脑积水的脑脊液MRI定量研究

目的　运用MRI门控电影相位对比序列 (cinePC)对脑积水的脑脊液进行定量研究。资料与方法　使用GEHorizonSigna 1.5T磁共振仪 ,采用MRIcinePC程序 ,对 19例阻塞性脑积水和 16例交通性脑积水的中脑导水管、枕大孔和C2 水平脑脊液流速、流量情况进行MRIcinePC检查。结果　交通性脑积水中脑导水管水平脑脊液流速和流量明显增快 ,与正常者进行统计有明显差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,向下峰速和向上峰速分别为 47.5 7± 16 .71mm/s和44 .48± 19.2 2mm/s,向下流量及向上流量明显增大为 3.142± 1.0 5 5ml/s及 3.143± 1.0 5 5ml/s ,净流量为 0± 0 .0 0 3ml/s ;而枕大孔向下峰速和向上峰速分别为 1.37± 0 .44mm/s和 1.33± 0 .41mm/s,向下流量及向上流量分别为 0 .35 1±0 .12 5ml/s及 0 .35 0± 0 .12 1ml/s ,净流量 0 .0 0 1± 0 .0 0 7ml/s;C2 水平脑脊液向下峰速和向上峰速分别为 2 .41±1.2 7mm/s和 2 .95± 1.15mm/s,向下流量及向上流量分别为 0 .5 2 1± 0 .2 14ml/s和 0 .5 19± 0 .2 14ml/s,净流量为0 .0 0 2± 0 .0 0 3ml/s。阻塞性脑积水在MRI上于通路阻塞处未见明显脑脊液流动 ,流速和流量基本为 0 ;枕大孔处向下峰速和向上峰速分别为 4.83± 2 .2 5mm/s和 4.72± 1.81mm/s,向下流量及向上流量分别为 0     

交通性脑积水脑室分流前后的脑脊液MRI定量研究

目的运用MRI cine PC定量研究交通性脑积水脑室分流前后的脑脊液流动情况.材料和方法在1.5T GEHo rizon Signa磁共振机器上利用MRI cine PC程序,在以前实验所得的液体流速与信号强度关系公式的基础上,对16例交通性脑积水的中脑导水管、枕大孔和C2水平脑脊液流速、流量情况进行MRI cine PC检查(1.5TGE Horizon Signa),并对其中10例交通性脑积水脑室引流后的中脑导水管和枕大孔处脑脊液的流速和流量同样进行测量,并与术前进行比较.同时作为对照,对31例正常志愿者颅内中脑导水管、枕大孔和C2水平的脑脊液流速和流量进行测定.结果交通性脑积水中脑导水管水平脑脊液流速和流量明显增快,与正常者进行统计有明显差异(P＜0.05),向下峰速和向上峰速分别为47.57±16.71mm/s和44.48±19.22mm/s,向下流量及向上流量明显增大为3.142±1.055ml/s及3.143±1.055ml/s;脑脊液净流量为0±0.003ml/s.而枕大孔向下峰速和向上峰速分别为1.37±0.44mm/s和1.33±0.41mm/s,向下流量及向上流量分别为0.351±0.125ml/s及0.350±0.121ml/s;脑脊液净流量为0.001±0.007ml/s.C2水平脑脊液向下峰速和向上峰速分别为2.41±1.27mm/s和2.95±1.15mm/s,向下流量及向上流量分别为0.521±0.214ml/s和0.519±0.214ml/s;脑脊液净流量为0.002±0.003ml/s.其中10例交通性脑积水经VP手术前后对比分析,发现术后症状改善明显者中脑导水管脑脊液流速和向上、下的流量均较术前明显减少(P＜0.05).结论MRI cine PC对脑脊液(CSF)流动的研究具有非损伤性和对脑脊液流动敏感的特点,是一种优于其他方法的研究CSF流动的重要方法,同时对脑脊液循环障碍疾病的脑脊液流动情况也能定量测定,对VP分流前后的交通性脑积水的脑脊液流速、流量和方向的确定,对估计其术后效果具有重要意义.     

正常中脑导水管脑脊液流动磁共振定量研究

目的 :运用磁共振相位对比电影法非侵袭性测量中脑导水管脑脊液流动方向、流速及流量改变情况。方法 :测量 15例正常志愿者 (年龄 2 1～ 4 7岁 ,平均 31 4岁 )中脑导水管脑脊液流动情况 ,在正中矢状位T1WI图像上选择垂直于导水管层面 ,编码速率 2 0cm/s。测量相应层面导水管截面积 ,计算相应导水管区脑脊液流量 ,并研究在一个心动周期内CSF流动改变情况。结果 :正常中脑导水管脑脊液流动在一个心动周期内表现为双向流动 ,即收缩期向下流动和舒张期向上流动 ,收缩期平均向下峰流速和舒张期平均向上峰流速分别为 12 6 7± 3 5 8mm/s和 11 5 8± 3 96mm/s,平均向下及向上流量分别为 1 311± 0 74 0ml/min(0 0 18± 0 0 12ml/心动周期 )和 1 0 6 8± 0 5 6 8ml/min(0 0 14± 0 0 0 9ml/心动周期 ) ,平均净流量为 0 2 6 0± 0 2 4 9ml/min(0 0 0 4± 0 0 0 4ml/心动周期 ) ;脑脊液向下流动平均最大峰速发生在一个心动周期的R波后平均 18%时间点 (心动周期的 5 7ms,平均心动周期 85 7ms) ,向上最大峰流速出现在心动周期的 87%时间点 (心动周期的6 86ms,平均心动周期 85 7ms) ,而逆向流动发生在R波后平均 4 4 %～ 5 8%时间点 (心动周期的 343～ 4 5 7ms,平均心动周期85 7ms)。结论 :磁共振相位对比     

MR流体定量技术在脑脊液循环障碍疾病诊断中的应用

目的:无创性定量研究脑脊液循环改变及其临床意义。材料和方法:应用MR相位对比电影法,测定了15例正常志愿者,67例脑脊液循环障碍患者(交通性脑积水32例、阻塞性脑积水31例、Chiaril畸形4例)以及15例脑萎缩患者的中脑导水管、C2水平及部分第三脑室底部造瘘口水平的脑脊液动力学指标(峰值流速、流量及CSF流动波型)。结果:(1)正常志愿组中脑导水管脑脊液流动在一个心动周期内均表现为双向流动,即收缩期向下流动和舒张期向上流动,向下及向上峰速分别为12.60±4.42mm/s和10.10±3.58mm/s;(2)交通性脑积水组脑脊液循环表现为高动力学改变,向下及向上峰速分别为26.60±9.06mm/s和22.61±7.92mm/s,与正常志愿组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。脑积水分流前后比较导水管循环减慢者提示有效;阻塞性脑积水组表现为低动力学或流动波消失,2例行第三脑室造瘘者导水管流动不规则,造瘘口出现上下流动现象;Chiaril畸形组C2水平脊髓后间隙缩小,流动减慢,脊髓前间隙增宽,1例合并空洞者囊腔内出现高动力学改变;(3)脑萎缩组表现为低动力学改变,向下及向上峰速分别为11.71±4.75mm/s和8.54±3.08mm/s,与正常志愿组、交通性脑积水组比较均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:MR相位对比电影法可有效评价脑脊液循环动力学改变,可丰富脑脊液循环     

磁共振相位对比电影成像在脑积水诊断中的临床应用

目的评价磁共振相位对比电影成像（PC-MRI）技术在脑积水诊断中的临床应用价值。方法使用GE3.0 T磁共振扫描仪,采用PC-MRI程序检查,对我院收治的20例交通性脑积水及25例梗阻性脑积水患者及48名同期在我院体检的志愿者的中脑导水管水平脑脊液流速、流量进行检测,比较2组脑脊液相关力学数据基本情况。结果 交通性脑积水中脑导水管水平脑脊液在不同阶段所引起的反应存在着一定的差异,其中在收缩期与舒张期分别表现为向下、向上峰速,而且均大幅增加了其流量;梗阻性脑积水中脑导水管水平脑脊液在不同阶段所引起的反应也存在一定的差异,其中在收缩期与舒张期分别表现为向下、向上峰速,而且在流量方面都出现大幅降低的现象。相较于健康人进行统计有明显差异（P<0.05）,健康人（对照组）脑脊液流动曲线呈U形、倒U形,正弦波形,曲线光滑,而脑积水组脑脊液流动曲线呈锯齿状,无规则,或呈直线。结论 磁共振相位对比电影成像能无创检测脑脊液流速、流量和方向,可鉴别脑积水类型,为临床治疗提供方向。     

正常中脑导水管脑脊液MR流速流量研究

目的探讨中脑导水管脑脊液(CSF)流速、流量测量正常值。方法应用Philips Intera Achieva 1.5TMR机对30例健康志愿者行导水管MR相位对比法CSF-QF序列扫描,用流动分析软件测量中脑导水管脑脊液速、流量。结果中脑导水管截面像素为13.73±3.59,导水管CSF的上峰速度为(6.40±1.85)cm/s,下峰速度为(7.88±3.04)cm/s,上峰流量为(0.12±0.05)ml/s,下峰流量为(0.15±0.07)ml/s,返流系数为(90.86±6.79)%,绝对流量为(0.07±0.05)ml/s,平均流速值为(0.01±0.18)cm/s。中脑导水管CSF搏动性流动与心动周期的关系为正弦波形。结论建立了Philips Intera Achieva 1.5T中脑导水管脑脊液流速、流量正常值。     

磁共振相位对比方法测量导水管脑脊液流量

目的 :探讨 0 .5TMR扫描系统测量导水管脑脊液 (CSF)流量的可行性、可靠性和精确性。方法 :对健康志愿者 8例、正常受检者 2 2例行导水管MR相位对比电影 (PCcine)序列扫描 ,用流动分析软件测量导水管脑脊液流量。结果 :正常人导水管CSF的峰速度 (PV)为 ( 7.987± 2 .95 7)cm /s ,平均速度 (ASV)为 ( 0 .3 0 3± 0 .2 46)cm/s ;导水管CSF搏动性流动与心动周期的关系为正弦波形。结论 :用磁共振相位对比方法测量导水管脑脊液流量 ,有助于对疾病状态下导水管CSF流量变化的分析     

MRI监测脑脊液动力学在外伤性脑静脉窦血栓形成临床诊治中的应用

目的探讨运用MRI监测脑脊液循环动力学异常在外伤性脑静脉窦血栓形成临床诊治中的价值。方法对75例脑外伤后临床颅脑血流动力学异常患者及健康志愿者40例,采用MRI 2D-PC cine法序列,以编码流速20cm/s,于颈1～2椎间隙水平测量患者的脑脊液流速、流量,在其接受尿激酶治疗过程中进行随访复查,并与腰穿脑脊液压力进行对照分析。结果颈1～2椎间隙水平脑脊液流动在一个心动周期内均表现为近似于正弦曲线的双向流动,脑外伤组治疗前收缩期、舒张期脑脊液峰值流速、流量均高于正常人群(P<0.05)。经尿激酶治疗后68例患者脑脊液压力恢复正常,其脑脊液收缩期、舒张期脑脊液峰值流速、流量均较治疗前降低(P<0.05)。脑脊液流速与脑脊液压力呈正相关(r=0.805,P<0.05),脑脊液向下净流量与脑脊液压力呈正相关(r=0.794,P<0.05)。结论静脉窦血栓形成前患者脑脊液循环动力学会发生相应改变,磁共振PC-cine法可以早期检测出其循环动力学改变,对脑外伤后患者颅内压改变的监测及预后评价有重要指导意义。     

PC-MR不同编码速率测量中脑导水管脑脊液的流动

目的 采用3.0T磁共振相位对比法(PC-MR)测量正常成人中脑导水管脑脊液流动,探讨不同编码速率(Venc)对测量结果的影响.方法 选取32名健康志愿者(男15名,女17名)分两组进行研究,其中青年组(18～35岁)18名,中年(36 ～ 56岁)组14名.选用T2WI正中矢状面定位,在导水管显示最大的幅度图像上沿导水管边缘绘制感兴趣区.每位预置Venc 5、20、35、50、65cm/s垂直导水管中间段先后行5次扫描.取收缩期向下峰值流速(PPV)、舒张期向上峰值流速(PNV)及绝对每搏输出出量(ASV)进行参数分析.通过SPSS 17.0统计分析软件,采用均数±标准差进行描述性分析,并进行方差分析及t检验.结果 Venc预置20～50cm/s均获得较好的相位图像,时相-流率曲线呈近似正弦函数,各测量指标均数间单因素方差分析差异均无统计学意义(FPPV=0.032,FPNV=0.025,FASV=0.038,P值均＞0.05).Venc预置5 cm/s时32名志愿者中26名相位图像出现相位混淆,时相-流率曲线不规则,测量结果明显低于Venc 20～50 cm/s各组(t=3.39 ～3.87,P值均＜0.01).Venc 65 cm/s时相-流率曲线规则但其幅度下降,各测量指标均数低于Venc 20～50 cm/s各组(=2.78～3.04,P值均＜0.05).取Venc20cm/s比较不同性别间及青、中年组间各测量指标均数差异均无统计学意义(t=0.23 ～1.04,P值均＞0.05).结论 预置Venc 5、65cm/s时测量结果偏低;Venc 20 ～ 50 cm/s内各指标测量结果间并无差异;不同性别间及青、中年龄组间中脑导水管脑脊液流速、流量无差异.     

MRI高分辨力黑水成像对交通性脑积水中脑导水管通畅性的诊断价值

目的 :通过高分辨力黑水序列判断交通性脑积水患者中脑导水管是否通畅。方法 :选择54例交通性脑积水患者,行矢状位黑水序列和轴位脑脊液相位对比电影(PC cine)序列。扫描结束后,由2位高年资医师行双盲法判读;先根据黑水CUBE T_2判断中脑导水管是否流通,根据图像特点诊断中脑导水管流通性。后使用PC cine序列测量中脑导水管处流速,并以此为中脑导水管通畅与否标准,与黑水CUBE T_2序列进行对照。比较交通性脑积水和正常对照组中脑导水管脑脊液流速和流量。结果:交通性脑积水患者中脑导水管流速和流量明显大于正常志愿者(均P0.05)。2名医师根据黑水序列诊断交通性脑积水患者中脑导水管畅通性比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.25)。ROC曲线下面积为0.956(95%CI 0.883~0.990),AUC0.9,说明对交通性脑积水的诊断价值较高。结论:MRI黑水序列无创、简便易行,能充分显示交通性脑积水患者脑脊液流动路线,可用于诊断交通性脑积水患者中脑导水管通畅性。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.