了解心肌细胞特异性蛋白的表达。结果:MSCs经5-aza诱导后,细胞形态不规则;诱导后3周10μmol/L 5-aza组细胞连接蛋白-43、α横纹肌肌动蛋白表达阳性。RT-PCR显示10μmol/L 5-aza诱导后3周的细胞可表达心肌肌钙蛋白I、α心肌肌动蛋白。结论:MSCs体外经5-aza诱导后可分化为心肌细胞。     

犬骨髓间叶干细胞体外定向诱导分化心肌细胞的实验研究

目的:旨在建立骨髓间叶干细胞(MSCs)体外定向诱导分化心肌细胞的方法,为心肌疾患的移值修复治疗提供成体干细胞来源.方法:利用Percoll密度梯度法及MSCs黏附贴壁生长特性进行分离培养与扩增骨髓MSCs,并予以鉴定证实.应用5-氮胞苷对培养早期的骨髓MSCs进行定向诱导分化心肌细胞.通过细胞形态学、细胞免疫组化、透射电镜等技术观察分化细胞的肌管,心肌细胞特异性蛋白与细胞特异性超微结构以鉴定诱导分化的效果.结果:利用Percoll密度梯度法与细胞黏附贴壁生长特性,可分离培养与扩增足量骨髓MSCs.应用化学诱导剂5-氮胞苷10～20 μmol/L孵育早期培养的骨髓MSCs4～5周,可见细胞形成肌管;肌细胞特异性蛋白α-肌动蛋白,肌球蛋白以及心肌细胞特异性分子标志肌钙蛋白I免疫组化染色阳性;透射电镜可见肌丝与房性颗粒.结论:骨髓MSCs可在体外5-氮胞苷的诱导下定向转化为具有典型结构的心肌细胞.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.