良性胆道疾病再次手术的原因及对策(附119例报告)

目的：探讨良性胆道疾病再次手术的原因及对策。方法：对1988年6月至1998年6月十年间收治的119例良性胆道疾病再次手术病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：119例中接受2次手术者78例（65．55％），3次者30例（25．21％），4次以上者11例（9．24％），死亡4例（3．36％），初次手术方式，开腹胆囊切除术61例（51．26％），胆囊切除加胆总管探查术35例（29．41％），胆肠吻合术15例（12．61％），腹腔镜胆囊切除术8例（6．72％），再次手术的原因，残留或复发结石占首位，共43例（36．13％），胆管损伤或损伤性狭窄32例（26．98％），残留胆囊炎或伴结石23例（19．33％），胆肠吻合口狭窄13例（10．92％），Oddi括约肌狭窄4例（3．36％），其他原因4例（3．36％），结论：良性胆道疾病再次手术的对策；（1）提高术前确诊率，通过各种影像学及造影检查，详细了解胆道系统情况。（2）术中全面细致检查，充分运用胆道镜，胆道造影及术中B超检查，选择合理的术式，降低残石率。（3）根据胆道的损伤类型，合理把握初次手术时机，成形后的肝管空肠端侧Roux-en-Y吻合术是胆道重建术的最佳选择。     

术中纤维胆道镜治疗胆道结石常见失败原因及改进方法

目的分析术中胆道镜治疗胆道结石时碰到的问题和常见的失败原因以及改进方法。方法对1995年1月至2005年9月期间的762例曾经使用纤维胆道镜术中治疗胆道结石的病例进行分析和总结。结果762例患者中,136例术后有胆道结石残留,残余结石率为17．8％,其中术中已知结石残留55例,术后经T管造影和术后胆道镜证实有结石残留81例。81例中包括肝内胆管结石伴胆管开口狭窄29例,肝内胆管结石伴胆管变异39例,胆总管下段节段性狭窄伴结石13例。结论术中胆道镜治疗胆道结石时要注意有无胆道变异和病变胆管开口狭窄或胆总管下端节段性狭窄等情况,术中B超对降低结石漏诊率有帮助。在使用纤维胆道镜时,术者要耐心细致,按顺序逐支逐段地检视,对胆道应采用连续窥视的方法和导向钳夹法以尽量避免主观和客观因素引起的术后结石残留。     

The Value of Choledochoscopy in Exploration of the Common Bile Duct

Direct visualization of the biliary tree using choledochoscopy has been recommended as a technique to improve the accuracy of common duct exploration. In several series the incidence of retained biliary calculi has been dramatically reduced using choledochoscopy, and some authors have reported the findings of other unsuspected benign and malignant lesions as well. During an eight-year period 288 patients underwent exploration of the common bile duct specifically for calculous disease. Operative rigid choledochoscopy was performed in 140 patients in this group, with 79 found to have choledocholithiasis; seven retained stones occurred in this group for an incidence of 8.9%. Routine common duct exploration in the other 148 patients revealed 67 to have choledocholithiasis; six retained stones occurred in this group for an incidence of 9.0%. Though there was no difference in the incidence of retained stones with or without choledochoscopy, 20 patients were found to have stones missed during routine exploration once the rigid choledochoscope was inserted. In addition to the obvious value of the choledochoscope in identifying and removing common duct stones, it was also found to be an aid in removing stones in the intra-hepatic ducts and in clarifying atypical anatomy. Other causes of biliary obstruction such as a liver fluke, benign polyp, benign strictures, and ductal carcinomas were identified by use of biopsy forceps inserted through the choledochoscope. It is recommended that routine choledochoscopy be performed during common duct explorations and that surgical training programs insure that residents learn the technique of operative choledochoscopy.     

经T管窦道纤维胆道镜取石106例体会

目的 评估经T管窦道纤维胆道镜取出胆总管结石的临床价值。方法 肝外胆道结石术后带有T管引流的患者在拔掉T管之后，经T管窦道常规行纤维胆道镜检查，并取净残石。结果 106例病人一次取净结石103例，两次取净结石3例，无并发症发生。结论 术后经T管窦道取出胆总管残石的方法，安全，可靠，痛苦小。现已成为处理有T管窦道的胆总管残石的主要措施之一。     

纤维胆道镜在腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术中的应用

目的 探讨纤维胆道镜在腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术中的应用方法及疗效. 方法 回顾性分析我院2000年10月～2005年12月178例腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术中纤维胆道镜取石的临床应用体会. 结果 全部手术均于腹腔镜下完成,术后放置胆道内置引流管、胆总管一期缝合107例,余71例放置T管引流,无一例中转开腹,胆道镜检查取石时间平均31 min（6～92 min）,162例肝外胆管结石均于术中成功取净,术后1个月经B超检查内置管组107例中104例已排出,3例经胃镜取出,107例胆道内置引流管者随访3～51个月,平均27.8月,无胆道残余结石及胆道狭窄.16例肝内胆管结石术后检查发现胆管残余结石5例,均为术中已知残余结石,术后6周经T管窦道1～3次取出. 结论 腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术中熟练技巧应用纤维胆道镜,能可靠彻底地清除肝外胆管结石,疏通主要肝管,为胆道探查术后胆总管一期缝合提供了安全保障.     

纤维胆道镜观察胆管异位开口与残石

８５０例胆管结石术后患者．在因疑有残石或胆总管远端不明原因的梗阻而经Ｔ管窦道行纤胆镜检查与治疗过程中，发现５２例胆管异位开口．其中存有残石者５０例。异位开口和残石以右肝尤其是右后叶肝胆管为多见．右后叶肝胆管开口于左肝胆管，左尾叶肝胆管开口于右前叶肝胆管，这些异位开口给纤胆镜检查取石带来很大的难度和盲目性．     

腹腔镜和内窥镜联合治疗复发性胆总管结石

目的 :探讨腹腔镜和内窥镜联合治疗复发性胆总管结石的方法。方法 :回顾总结经内窥镜鼻胆管引流术 (ENBD)配合实施腹腔镜胆总管探查 (LCBDE)、Ⅰ期缝合术 (内衬ENBD导管 )治疗胆道术后复发性胆管结石 2 2例的临床资料。结果 :2 1例手术成功 ,1例中转开腹 ,全部Ⅰ期缝合胆总管探查切口。术后无残石及胆瘘等并发症。手术时间 1 5 7± 31 4min ,术后住院 9 6± 1 2d。随诊 1 7例未见复发。结论 :应用腹腔镜和内窥镜联合治疗胆总管复发结石安全、可行 ,体现了微创治疗的优点 ,但分离粘连及解剖、缝合胆总管较困难 ,治疗初期应适当放宽中转开腹手术的指征     

BENIGN BILIARY STRICTURES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS AND GALLSTONES

A series of twenty-seven patients with benign non-traumatic biliary strictures is presented. Fifteen strictures were associated with chronic pancreatitis, and were typically long, tapered Strictures of the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct. Twelve were associated with choledocho-lithiasis; these were usually short-segment and occurred both above and below stones in the duct. These strictures are important surgically, since they may produce pain, cholestasis and cholangitis, stone formation, and biliary cirrhosis. They may be difficult to distinguish from bile duct or pancreatic carcinomas. In the patients with chronic pancreatitis, treatment by biliary bypass was effective in the presence of cholestasis, but was ineffective for chronic pain. Treatment by biliary bypass or sphincteroplasty was highly effective in those patients with choledocholithiasis.     

Management of biliary complications after liver transplantation.

Biliary tract complications after liver transplantation are common, and the evaluation of newer treatment options compared with standard surgical treatment is important. In 62 liver transplants performed in 55 adult patients, the biliary tract was reconstructed with choledochocholedochostomy (CC) in 52 (84%) and Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy (RYCJ) in 10 (16%). Seventeen biliary tract complications occurred in 16 patients (29%). The incidence of complications was the same after CC and RYCJ. Eight complications (47%) occurred within the first month and nine (53%) thereafter. Only 6 of 17 (35%) biliary tract complications required operation. One patient died of a biliary tract complication. No other allografts were lost due to biliary tract complications. Four patients transplanted at other centers were also treated, for a total of 21 biliary tract complications. Overall, there were nine bile leaks, eight bile duct strictures, two Roux loop hemorrhages, one choledocholithiasis, and one ampullary dyskinesia. Temporary or permanent stents were used successfully in seven of eight strictures. Five bile leaks were managed without operation. Nonsurgical management is appropriate for a selected majority of patients with late bile leaks, biliary tract strictures, or choledocholithiasis after liver transplantation.     

Diverticuli of duodenal papillar region and their role in development of choledocholithiasis and strictures of bile and pancreatic ducts

Up to present time there is no common view on the role of diverticuli of the papillar region of the duodenum (DPRD) in development of the strictures of terminal parts of the common bile duct and major pancreatic duct. The main method for the diagnosis of DPRD is fibroduodenoscopy (FDS). Relaxational FDS is the most informative method for detailed examination of diverticulum and for assessment of its interrelations with longitudinal crease and the major duodenal papilla (MDP). During the last 2 years all patients with DPRD underwent ERCPG, which helped to obtain more complete information of the presence and the character of the strictures of terminal parts of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. DPR has been revealed in 5% of patients with calculous cholecystitis and in 9.5% of patients with choledocholithiasis. Of the patients, admitted to the Institute for postcholecystectomy syndrome from 1994 to 1999, DPRD were revealed in 30% of cases. The patients with DPR and chronic pancreatitis of nonalcoholic and nonlithogenic etiology, made up 9% of all patients with DPR and chronic pancreatitis. In 87 patients with DPR, suffering from various surgical diseases, following changes of bile and pancreatic ducts were revealed: choledocholithiasis (47%), stenosis of the large bile duct (15%), strictures of terminal parts of the large bile duct and major pancreatic duct (10%). There is evidence, that para- and peripapillary diverticuli deteriorate evacuatory function of the bile and pancreatic tracts due to compression of terminal parts of the choledochus and the pancreatic ducts with strictures formation, which promote disturbances of the bile and pancreatic juice passage. Biliary stasis and pancreatic juice passage disturbances create favorable conditions for lithogenesis and promote development of cholangitis, mechanical jaundice and chronic pancreatitis. Patients with choledochal and major pancreatic duct strictures and stenoses of the papilla in DPR underwent EPST with favorable initial and long-term results. The authors suggest, that DPR are an important etiopathogenetic link in the development of many diseases of the organs of hepatobiliary region, associated with biliary and pancreatic hypertension.     

Reoperation of the biliary tract by laparoscopy: an analysis of 39 cases

BACKGROUND: Previously, prior biliary tract surgery was considered a contraindication to laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation. In this paper, we present our experience with laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation for patients with the choledocholithiasis for whom the endoscopic sphincterotomy has failed or is contraindicated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on data from the attempted laparoscopic reoperation of 39 patients, examining open conversion rates, operative times, complications, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Of 39 cases, 38 were completed laparoscopically: 1 case required a conversion to the open operation because of difficulty in exposing the common bile duct. Mean operative time was 135 minutes. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 4 days. Procedures included 3 cases of laparoscopic residual gallbladder resection, 13 cases of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and primary duct closure of choledochotomy, and 22 cases of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and choledochotomy with T-tube drainage. There was 1 case of duodenal perforation during dissection, which was repaired laparoscopically. There were 2 cases of retained stones. Postoperative asymptomatic hypermalasia occurred in 3 cases. There were no complications due to port placement, no postoperative bleeding, bile or bowel leakage, and no mortality. At a mean follow-up time of 18 months, there was no recurrence or formation of duct stricture. CONCLUSIONS: The laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation is safe and feasible for experienced laparoscopic surgeons and is an alternative choice for patients with choledocholithiasis for whom the endoscopic sphincterectomy has failed or is contraindicated.     

Indications for choledochotomy and methods for its performance

Experience in the treatment of 238 patients for nontumorous lesions of the biliary tract by choledochotomy is generalized. Choledochotomy was performed in obstructive jaundice during the operation, in cholangiolithiasis, suppurative cholangitis, strictures of the terminal part of the choledochus, and indurative pancreatitis which were attended by biliary hypertension. Diagnostic choledochotomy was undertaken only in 5.8% of patients. Twenty-two (9.2%) patients died after choledochotomy. The method of completing choledochotomy was chosen individually according to the character of the pathological changes in the bile ducts and the acuteness of the inflammatory process. Choledochotomy was completed by external drainage of the common bile duct in 116 patients, by complete suturing of the choledochus in 19, by creation of bile-draining anastomoses in 89, and by papillosphincterotomy in 14 patients. Terminal and lateral choledochoduodenoanastomosis was formed in 25 patients, with good immediate results. Mortality was highest after papillosphincterotomy and external drainage of the choledochus.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆囊结石合并胆总管结石复发的危险因素分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石复发的危险因素。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年3月沭阳县人民医院诊断为胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者87例,均行ERCP联合LC术治疗。根据患者术后结石复发情况分为复发组与非复发组,对比两组患者一般情况、术者经验、胆道情况、结石情况。单因素分析以及多因素Logistic回归分析术后结石复发的危险因素。 结果87例患者术后随访32~60个月,中位随访时间为48个月,未复发组66例,复发组21例,中位复发时间15.0（95% CI=12.5~20.0）个月,术后1、2、3年复发率分别为8.0%、23.0%、24.1%,复发主要集中于术后2年内。单因素分析显示,胆道感染、胆道狭窄、胆总管夹角、结石数量、结石大小、乳头旁憩室情况影响胆囊结石合并胆总管结石复发（均P<0.05）。多因素分析显示,胆总管夹角（OR=0.196,95% CI=0.044~0.877）、胆道感染（OR=6.894,95% CI=1.698~27.984）、乳头旁憩室（OR=10.554,95% CI=2.134~52.197）、胆道口括约肌切开（OR=17.803,95% CI=3.342~94.845）是胆囊并胆总管结石术后复发的独立危险因素。 结论合并胆总管夹角过小、胆道感染、乳头旁憩室及术中括约肌切开的患者,ERCP联合LC术后结石更容易复发,对临床的预防和治疗有一定借鉴意义。     

Choledochoduodenostomy an important surgical tool in the management of common bile duct stones. A review of 126 cases.

Of 2,000 patients who underwent cholecystectomy between 1965-1984, 457 had their common bile ducts explored and of these 126 had choledochoduodenostomies. There were 70 women and 56 men and a third were over 70 years old. Forty-three also had acute cholecystitis or pancreatitis, and 73 had an increased serum concentration of bilirubin. Of the 126, 103 had stones in the common duct, and 16 had benign strictures of the sphincter of Oddi. Morbidity included wound infections in 18 (14%) and bile discharge from the drain for over 14 days in four (3%). Five patients died (4%), and they were all over 70 years old. Ninety-seven of 103 patients followed-up over 1-19 years were symptom free (94%). Two patients required re-operation for a narrow anastomosis. Three patients developed a "sump" syndrome; two were treated with antibiotics, and the third responded to endoscopic sphincterotomy. Choledochoduodenostomies should be considered during operation for benign biliary disease, when stones or a stricture in the common bile duct are anticipated.     

Surgical treatment of lithiasis of the common bile duct: our experience

On the basis of their personal experience of biliary pathology, the authors present their opinion of surgical treatment of benign diseases of the common bile duct. From 1980 to 1988 a total of 930 patients were assessed, 140 of whom were affected by choledocholithiasis. Data confirmed that, with the exception of choledochotomy as a direct approach for removing stones, good results were achieved using papillosphincterotomy, since this technique best restores the physiology of the biliary tract. In cases where common duct dilation exceeded 20 mm or where the patient was in poor clinical condition, bile was drained into the gut forming a side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy.     

10年胆道再手术的临床分析

目的：对胆道再手术的原因，治疗方法及疗效进行综合评价。以避免或减少再手术的发生和次数。方法：总结南开医院1990－1999年收治的外科病人中各类胆道病人治疗后的再次胆道手术病例，从胆道疾病手术后再次手术的原因，处理方法及治疗效果等方面进行系统的分析比较，结果：10年间胆道再手术病人828例，胆道再手术原因以残余和（或）再生结石为多，占73．43％，其它依次为Oddi括约肌狭窄，胆管炎性狭窄，胆肠吻合口狭窄，损伤性狭窄和肿瘤等。多次再手术的主要原因是胆管和胆肠吻合口良性狭窄，再手术方式以不同形式的胆道成形及内引流为主，38．77％的病人因胆总管结石和（或）Oddi括约肌狭窄行单纯EST及网篮取石术，胆道再手术病死率3．87％。结论：（1）胆道再手术主要原因是胆管结石。（2）多次胆道再手术的原因则以胆管和胆肠吻合口狭窄为主。（3）胆道再手术以清除结石，纠正胆管狭窄和建立通畅引流为原则。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查一期缝合26例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆道探查胆总管一期缝合的可行性.方法 2010年9月-2012年11月,选择性地对26例胆总管结石行腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查取石胆总管一期缝合,随访治疗效果.结果 26例均获成功,无中转开腹.术中疑存在肝内胆管残余结石而改行T管引流1例,术后8周经T管窦道取出结石;其余25例均一期缝合胆总管.手术时间45-110 min,平均65 min.术后胆漏1例,经引流6天自愈.术后住院6-12 d,平均7.5 d.术后随访3-22个月,平均11个月,B超或MRCP无结石复发及胆道狭窄等并发症.结论 只要严格掌握适应证,掌握缝合技巧和技术要领,腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查后一期缝合胆总管是安全可行的.     

经胆道镜冲击波碎石治疗胆道残余结石的体会（附75例报告）

目的探讨应用体内冲击波碎石机，经胆道镜碎石治疗手术后胆道残余结石的疗效和安全性。方法对我院2009年8月至2010年3月间75例带T管胆道残余结石的患者，在胆道镜直视下，应用冲击波碎石机将结石击碎后，用取石篮取出，并用生理盐水反复冲洗胆道。结果75例中31例1次取净结石（占41．3％），35例2次取净（46．7％），9例3次以上取净（12％）。取石成功率100％，取石次数1—3次，平均1．7次，无胆道穿孔等严重并发症，有12例（10％）患者发生术中胆道少量出血，2例（2．7％）患者呕吐，5例（6．7％）患者术中有疼痛感，均经保守治疗后缓解。结论体内冲击波碎石机与胆道镜配合，将能窥见的难取性胆道残留结石击碎取出，安全易行，疗效确切，大大提高了取石成功率，值得临床广泛推广应用。     

良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术临床分析

目的 探讨良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术的原因和再手术的方法.方法 回顾性分析良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后28例再次手术患者的临床资料.文中数据统计分析计量资料采用t检验,多因素分析采用Stepwise logistic回归分析.结果 再次手术原因为残余结石合并胆管狭窄10例,单纯吻合口狭窄11例,胆管狭窄6例,吻合口漏和十二指肠漏1例.再手术方式为:肝叶或肝段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术18例,肝正中裂劈开+胆肠Roux-en.Y吻合术5例,右半肝切除术1例,吻合口狭窄段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例,腹腔引流+十二指肠造瘘+空肠造瘘术1例,胆管切开取石+T管引流术2例,术后发生并发症13例.结论 胆道再手术病情复杂,手术难度高,详细了解病情和正确的手术方式是良性胆管狭窄再手术成功的关键.     

Long-term efficacy of endoscopic papillo-sphincterotomy for common bile duct stones and benign papillary stenosis

Summary Since its introduction in 1974, endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) for common bile duct stones and benign papillary stenosis has become a well-established therapeutic procedure; however, at present, its long-term efficacy in comparison with that of biliary tract surgery remains a matter of debate. The long-term results observed during our follow-up (4 ±2 years) were satisfactory, revealing the disappearance of or an improvement in symptoms in 85.6% of subjects who had undergone EST. Recurrent stones were documented in 10.2% of patients; EST-related stenosis occurred in 3.8% of cases, approximately 3 times more frequently in papillary stenosis than in choledocholithiasis, likely due to the presence of a more extended incision in cases with common duct stones. A gallbladder in situ did not seem to be an additional risk factor after EST. As documented in other recent follow-up studies, the long-term efficacy of EST seems to be confirmed and comparable with that of biliary surgery.