Inhibitory effect of enamel matrix derivative on osteoblastic differentiation of rat calvaria cells in culture

Background and Objective:  The effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on bone differentiation remains unclear. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF - β1) is reported to be contained in EMD. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of EMD on osteoblastic cell differentiation and the possible role of TGF - β1.
Material and Methods:  Fetal rat carvarial cells were treated with 10, 50 or 100 µg/ml EMD for 5–17 days. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone nodule formation were measured, and mRNA expressions of bone matrix proteins and core binding factor were analysed.
Results:  Enamel matrix derivative inhibited ALP activity from the early stage of culture (29–44% inhibition) on days 5 and 10 and decreased bone nodule formation by 37–67% on day 17. These effects of EMD were concentration dependent. Enamel matrix derivative inhibited mRNA expression of osteocalcin and core binding factor. A high level of the active form of TGF - β1 protein was detected in the conditioned medium treated with 100 µg/ml EMD. Treatment with TGF - β1 antibody partly restored the inhibitory effect of EMD on ALP activity.
Conclusion:  Enamel matrix derivative inhibited the osteoblastic differentiation of rat carvarial cells and this was partly mediated by an increase in the activated form of TGF - β1, suggesting that EMD may function initially to inhibit osteoblastic differentiation to allow a predominant formation of other periodontal tissues.     

Dlx2在MC3T3-E1细胞成骨分化过程中的作用

目的:探讨Dlx2(distal-less homeobox 2)基因过表达对体外培养的小鼠前成骨细胞系MC3T3-E1 向成骨方向分化的影响.方法:构建Dlx2过表达的反转录病毒载体,测序验证.体外病毒转染MC3T3-E1后,以嘌呤霉素行抗性筛选稳定细胞株,以RT-PCR和Western印迹检测转染后细胞中Dlx2的表达.应用实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测Dlx2过表达对部分成骨相关基因(ALP、OCN、Runx2、Msx2)表达的影响.以碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性测定和茜素红染色法检测Dlx2过表达对MC3T3-E1细胞成骨分化的影响.采用SAS 6.04软件包对数据进行随机设计的方差分析.结果:本实验成功构建Dlx2过表达的反转录病毒载体,测序正确.体外转染后筛选出Dlx2稳定高表达细胞株MC3T3-E1-Dlx2,其mRNA和蛋白表达量显著高于对照组.在成骨诱导过程中,MC3T3-E1-Dlx2细胞ALP值在第4、7、14d均高于对照组细胞,茜素红染色显示实验组较对照组和空白组染色深.Dlx2过表达在成骨诱导早期能显著促进ALP和Msx2的表达(P<0.05),晚期则上调OCN表达(P<0.05),而Runx2表达无明显变化(P>0.05).结论:Dlx2过表达上调AIP、OCN等成骨相关基因的表达.促进MC3T3-E1细胞的成骨分化.     

浓缩生长因子提取液对钛片表面MC3T3-E1细胞增殖分化的影响

目的 探讨浓缩生长因子提取液（CGFe）对钛片表面MC3T3-E1细胞增殖分化的影响。方法 实验组使用含CGFe的α-MEM培养液（含10%胎牛血清）培养MC3T3-E1细胞,对照组则使用不含CGFe的α-MEM培养液（含10%胎牛血清）培养细胞。采用MTT法测定培养1、3、5 d时的细胞增殖情况,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性测定法检测培养3、5 d时的细胞分化情况;通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察培养12 h时细胞在钛片表面的形态;通过荧光实时定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）测定细胞培养3、7 d时核心结合蛋白因子2（Runx2）和成骨细胞特异性转录因子Osterix（Osx）基因的相对表达量。结果 MTT结果显示：随培养时间延长,细胞数量逐渐增加;各时间点实验组细胞的吸光度值均明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。ALP活性随着培养时间延长而增加,两个时间点实验组的吸光度值均明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。SEM观察：培养12 h时,实验组细胞在钛片表面的形态较对照组更加伸展。PCR结果显示：随着培养时间延长,两组细胞Runx2和Osx基因的表达量逐渐增加,两个时间点实验组的表达量均明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 CGFe能有效地促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖、分化及在钛片表面的伸展。     

抑菌浓度米诺环素对成骨细胞增殖、分化和矿化的影响

目的 研究抑菌浓度的米诺环素对成骨细胞增殖、分化和矿化及Runt相关转录因子2（Runx2）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨桥蛋白（OPN）mRNA表达的影响。方法 将米诺环素溶液（0、0.1、0.5、1、10 μg·mL^-1）与原代成骨细胞共培养,CCK-8检测增殖活性,通过ALP活性检测、茜素红染色、荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测探讨米诺环素对成骨细胞分化、矿化的影响。结果 0.1、0.5、1 μg·mL^-1的米诺环素可以促进细胞的增殖,上调ALP、Runx2 mRNA的表达水平,增加钙含量及钙化结节的形成,其中1 μg·mL^-1具有最大促进作用（P<0.05）;当浓度为10 μg·mL^-1时这种促进作用开始下降,并对ALP活性和OPN表达有显著抑制作用（P<0.01）。结论 适宜抑菌浓度的米诺环素能促进成骨细胞增殖,上调Runx2、ALP、OPN的表达水平,促进成骨细胞分化和矿化。     

Sequential induction of marrow stromal cells by FGF2 and BMP2 improves their growth and differentiation potential in vivo

Background

Repairing bone loss by autologous grafting requires that a patient's marrow stromal cells (MSCs) be collected and cultured until the number of cells is adequate for implantation. Currently used techniques allow a slow proliferation rate and produce a culture that contains only small amounts of pluripotent stem cells that will become osteoblasts in culture.

Objective

To develop culture conditions that permit a rapid increase in the number of MSCs while retaining or improving their potential for complete differentiation in vivo.

Results

Sequential applications of low doses of basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) improved the growth and differentiation potential of MSCs. FGF2 also elevated sensitivity of the cells to BMP2. BMP2 increased the syntheses of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I and bone sialoprotein, while FGF2 increased the expression of osteocalcin (OC). Full induction as determined by the formation of mineralised nodules in vitro was observed within 7 days. Seeding the induced cells onto scaffolds and then implanting them into nude mice resulted in newly formed bone 4 weeks later. The results of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting suggested that FGF2 increased the pool of committed osteoblasts by up-regulating the Cbfa1/Runx2 gene. The later stages of bone formation seemed to be induced by Cbfa1/Runx2-downstream factors such as BMP2, ALP, collagen type I, bone sialoprotein and OC.

Conclusion

The culture system that was developed increased both the proliferation of MSC and the proportion that developed into pre-osteoblasts.     

高浓度唑来膦酸对人成骨细胞成骨分化及凋亡影响的实验研究

目的研究高浓度唑来膦酸对体外分离的健康人下颌骨成骨细胞的影响。方法体外分离培养来源于健康人下颌骨的成骨细胞,取P3代成骨细胞,用1 μmol/L、5 μmol/L唑来膦酸分别处理,不加药组为空白对照。以CCK8检测细胞增殖,流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡,ALP染色及定量分析检测细胞成骨分化,荧光定量PCR检测成骨相关基因ALP、OPN和Runx2的表达,Western免疫印迹检测OPN蛋白的表达。采用SPSS16.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果唑来膦酸处理后的成骨细胞增殖减慢,5 μmol/L处理组较1 μmol/L组增殖更慢。药物处理后的细胞凋亡较对照组增加,且随着药物浓度的增加,凋亡百分比显著上升。1 μmol/L及5 μmol/L唑来膦酸处理后的成骨细胞的成骨分化能力较对照组显著下降。荧光定量PCR结果提示,药物处理后的成骨相关基因ALP、OPN和Runx2的表达显著降低。Western免疫印迹检测结果显示药物处理组OPN蛋白表达量显著下降。结论高浓度唑来膦酸抑制来源于人下颌骨成骨细胞的增殖及成骨分化,促进其凋亡发生。     

碱性磷酸酶和骨钙素在成骨过程中表达的定量研究

目的　定量分析碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨钙素(OC)在成骨过程中不同时期的表达,从而了解骨形成的进程, 为正畸治疗提供一些理论依据。方法　用雄性C57BL/6J小鼠建立骨折模型,并从新生的C57BL/6J小鼠头盖骨提 取初级成骨细胞,采用苏木精-伊红染色法,Northern blot法及Real Time PCR(定量PCR)法对骨形成过程进行体内 体外形态学及ALP、OC表达的分析。结果　骨折后ALP和OC的表达逐渐增加,第10天达高峰,其后开始下降;体 外初级成骨细胞培养发现ALP和OC的表达于第14天达高峰,随后开始下降,但至21 d时,两者仍维持在相当高的 水平。结论　ALP和OC在新骨形成过程中并不是无止境的增加,其表达随成骨细胞的不断分化而逐渐增加并随 成熟骨细胞的增多而下降。     

钛表面形貌和亲水性表面对成骨细胞增殖、分化的影响

目的:通过体外实验研究普通喷砂酸蚀纯钛表面和亲水性喷砂酸蚀纯钛表面对成骨细胞增殖、分化等生物学行为的影响。方法:纯钛片表面分别采用光滑处理(smooth pretreated Ti,PT)、大颗粒喷砂酸蚀表面处理(sand-blasted,large-grit,acid-etched,SLA)及亲水性化学活化大颗粒喷砂酸蚀表面处理(chemically-modified SLA,modSLA/SLActive),在表面接种MC3T3-E1成骨细胞,采用MTT、碱性磷酸酶半定量测试以及茜素红染色检测其对成骨细胞增殖、分化的影响,并采用实时荧光定量PCR检测成骨细胞在不同材料表面骨功能基因表达的差异。应用SAS 9.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:与光滑钛表面相比,普通喷砂酸蚀钛表面能通过促进ALP、钙基质的分泌和成骨功能基因(Runx2、OSX、OCN和OPN)的表达而显著抑制成骨细胞增殖并促进其分化。在表面粗糙度的基础上增加亲水性,可使这一效应更加明显。结论:表面粗糙度和亲水性是影响成骨细胞生物学行为的重要因素,粗糙钛表面能显著抑制成骨细胞增殖,促进其分化,亲水性的粗糙钛表面促进成骨细胞分化的作用更加显著。     

高度浓缩生长因子对MC3T3-E1成骨细胞生物学性能的影响

目的：观察高度浓缩生长因子（concentrated growth factor,CGF）对成骨细胞生物学性能的影响。方法：将MC3T3-E1细胞在CGF环境下进行培养,并设立空白对照组。扫描电镜观察成骨细胞在CGF表面的附着;培养1、4、7 d后,检测细胞增殖情况以及碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性;茜素红染色观察矿化结节和成骨相关基因Runx2的表达。CGF浸出液培养细胞24 h后,以鬼笔环肽染色观察细胞骨架的形态变化。采用 SPSS 21.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：CCK-8比色显示,培养1、4、7 d,在相同时间点,实验组与对照组相比,CGF细胞增殖活性显著增强（P< 0.05）。ALP活性检测显示,培养1 d后,实验组与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）;培养4、7 d后,实验组与对照组相比,ALP活性具有显著差异（P<0.05)。茜素红染色显示,CGF组钙化结节数量增多且面积较大。鬼笔环肽染色和DAPI染色可见,CGF组中细胞数量增多,细胞铺展面增大,肌动蛋白形态更为清晰。CGF可促进Runx2 mRNA表达（P<0.05）。结论：CGF可促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖、分化以及Runx2的表达。     

Epidermal growth factor and bone morphogenetic proteins upregulate osteoblast proliferation and osteoblastic markers and inhibit bone nodule formation

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro osteogenic activity of EGF in association with bone morphogenetic proteins BMP2 and BMP7.

Methods

SaOS-2 (osteoblast-like cell line from human osteosarcoma) were cultured in the presence of EGF and BMPs for various culture periods to assess (a) cell proliferation by MTT assay, (b) Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNA expression using quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA, and (c) bone tissue mineralization using Alizarin Red staining.

Results

EGF alone was able to stimulate osteoblast growth in a time-dependent manner. When mixed with BMP2, BMP7, and their combination, EGF greatly promoted osteoblast growth, compared to the BMP- and EGF-stimulated cells, suggesting a possible synergistic effect between EGF and BMPs on osteoblast growth. Stimulation with EGF, EGF/BMP2, and EGF/BMP2/BMP7 for 7 days upregulated Runx2 mRNA expression by the osteoblasts. EGF downregulated ALP mRNA expression, which was recovered when the BMP2/BMP7 combination was added to the osteoblast culture. Tested on OC mRNA expression, EGF had no effect and inhibited the enhancing effect of BMP2 and BMP7 on osteocalcin expression. The bone mineralization assay showed that EGF reduced both the number and size of the bone nodules. This reducing effect was observable even in the presence of BMP2 and BMP7.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that EGF may act in the early phase to promote osteoblast growth and specific marker expression rather than the late phase involving cell differentiation/mineralization.     

成骨细胞与血管内皮细胞联合培养对成骨细胞功能的影响

目的　探讨不同比例兔成骨细胞(ROB)与血管内皮细胞(RVEC)直接联合共培养后,对成骨细胞功能的影 响。方法　取兔成骨细胞与血管内皮细胞,将两者分为4组分别以1∶0、1∶1、2∶1、4∶1直接联合共培养于培养皿中, 通过对细胞内碱性磷酸酶活性(ALP)测定和培养液中骨钙素(OC)定量测定,观察血管内皮细胞对成骨细胞功能的 影响。结果　成骨细胞与血管内皮细胞直接联合共培养相容性良好,2∶1的细胞比例组ALP活性及OC含量较其 他各组明显增高。结论　在体外直接联合共培养的体系中,血管内皮细胞有明显促进成骨细胞活性的作用。     

不同浓度无机磷对MC3 T3-E1细胞系成骨及破骨相关基因表达的影响

目的：探讨不同浓度的无机磷液对体外培养MC3T3-E1细胞的成骨和破骨相关基因mRNA表达的影响。方法：体外常规培养MC3T3-E1细胞。根据所用培养液外加无机磷浓度的不同,将实验细胞分为4组：0 mM组（对照组）、1 mM组、3 mM组和5 mM组。每组设3个复孔,培养48 h后收取细胞标本,通过Real-time PCR检测MC3T3-E1细胞成骨和破骨相关基因mRNA的表达。结果：与对照组相比,成骨相关基因ALP、BSP、OC及OSXmR-NA的表达在1 mM组和3 mM组增加,而在5 mM组则减少,差异具有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）;成骨抑制基因SOST及破骨相关基因CTSK、TRAPmRNA的表达,在1 mM 组、3 mM 组和5 mM 组都增加,差异具有统计学意义（ P ＜0.05）。结论：高浓度（5 mM）的无机磷环境对MC3T3-E1细胞的成骨相关基因表达起显著抑制作用,对破骨相关基因表达起显著增强作用,提示高浓度无机磷抑制MC3T3-E1细胞的成骨活性。     

成骨细胞中Runx2对机械离心力刺激的响应

目的研究机械离心力刺激对MC3T3-E1细胞中Runx2表达的影响,探讨成骨细胞将力学刺激转化为生化响应过程中骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）信号转导通路的作用。方法将MC3T3-E1细胞分成A、B、C、D组,分别使用含10%胎牛血清、10%胎牛血清、100 ng·mL-1 Noggin和100 ng·mL-1 Noggin的DEME培养基预处理24 h,对B、D组加载271×g离心力5 min,A、C组不进行离心加力,其余条件相同。30 min后4组分别同时收获细胞,提取总RNA,并逆转录为cDNA,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测Runx2基因表达情况。结果B组Runx2 mRNA表达较A组明显增高（P<0.05）,D组Runx2 mRNA表达比B组表达明显降低（P<0.05）,A、C、D组间表达水平比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.692）。结论BMP信号转导通路参与成骨细胞对机械离心力刺激的响应过程,并可能在成骨细胞对力学信号引起的信息传递级联反应中扮演重要角色。     

骨形态发生蛋白7在高糖环境下对成骨细胞分化的影响

目的:研究对于重组人骨形态发生蛋白7(bone morphogenetic protein7,BMP7)在持续稳定高糖环境下对成骨细胞生物学性能及成骨活性的影响。方法:细胞取小鼠颅顶前成骨细胞亚克隆14(MC3T3-E1Subclone 14,MC3T3),分为4组:正常生理糖浓度组(葡萄糖浓度为5.5 mmol/L)为对照组,生理糖浓度+BMP7组高糖组(葡萄糖浓度为5.5 mmol/L,BMP7浓度为100 μg/L)(葡萄糖浓度为25 mmol/L),高糖+BMP7组(葡萄糖浓度为25 mmol/L,BMP7浓度为100 μg/L)。甲基噻唑基四唑(MTT)法检测不同条件培养后1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d后的细胞增殖情况,成骨诱导检测细胞碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性。罗丹明-鬼笔环肽染色后以激光共聚焦显微镜观察MC3T3细胞骨架于BMP7作用24h后的形态变化,荧光实时定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)检测BMP7作用48 h后成骨基因特异性转录因子2(Runx2),骨钙素(osteocalcin,OCN)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的mRNA表达。结果:MTT实验显示25 mmol/L葡萄糖可抑制MC3T3增殖(P<0.05),加入BMP7后可提高细胞增值率(P<0.05)。并可上调高糖导致的ALP活性下降。细胞骨架观察结果显示,对照组细胞骨架成束状铺开,交织成网,较为均匀。高糖组细胞微丝解聚成团状,模糊不清。RT-qPCR结果显示BMP7可促进MC3T3细胞的ALP、OCN及Runx2(P<0.05)的表达。结论:持续稳定高糖环境能够抑制成骨细胞的增殖及ALP活性,影响细胞骨架结构,抑制成骨基因表达,添加BMP7可以在不同程度上反转该趋势,但仍较正常水平低。