联合抑制Notch2和MEK/ERK通路对胃癌细胞增殖的影响

目的探讨Notch2和MEK/ERK信号通路在胃癌细胞SGC-7901中是否存在交叉作用。方法采用体外化学合成的特异性针对Notch2的siRNA(Notch2siRNA)和丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MEK)/细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)信号通路的抑制剂PD98059,分别单独和联合处理体外培养的胃癌SGC-7901细胞,以转染阴性对照siRNA(control siRNA)细胞作为siRNA对照组,并设不给予任何转染的空白对照组。免疫印迹(Western Blotting)法检测磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK)1/2和Notch2蛋白的表达水平。比色法(MTT)检测癌细胞增殖抑制率。结果Notch2siRNA能降低蛋白Notch2的表达水平,并抑制癌细胞增殖[(38.26±1.82)%],而p-ERK的表达水平则较对照组增加。PD98059能降低p-ERK的表达水平,并抑制癌细胞的增殖[(30.05±3.16)%],Notch2水平则无明显变化,联合应用Notch2siRNA和PD98059能明显降低p-ERK和Notch2蛋白的表达水平,与Notch2siRNA或PD98059单独应用比较,显著抑制癌细胞增殖率,差异有统计学意义[(72.55±5.30)%,P0.01]。结论特异性抑制Notch2信号通路,且抑制MEK/ERK通路可进一步增强抑制Notch2通路的抗肿瘤增殖效果,提示MEK/ERK和Notch2 2条信号通路在胃癌SGC-7901细胞中存在交叉作用。     

酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对大鼠缺血/再灌注损伤肠上皮细胞丝裂素活化蛋白激酶的影响

目的 观察外源性酸性成纤维细胞生长因子（aFGF）对大鼠缺血／再灌注（I／R）损伤后肠上皮细胞丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）活性的影响，并探讨其与肠上皮细胞增殖能力变化的关系。方法 采用大鼠肠系膜上动脉夹闭法制备缺血45min后再灌注动物模型。132只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、I／R组、aFGF处理组（再灌注即刻颈静脉注射aFGF 4μg）及细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶（ERK1／2）阻断剂PD98059预处理组（缺血前尾静脉注射PD98059 7．5μg，再灌注即刻静脉注射aFGF 4μg）。检测缺血前，I／R15、30min及1、2、6、12和24h时肠上皮细胞增殖能力和MAPK活性。结果 aFGF处理后肠上皮细胞增殖明显增加，同时MAPK活性显著增高。用p44／p42MAPK（ERK1／2）阻断剂PD98059可抑制ERK1／2的活性，使肠上皮细胞增殖减少。结论 aFGF可促进I／R损伤后肠上皮细胞增殖，并可能与其激活肠上皮MAPK有关。     

PD98059对高原红细胞增多症患者骨髓CD71~+、CD235a~+有核红细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:研究Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK信号通路蛋白激酶MEK特异性抑制剂PD98059对高原红细胞增多症(HAPC)患者骨髓CD71~+、CD235a~+有核红细胞增殖和凋亡影响及HAPC发病机制。方法:采用免疫磁珠法分选16例HAPC患者及16例对照者骨髓CD71~+、CD235a~+有核红细胞,分别加入5、10和20μmol/L不同浓度PD98059及DM SO溶剂,低氧培养72 h,以Annexin V和PI双染流式细胞术测定细胞凋亡,CCK8检测细胞增殖。同时观察加入5、10和20μmol/L等不同浓度PD98059及DMSO溶剂对骨髓单个核细胞(BMMNC)红系集落形成能力。结果:HAPC患者骨髓CD71~+、CD235a~+有核红细胞凋亡率随PD98059浓度增加上升(r=0.807,P0.01);增殖率随PD98059浓度增加而下降(r=0.502,P0.01)。HAPC患者骨髓BM M NC红系集落形成率随PD98059浓度增加而下降(r=0.504,P0.01),7和14 d时各组比较均有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:M EK特异性抑制剂PD98059对HAPC患者CD71~+、CD235a~+有核红细胞具有抑制增殖、促进凋亡作用,对红细胞过度积累有一定的抑制作用。     

丝裂原细胞外信号反应激酶阻断剂对缺氧诱导人视网膜色素上皮细胞增殖的影响

目的:观察特异性丝裂原细胞外信号反应激酶1(MEK1)阻断剂(PD98059)对缺氧刺激的人视网膜色素上皮细胞增殖的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法:实验于2004-11/2005-11在江苏省人民医院中心实验室完成。①利用体积分数为0.95的N2和0.05的CO2混合气体建立培养的人视网膜色素上皮细胞细胞缺氧模型。②用3种不同浓度(10,50和100μmol/L)的P42/P44MAPK特异性阻断剂PD98059处理视网膜色素上皮细胞细胞。③在缺氧24h后用四甲基偶氮唑盐的方法检测细胞的增殖情况。④用反转录-聚合酶链反应的方法检测周期蛋白DmRNA的表达。⑤收集细胞进行流式细胞仪的检测,判断细胞的周期情况。结果:①缺氧刺激24h后视网膜色素上皮细胞增殖,缺氧组比正常组增加4.71%。②PD98059对视网膜色素上皮细胞细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用,并具有浓度依赖性;与缺氧组相比,缺氧 10mmol/L组、缺氧 50mmol/L组及缺氧 100mmol/L组抑制率分别是5.11%,11.66%和16.36%。③缺氧24h后,细胞周期蛋白DmRNA的浓度明显增加,不同浓度的PD98059对周期蛋白D的mRNA生成有明显的抑制作用,并且呈浓度依赖性,缺氧组与正常组比较周期蛋白D增加26.67%,与缺氧组比较,缺氧 10mmol/L组、缺氧 50mmol/L组及缺氧 100mmol/L组抑制率分别为18.93%,37.72%,57.58%。④缺氧时DNA合成前期细胞明显增多,细胞的增殖减少。结论:P42/P44MAPK信号转导通路可能通过对周期蛋白D的影响抑制缺氧时视网膜色素上皮细胞的增殖。     

电磁场作用下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化与增殖

目的研究15Hz 1mT的正弦波电磁场对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）的细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）和丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶（MAPK）p38的激活规律及相互作用特点,探讨ERK和p38 MAPK信号通路在电磁场促成骨效应中的作用。 方法选取第3代体外分离培养的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,分为对照组、曝磁组、曝磁+PD98059组和曝磁+SB202190组四个大组。曝磁组细胞置于带有电磁发生器的培养箱中培养,曝磁+PD98059组和曝磁+SB202190组细胞分别加入ERK信号通路阻断剂PD98059和p38 MAPK信号通路阻断剂SB202190后再置入带有电磁发生器的培养箱中培养,对照组细胞正常培养。用免疫印迹（Western blot）法检测ERK和p38 MAPK的蛋白表达及磷酸化水平变化。按照细胞碱性磷酸酶（ALP）试剂盒说明书操作步骤对各组细胞ALP活性进行检测,其活性变化可间接反映细胞的分化成骨活性;用噻唑蓝比色法检测各组细胞的增殖活性变化。 结果①电磁场作用下,骨髓间充质干细胞内p38 MAPK信号通路可被快速激活,曝磁15min后出现p38磷酸化水平升高（P<0.05）;加用SB202190后,再行电磁场刺激,细胞内p38磷酸化水平仍然维持在较低水平,与曝磁组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。②与对照组比较,曝磁5d后细胞内ALP活性显著升高(P<0.05),SB202190可明显阻断该效应(P<0.05)。③与对照组比较,曝磁3d后骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖活性明显升高(P<0.05),SB202190不能阻断该效应(曝磁+SB202190组与曝磁组比较,P>0.05)。④SB202190阻断p38 MAPK信号通路并曝磁5min后,ERK MAPK磷酸化水平明显强化(P<0.05);PD98059阻断ERK MAPK信号通路并曝磁30min后,p38 MAPK磷酸化水平明显强化(P<0.05)。 结论ERK和p38 MAPK信号通路分别参与了电磁场对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和分化成骨过程的调节,并在电磁场作用下两通路表现出串扰现象。     

抑制ERK1途径对支气管上皮细胞谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶表达的影响

目的探讨抑制ERK1传导路径对支气管上皮细胞谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-GCS)合成的影响。方法用4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE)做刺激原,分为10μmol/L4-HNE、50μmol/LPD98059(MEK1抑制剂)孵育+10μmol/L4-HNE、正常对照组分别作用支气管上皮细胞0.5、2、4、8、12h后,检测细胞γ-GCSmRNA和蛋白的表达水平;10μmol/L4-HNE刺激细胞0.5、2、4、8、12h后,检测磷酸化JNK、P38MAPK、ERK1/2、活化蛋白-1(AP-1)活性;观察MEK1抑制剂PD98039对AP-1结合活性的影响。结果 10μmol/L4-HNE、50μmol/LPD98059孵育+10μmol/L4-HNE、正常对照组2、4、8、12h,细胞γ-GCS和γ-GCSmRNA表达三组差异有统计学意义,50μmol/LPD98059孵育+10μmol/L4-HNE较其他两组增加。10μmol/L4-HNE刺激0.5、2、4、8、12h组细胞磷酸化ERK1/2水平,AP-1结合活性较对照组增强。PD98059孵育后,4-HNE作用0.5、2、4、8、12h后,AP-1结合活性较未用PD98059孵育4-HNE刺激组降低。结论 MEK1抑制剂PD98059可以抑制支气管上皮细胞16-HBE细胞内ERK1-AP1信号传导通路,对4-HNE引起支气管上皮细胞γ-GCS合成有促进作用,阻断AP-1途径后支气管上皮细胞并不能减少γ-GCS的表达。     

ERK1/2信号通路阻断剂PD98059对慢性高原病患者骨髓有核红细胞中Ras、BRaf、MEK、ERK1/2表达的影响

目的:探讨ERK1/2信号通路阻断剂PD98059对Ras、B型丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(BRaf)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MEK)、细胞信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)表达的影响,以期为慢性高原病(chronic mountain sickness,CMS)的基础研究和临床治疗探讨新的途径。方法:选取CMS患者16例,取骨髓液分离单个核细胞,以CD71与CD235a抗体磁珠分选阳性细胞,将细胞分为5组:空白对照组、DMSO溶剂组及PD98059 5、10和20μmol/L组。在低氧条件下培养72 h,应用ELISA法测定培养骨髓有核红细胞上清液中Ras-GTP水平,RT-PCR法测定骨髓有核红细胞中BRaf、MEK、ERK1/2 mRNA的表达,Western blot方法检测骨髓有核红细胞中p-BRaf、p-MEK、pERK1/2蛋白表达。结果:PD98059对各组Ras-GTP的水平无明显影响(P=0.798)。溶剂组与空白对照组相比,BRaf、MEK mRNA的表达水平差异无统计学意义(P=0.826、P=0.298)。与PD98059 20 mol/L比较,其余4组ERK1/2 mRNA的表达水平差异有统计学意义(P=0.001、P=0.002)。溶剂组与空白对照组相比,p-BRaf、p-MEK蛋白的表达差异无统计学意义(P=0.370、P=0.351)。与PD98059 20 mol/L比较,其余4组p-ERK1/2蛋白水平差异有统计学意义(P0.001、P0.007)。结论:PD98059能下调骨髓有核红细胞ERK1/2 mRNA及p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达。Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK 1/2通路是调控CMS骨髓有核红细胞的主要信号传导途径,可能参与了慢性高原病的发病过程。     

抑制ERK增强白血病和卵巢癌耐药细胞系化疗敏感性

为了研究细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracelluar regulated protein kinases，ERK)和端粒酶在白血病和卵巢癌细胞耐药中的作用，应用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率，应用端粒重复序列扩增法(TRAP)和生物发光分析法去除检测端粒酶活性，应用Weestern blot法检测磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白(ERK1和ERK2)表达水平。结果表明：ERK激酶1(MEK1)特异性抑制剂PD98059能增强HL-60／E6细胞对三尖杉酯碱(HRT)的敏感性，PD98059也能增强COCl／DDP细胞对顺铂(DDP)的敏感性。PD98059与化疗药物HRT和DDP均可以降低细胞内磷酸化ERK表达，抑制端粒酶活性，但PD98059与化疗药物的联合作用明显强于其各自的单独作用。结论：通过阻抑ERK通路，降低磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白表达水平，进而下调端粒酶活性，可以达到增强白血病和卵巢癌耐药细胞对HRT或DDP敏感性的目的。     

促性腺素释放素激动剂通过ERK MAPK途径调节In-R1-G9细胞胰高血糖素的分泌

目的研究促性腺素释放素激动剂(GnRHa)醋酸阿拉瑞林对In-R1-G9细胞分泌胰高血糖素的影响是否与促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路有关。方法无血清培养细胞24 h后,选用100 nmol/L GnRHa处理培养的In-R1-G9细胞0、5、10、20、30、60、90 min,用western blotting检测磷酸化胞外信号调节激酶(P-ERK)、总ERK(T-ERK)、磷酸化p38(P-p38)、β-ac-tin的表达。用ERK选择性抑制剂PD98059(50μmol/L)刺激细胞,用放射免疫法测定胰高血糖素的分泌水平。结果Gn-RHa刺激In-R1-G9细胞20 min后,p-ERK水平开始升高(P<0.05),在30 min时达到峰值,比对照组升高了169%(P<0.01),90 min恢复至正常水平;但P-p38与对照组比无显著性差异;PD98059组与本底对照(DMSO组)比较、GnRHa+PD98059组与GnRHa组比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05;P<0.01)。结论GnRHa可能通过ERK MAPK途径调控In-R1-G9细胞胰高血糖素的分泌,而不是通过p38 MAPK途径。     

骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与成骨分化中电磁场激活ERK通路的作用

背景:研究表明电磁场可调节骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖和分化,但其具体机制尚不清楚.目的:从ERK信号途径探讨电磁场诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与分化成骨的作用.方法:取第3代生长良好的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,暴磁组给予15 Hz、1 mT的正弦波电磁场刺激,PD98059+暴磁组在电磁场刺激前给予20 μmol/L ERK阻断剂PD98059,PD98059组仅给PD98059不进行电磁场刺激,对照组正常培养.电磁场刺激后,收集各组细胞,Western blot法检测ERK通路的活性,MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,碱性磷酸酶试剂盒检测细胞碱性磷酸酶活性.结果与结论:电磁场刺激后,细胞ERK1/2磷酸化水平、细胞的增殖活性、及碱性磷酸酶活性均明显升高(P < 0.01);PD98059可明显抑制ERK1/2磷酸化水平及细胞增殖活性的升高(P < 0.01),而在一定程度上提高细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性(P < 0.01).说明电磁场刺激可通过激活骨髓间充质干细胞ERK信号通路,并且主要通过该途径促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖;而在脉冲电磁场促进骨髓间充质干细胞分化成骨的过程中,激活ERK信号通路所起的作用较小.     

Sensitization of breast cancer cells to radiation by trastuzumab

HER2, a member of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family, not only plays important roles in the progression of breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis, but may protect cancer cells from conventional cytotoxic therapies as well. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of targeting HER2 on radiosensitization of human breast cancer cells. Using six breast cancer cell lines with various levels of HER2 (BT474, SKBR3, MDA453, MCF7, ZR75B, and MDA468), we found that trastuzumab (Herceptin), a humanized monoclonal antibody that may inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation but does not induce apoptosis when used alone, enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis of the cells in a HER2 level-dependent manner. We furthered this study in MCF7 cells transfected for high levels of HER2 (MCF7HER2). Compared with parental or control vector-transfected MCF7 cells, MCF7HER2 cells showed increased phosphorylation of at least two important HER2 downstream molecules, protein kinase B/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and increased resistance to radiotherapy, as shown by reduced induction of apoptosis and increased cell clonogenic survival after radiation. Exposure of the cells to trastuzumab down-regulated the levels of HER2 and reduced phosphorylation levels of Akt and MAPK in MCF7HER2 cells, and sensitized these cells to radiotherapy. When specific inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and MAPK kinase (MEK) pathways were used, we found that exposure of MCF7HER2 cells to the PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 inhibited Akt phosphorylation and radiosensitized the cells, whereas the radiosensitization effect by the MEK inhibitor PD98059 was relatively weaker, albeit the phosphorylation of MAPK was reduced by PD98059 treatment. Our results indicate that the PI3-K pathway might be the major pathway for trastuzumab-mediated radiosensitization of breast cancer cells.     

Rat parathyroid hormone 1-34 signals through the MEK/ERK pathway to induce cardiac hypertrophy

This study aimed to characterize the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in cardiac hypertrophy induced by parathyroid hormone (PTH). Various concentrations of rat PTH1-34 were used to induce hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, and the effects were compared with control cells and those treated with PD98059, a selective inhibitor of MEK1. Hypertrophy was assessed in terms of cell diameter, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) mRNA expression and protein synthesis; the MEK/ERK pathway was assessed by measuring levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2. Treatment with PTH1-34 at 100 nM for 24 h effectively induced cardiac hypertrophy (increased cell diameter, protein synthesis and ANP mRNA expression) and also increased levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 compared with normal control cells. Treatment with PTH1-34 plus PD98059 significantly attenuated these changes. These results demonstrate that inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway blocks PTH1-34-induced cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting that PTH1-34 might signal through the MAPK pathway to induce hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes.     

VEGF通过细胞外信号调节激酶途径促进骨髓源间充质干细胞的增殖

本研究旨在探索血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)对间充质干细胞(MSC)增殖的影响及其可能的机制。采用经典的全骨髓贴壁法培养MSC,通过成骨、成脂肪等多向诱导分化以及流式细胞术分析其表面标记(CD45、CD34、CD90、CD29)等鉴定MSC特征;以培养的第3代MSC(P3MSC)为实验材料,采用MTT法分析20ng/ml的VEGF作用12、36、72小时对MSC增殖的影响;随后以细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)阻断剂50μmol/L PD98059或丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)阻断剂30μmol/L SB203580等分别处理P3MSC,观察VEGF是否通过p38MAPK或ERK1/2途径影响MSC的增殖。结果表明:培养的P3MSC表达PDGFR-α、PDGFR-β和NRP1,不表达VEGF-R(Flk1和Flt1)。P3MSC呈现CD90(96.7%)和CD29(94.6%)强阳性以及CD34(0.79%)和CD45(0.84%)阴性特征,具有成骨、成脂肪等多向分化能力;20ng/ml VEGF作用于MSC后,随着时间的延长,MSC增殖也逐渐增强,在72小时达峰值。在50μmol/L PD98059或30μmol/L SB203580处理后,VEGF所介导的MSC增殖效应被阻断,且在对照水平以下。PD98059阻断效应明显强于SB203580的阻断效应。结论:VEGF可能主要通过细胞外信号调节激酶途径调节MSC的增殖。     

Inhibition of angiotensin II- and endothelin-1-stimulated proliferation by selective MEK inhibitor in cultured rabbit gingival fibroblastsdagger

We investigated the implication of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in the proliferation stimulated by angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in cultured rabbit gingival fibroblasts (CRGF). Ang II stimulated activation of ERK1/2 and the activation was inhibited by CV-11974, an AT1 antagonist, and saralasin, an AT1/AT2 antagonist, but not by PD123,319, an AT2 antagonist in the CRGF. Ang II-stimulated proliferation was inhibited by PD98059 or U0126, selective MEK inhibitors. Furthermore, ET-1 stimulated proliferation via G-protein-coupled ETA receptors, which were identified by Western blot analysis of membrane protein from the CRGF. ET-1 also stimulated activation of ERK1/2 and the activation was inhibited by BQ-123, an ETA inhibitor, and TAK044, an ETA/ETB inhibitor, but not by BQ-788, an ETB inhibitor. ET-1-stimulated proliferation was inhibited by PD98059 or U0126. These findings suggest that ERK1/2 play a role in the signaling process leading to proliferation stimulated by Ang II and ET-1 via G-protein-coupled receptors, AT1 and ETA in CRGF.     

A new signaling mechanism of hepatocyte growth factor-induced endothelial proliferation

BACKGROUND: The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to promote endothelial cell proliferation. In this study, the signaling cascade responsible for the HGF-induced proliferation was examined. METHODS: The proliferation of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUCVEC) was determined using cell counts. Changes of the membrane potential were analyzed using the fluorescence dye DiBAC. Intracellular cGMP-levels were measured by means of [3H]-cGMP-radioimmunoassay. Phosphorylation of the p42/p44 MAP-kinase (MAPK) and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: A dose-dependent (1-30 ng mL(-1)) increase of HUCVEC proliferation with a maximum at a concentration of 15 ng mL(-1) was induced by HGF. This effect was significantly reduced by the addition of the K+ channel blocker iberiotoxin (100 nmol L(-1)), eNOS inhibitor L-NMMA (300 micromol L(-1)), or the MEK inhibitor PD 98059 (20 micromol L(-1)). A HGF-induced hyperpolarization that was blocked by iberiotoxin was observed. In addition, HGF-induced activation of the eNOS was blocked by the K+ channel inhibitor. An increase of +101% MAPK phosphorylation was induced by HGF, which was blocked, if the cells were treated with L-NMMA (n = 20; P < 0.05), whereas HGF-induced phosphorylation of the eNOS was not affected by MEK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatocyte growth factor modulates endothelial K+ channels causing an activation of the eNOS; the increase of nitric oxide is necessary for the phosphorylation of the MAPK inducing the proliferation of HUCVEC.     

Thrombopoietin is synergistic with other cytokines for expansion of cord blood progenitor cells

We investigated the effects of recombinant human thrombopoietin (TPO) in combination with various cytokines including erythropoietin (EPO), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and stem cell factor (SCF) on megakaryopoiesis, and the expansion of CD34+CD41a+ cells from human cord blood CD34+ cells with these cytokines under serum-free conditions. Human cord blood CD34+ cells were cultured in Megacult (Stem Cell Technologies Inc. Vancouver, Canada) in the presence of recombinant growth factors. Colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte (CFU-M) colonies were counted on day 14. CD34+CD41a+ and CD34-CD41a+ cell expansion was analyzed using a serum-free liquid culture system for 7 days with recombinant growth factors. TPO alone had a concentration-dependent effect on megakaryocyte colony growth. At concentrations above 1 ng/ml, TPO supported significant CFU-Meg colony formation in a concentration-dependent manner. The combination of TPO plus other cytokines, including EPO, IL-3, and SCF, resulted in a synergistic enhancement of the number of CFU-Meg colonies, but IL-6 failed to enhance the effect of TPO. The number of CD41a+ cells increased after 7 days in liquid culture of human cord blood CD34+ cells with various cytokines (EPO, IL-3, IL-6, SCF) combined with TPO, but SCF plus TPO only resulted in a significant synergistic increment of CD34+CD41a+ cells compared with TPO alone. The results of the present study indicate that EPO, IL-3, and SCF can be synergistic with TPO to stimulate proliferation of CFU-Meg and suggest that SCF plus TPO can expand CD34+CD41a+ cells to effect the rapid recovery of platelets in patients following stem cell transplantation.     

脑源性神经营养因子通过AKT和ERK1/2信号通路诱导内皮细胞血管生成

本研究探讨脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）促进血管新生的作用及其参与的信号通路,为抗肿瘤血管生成的研究提供新的实验依据。以人脐静脉内皮细胞为对象,采用Western blot方法检测细胞内磷酸化Akt、ERK1/2蛋白质的表达;采用Transwell小室迁移实验和管腔形成实验评价体外内皮细胞血管新生的能力,MTT法检测内皮细胞增殖活性,FITC-Annexin-Ⅴ/PI双染流式细胞术分析细胞调亡。结果表明：BDNF以时间依赖性的方式激活PI3K/Akt和MEK1/ERK信号通路。应用PI3K激酶抑制剂Ly294002、MEK1激酶抑制剂PD98059可以明显阻断BDNF对PI3K/Akt、MEK1/ERK信号通路的激活。100ng/ml的BDNF体外促内皮细胞血管新生能力与25ng/ml血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）相当,其中BDNF诱导的细胞迁移分别被Ly294002和PD98059阻断,其抑制率分别约为74%和36%;同样,Ly294002、PD98059可部分阻断BDNF诱导的小管形成效应,其阻断率分别约57%和37%;而BDNF的促增殖效应仅被PD98059拮抗,抑制凋亡效应仅受Ly294002影响。结论：BDNF在体外有促血管新生的作用。PI3K/Akt和MEK1/ERK信号通路以不同机制共同调节这一过程,其中PI3K/Akt信号通路起着更为重要的调节作用。