新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间全国儿科消化内镜开展情况调查

目的总结新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）疫情期间全国儿科消化内镜开展诊疗经验,为下一步临床诊疗工作提供防控指导。方法中华医学会消化内镜学分会儿科协作组对全国47所儿科消化内镜中心2020年1月24日—3月1日内镜诊治开展情况以问卷调查表的形式进行了调查。结果疫情期间,儿科消化内镜中心采用了停止常规内镜诊疗、严格术前流行病学排查、增加特殊术前检查、术前内镜医师会诊制度、候诊区管理、精简工作人员、不同岗位不同防护级别、特殊麻醉管理、重视诊疗区域消毒、加强内镜清洗消毒及医疗废物管理等防控措施。47所医院在2020年1月24日—3月1日38 d内共完成536例儿科消化内镜诊疗,其中治疗210例（39.2%）,诊断326例（60.8%）,未发生一例院内感染。结论COVID-19疫情期间,全国儿科消化内镜中心根据国家疫情防控政策及相关指南要求,结合儿科特点及医院实际情况,在严格把握内镜诊疗指征、严密防护的前提下,安全开展了儿科消化内镜诊疗。     

Adults with Congenital Heart Disease during the COVID-19 Era: One-Year Tertiary Center Experience

Background: Adult patients with congenital heart disease (ACHD) might be at high risk of Coronavirus disease- 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to report on a one-year tertiary center experience regards COVID-19 infection in ACHD patients. Methods: This is a one-year (March-2020 to March-2021) tertiary-center retrospective study that enrolled all ACHD patients; COVID-19 positive patients’ medical records, and management were reported. Results: We recorded 542 patients, 205 (37.8%) COVID-19-positive, and 337 (62.2%) COVID-19-negative patients. Palliated single ventricle and Eisenmenger syndrome patients were more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection (P < 0.05*). Cardiovascular COVID-19 complications were arrhythmias in 47 (22.9%) patients, heart failure in 39 (19.0%) patients, cyanosis in 12 (5.9%) patients, stroke/TIA in 5 (2.4%) patients, hypertension and infective endocarditis in 2 (1.0%) patients for each, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary embolism in 1 (0.5%) patient for each. 11 (5.4%) patients were managed with home isolation, 147 (71.7%) patients required antibiotics, 32 (15.6%) patients required intensive care unit (ICU), 8 (3.9%) patients required inotropes, 7 (3.4%) patients required mechanical ventilation, and 2 (1.0%) patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Thromboprophylaxis was given to all 46 (22.4%) hospitalized patients. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association classification revealed that complex lesions, and FC-C/D categories were more likely to develop severe/critical symptoms, that required mechanical ventilation and ECMO (P < 0.05*). Mortality was reported in 3 (0.6%) patients with no difference between groups (P = 0.872). 193 (35.6%) patients were vaccinated. Conclusions: COVID-19 infection in ACHD patients require individualized risk stratification and management. Eisenmenger syndrome, single ventricle palliation, complex lesions, and FC-C/D patients were more vulnerable to severe/critical symptoms that required ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and ECMO. The vaccine was mostly tolerable.     

Original research: Prioritisation of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic: outcomes of a novel triage pathway

ObjectiveThe 2-week-wait (2ww) referral pathway is used in England to fast-track patients with suspected colorectal cancer (CRC). A two-stage triage pathway was used to prioritise lower gastrointestinal (LGI) endoscopy for suspected CRC during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodAll patients referred for an LGI endoscopy via a 2ww referral pathway between March 2020 and July 2020 were assessed. The first stage triaged patients to high, standard or low risk of CRC based on symptoms and faecal immunochemical test (FIT), and offered CT scans to those at high risk. The second stage, endoscopy prioritisation (EP), incorporated the CT results, FIT and symptoms to triage into four groups, EP1–EP4; with EP1 being the most urgent and EP4 the least. The primary outcome measure was CRC detection.Results514 patients were included. The risk of CRC was triaged as high in 190/514 patients (37%), standard in 274/514 patients (53%) and low in 50/514 (10%) patients. 422/514 patients (82%) underwent endoscopy with triage to EP1 in 52/422 (12%), EP2 in 105/422 (25%), EP3 in 210/422 (50%) and EP4 in 55/422 (13%). CRC was detected in 23 patients (5.4%). CRC was significantly more frequent in the EP1 group (23.1%, relative risk (RR)=16.2) and EP2 group (6.7%, RR=4.7) compared with EP3 group (1.4%). All CRC lesions were identified by CT imaging when performed prior to LGI endoscopy.ConclusionThis triage pathway designated 83% of patients with CRC to either EP1 or EP2. During a period of limited endoscopy provision, this pathway effectively prioritises endoscopy for those at greatest risk of CRC.     

Barriers to using personal protective equipment by healthcare staff during the COVID-19 outbreak in China

The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world has put a heavy burden on human society and is also a great challenge facing medical staff. This study aimed to assess the difficulties faced by health care personnel (HCP) in using personal protective equipment (PPE) in clinical practice during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. One hundred twenty medical staff from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University presented to the Wuhan First Hospital to provide medical assistance, from whom 20 HCP volunteered to participate in a focus group discussion attended by infection control nurse leaders. Participants’ responses and discussions were recorded, and the content was analyzed for themes. Observed difficulties included inappropriate PPE sizes, the design of the PPE and its complexity of use, doubts related to the quality and effectiveness of PPE, potential risks during doffing, space layout between clean and contaminated area, and poor comfort with PPE use. Other factors, such as the support environment, management, processes, preparedness, HCP, and equipment can also have a positive or negative impact on the use of PPE. Future efforts to optimize PPE use should focus on strengthening training for HCP using real items for increasing compliance with standardized protocols, improving PPE design, and performing further research on the risks, benefits, and best practices of PPE use.     

Income and social support related with mental health during COVID-19 outbreak in China

To investigate psychological response of Chinese public during the regular prevention and control of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and explore the relationship among income loss, social support and mental health.Five hundred twenty-six participants were randomly selected by snowball sampling method. Chinese version of Perceived Psychological Stress Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale, self-rating anxiety scale, and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 were used to measure the levels of psychological stress, social support, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Demographic variables, income loss and income satisfaction during the outbreak period were also collected.The prevalence rate of anxiety, PTSD symptoms and stress problems were 19.8%, 23.8%, and 24.7% respectively. Multiple Regression Analysis illustrated that social support associated with stress, anxiety and PTSD after controlling demographic variables; for non-student samples, stress, anxiety, and PTSD were corelated with change in income and social support.During the regular prevention and control of COVID-19, social support might help reducing stress, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. In addition to social support, change of income level was also an important factor for mental health. This study suggested the importance of maintaining a steady income after acute outbreak of COVID-19.     

COVID-19 outbreak: An elusive enemy

A novel coronavirus, officially termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China, toward the end of 2019. Just four months later, more than 100,000 people were diagnosed with COVID-19, the resulting disease. The genetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that this virus is a new Betacoronavirus, closely related to bat-derived SARS-like coronaviruses. Clinical data from hospitals in China have revealed that approximately 10% of the infected patients have severe disease requiring intensive care. Since containment of the outbreak may have partially failed due to asymptomatic transmission, it is imperative to accelerate the development of rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutics for the COVID-19 epidemic.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎暴发期间儿科病房护理防控策略

2019年12月以来，新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease-2019, COVID-19）迅速在国内外传播，受感染人群短期内大幅增加，不仅包括成年人，还包括不同年龄段儿童，甚至新生儿。儿童因免疫系统发育不成熟、抵抗力低下，成为COVID-19易感人群之一，尤其是COVID-19流行期间住院患儿更易受感染。因此，做好儿科病房疫情期间的防控工作，采取切实可行措施对于预防和控制儿童感染新型冠状病毒显得尤为重要。本文根据国家卫生部门关于COVID-19疫情最新管理规定，结合本医院COVID-19防控经验，从护理角度探讨综合性医院儿科病房感染防控措施，为国内其他医院儿科病房疫情防控与护理工作提供参考。     

Worldwide management of hepatocellular carcinoma during the COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted hospital organization, with the necessity to quickly react to face the pandemic. The management of the oncological patient has been modified by necessity due to different allocation of nurses and doctors, requiring new strategies to guarantee the correct assistance to the patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma, considered as one of the most aggressive types of liver cancer, has also required a different management during this period in order to optimize the management of patients at risk for and with this cancer. The aim of this document is to review recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance and management, including surgery, liver transplantation, interventional radiology, oncology, and radiotherapy. Publications and guidelines from the main scientific societies worldwide regarding the management of hepatocellular carcinoma during the COVID-19 pandemic were reviewed.     

COVID-19 pandemic: Pathophysiology and manifestations from the gastrointestinal tract

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), caused by a newly identified β-coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a dire health problem, causing a massive crisis for global health. Primary method of transmission was firstly thought to be animal to human transmission. However, it has been observed that the virus is transmitted from human to human via respiratory droplets. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid(RNA) has been isolated from patient stools, suggesting a possible gastrointestinal(GI) involvement. Most commonly reported clinical manifestations are fever, fatigue and dry cough. Interestingly, a small percentage of patients experience GI symptoms with the most common being anorexia, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The presence of viral RNA in stools is also common and fecal tests can be positive even after negative respiratory samples. The exact incidence of digestive symptoms is a matter of debate. The distribution of Angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 receptors in multiple organs in the body provides a possible explanation for the digestive symptoms' mechanism. Cases with solely GI symptoms have been reported in both adults and children. Viral RNA has also been detected in stool and blood samples, indicating the possibility of liver damage, which has been reported in COVID-19 patients. The presence of chronic liver disease appears to be a risk factor for severe complications and a poorer prognosis, however data from these cases is lacking. The aim of this review is firstly, to briefly update what is known about the origin and the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but mainly to focus on the manifestations of the GI tract and their pathophysiological background, so that physicians on the one hand, not to underestimate or disregard digestive symptoms due to the small number of patients exhibiting exclusively this symptomatology and on the other, to have SARS-CoV-2 on their mind when the "gastroenteritis" type symptoms predominate.     

四川大学华西医院消化内镜中心新型冠状病毒肺炎 院内感染防控经验

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发后,四川大学华西医院快速制定内镜中心新型冠状病毒肺炎院内感染防控策略,及时成立专项防控小组,进行全员培训,快速启动应急机制,调整工作量和模式,建立患者三级筛查机制,加强职业防护,改进防护技术。疫情期间四川大学华西医院内镜中心未停止接诊患者,共完成筛查及诊治患者2138例。其中筛查发热患者12例,排查出无症状新型冠状病毒肺炎患者1例;未发生院内新型冠状病毒肺炎感染。对医护患三方进行全面检测与防护,通过"早发现、早诊断、早隔离"等多项措施为患者提供了安全的就医环境,实现了新型冠状病毒肺炎院内零感染。     

Preparedness for establishing COVID-19 services during acute emergency of COVID-19 pandemic: Experience of a tertiary care TB and respiratory diseases hospital

BackgroundThe ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) calls for setting up of well-equipped and dedicated health facilities to manage sick patients while protecting healthcare workers and the environment. An ideal high-level isolation unit requires a high level of administrative commitment, availability of space, human resource and logistics.MethodThe experience of setting up COVID-19 care facilities on a noticeably short period in a tertiary TB and respiratory diseases institute in wake of the COVID-19 pandemic is being shared here.ResultAll the essential COVID-19 services were set up in record time of 8 days. A total of 115 COVID-19 patients were admitted. Out of these 89 patients were discharged in a satisfactory condition. There were 19 deaths, and 4 patients became critical and had to be referred to level 3 facility for ICU care.ConclusionThis experience will help other hospitals in planning out the strategies and solve the difficulties they may face while opening a COVID-19 care facility under limited resources on an urgent basis.     

COVID-19疫情期间人群压力应对行为与焦虑、抑郁的关系

目的　探讨压力应对行为倾向与焦虑、抑郁的关系,为今后开展健康教育和心理干预提供证据及建议。方法　以年龄＞15岁男性为研究对象,采用分阶段整群抽样的方法,获得有效问卷4027份。压力应对行为采用自我报告的题目测量。焦虑自评量表和患者问卷抑郁量表用于测量心理健康状况。用多元Logistic回归模型检验变量间关系。用边际预测分析检验焦虑、抑郁对压力应对行为倾向的预测幅度。所有的分析均控制了城市间群组效应。结果　多元Logistic回归模型结果显示,与“不采纳”组相比,较高抑郁程度（偶尔采纳 OR=1.25,95%CI：1.21～1.28;有时采纳 OR=1.29,95%CI：1.22～1.37;经常采纳 OR=1.24,95%CI：1.18～1.31）和较高焦虑程度（偶尔采纳 OR=1.09,95%CI：1.07～1.10;有时采纳 OR=1.15,95%CI：1.11～1.18;经常采纳 OR=1.17,95%CI：1.14～1.20）与消极压力应对行为采纳倾向呈正相关。边际预测分析结果显示,抑郁对“偶尔采纳”者和“有时采纳”者行为采纳概率的边际回报持续增高,而焦虑则对“经常采纳”者有更明显的边际回报增高的趋势。结论　突发性公共卫生事件中应重视人群的不良心理状态及不适应对行为问题。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间性病艾滋病门诊管理策略探讨

新型冠状病毒肺炎（新冠肺炎）具有较高的传播性和易感性,而艾滋病患者群体免疫力低下,存在较高的感染风险。在新冠肺炎疫情的严重影响下,北京佑安医院与北京市疾病预防控制中心、医院社区志愿者协同,迅速调整疫情时期性病艾滋病门诊管理策略,制定应急制度和流程;确保区域防护到位,人员防护培训合格;针对艾滋病患者就诊现状和随访需求进行分类管理,因情施策,提供应急、咨询等服务。为滞留异地且正在接受抗病毒治疗的患者提供多渠道药品供给和咨询服务,保障了患者的抗病毒治疗及心理支持,目前无交叉感染发生,无纠纷和投诉情况。本策略可为突发公共卫生事件时期,艾滋病抗病毒治疗及防控提供参考。