高位皮动脉型股前外侧皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨股前外侧皮瓣在缺乏第1肌皮动脉穿支或皮支细小时皮瓣移植的临床效果。方法临床应用高位皮动脉为血管蒂的股前外侧游离皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损9例。结果8例成活，1例皮瓣边缘部分坏死，经换药愈合。术后随访6～18个月，移植的皮瓣色泽、质地良好，无破溃，修复肢体的外观、功能满意。结论当股前外侧皮瓣在缺乏第1肌皮动脉穿支或皮支细小时，应用高位皮动脉作为血管蒂的股前外侧游离皮瓣，具有血供可靠、切取面积大、修复四肢软组织缺损临床效果好的特点。     

局部穿支皮瓣修复股前外侧皮瓣供区

目的 介绍局部穿支皮瓣修复股前外侧皮瓣供区的临床应用及疗效.方法 自2011年6月至2019年11月,我们急诊收治前臂或手部创面患者共15例,创面大小为5.0 cm×7.5 cm～8.5 cm×12.0 cm,采用股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复创面,并设计穿支血管蒂顺行推进皮瓣、逆行旋转皮瓣等修复股前外侧皮瓣供区.股前外侧皮...     

股前外侧分叶穿支皮瓣游离移植修复下肢软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用分叶穿支皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的方法.方法 2009至2011年,按照组织缺损的形态,利用旋股外侧动脉多个穿支设计分叶穿支皮瓣,同时结合flow-through及超薄皮瓣技术,游离移植修复下肢软组织创伤后组织缺损,供区一期缝合.结果 临床应用共21例,其中2例发生皮瓣远端缺血、坏死,经移植皮片修复后痊愈,余19例均完全成活,外形和功能较满意.结论 股前外侧分叶穿支皮瓣可以合理利用供区组织,并较理想修复复杂组织缺损.     

以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损

目的 设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的股部皮肤穿支血管的嵌合皮瓣,为修复口腔颌面部的大面积、复杂的洞穿性缺损提供一种新的方法.方法 根据旋股外侧动脉降支的走行及分支、其在股部正面及两侧可能存在的皮肤穿支血管,设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损8例.此种皮瓣可分为3种类型:股前外侧皮瓣+股前内侧皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣+股直肌穿支皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣+股前外侧皮瓣.结果 术后8例16块皮瓣均成活,无并发症,且供区均直接拉拢缝合,未行皮片移植.术后随访1～9个月,患者面部外形和功能均良好,供区畸形和功能障碍均不明显.结论 以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣吻合血管数量少,较切取2个皮瓣供区损伤小,组织量大,适合口腔颌面部大型复杂的组织缺损的修复.     

穿支皮瓣移植在手指创面修复中的应用

目的 探讨穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤软组织缺损的设计和手术技巧.方法 切取小腿前外侧、小腿内侧下部、小腿外侧血管穿支皮瓣以及远段骨间背血管蒂穿支皮瓣,移植修复手指小创面13例.结果 13例皮瓣全部存活,受区与供区的功能、外观均良好.结论 在肢体部位以皮穿支或轴型血管为蒂设计穿支皮瓣,游离移植修复手指创面,患者痛苦小、损伤小,创面能获得满意覆盖.这为手外伤修复提供了一种新的选择,对术者也提出了更高的要求.     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复四肢组织缺损的临床效果.方法 应用吻合血管的游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣用于修复前臂、小腿中下段、足跟部及足背部的皮肤软组织缺损18例;皮瓣面积最小5 cm×8 cm;最大15 cm×28 cm.结果 移植18例皮瓣术后全部成活,其中2例术后48 h内出现血管危象,经手术处理后循环恢复,皮瓣成活.随访6个月～2年,临床效果良好.结论 股前外侧穿支皮瓣,穿支解剖恒定,皮瓣厚度适宜,供区隐蔽,应用显微外科技术施行移植,可获得良好的临床效果.     

岛状股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复会阴部软组织缺损

目的探讨岛状股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复会阴部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2009年至2013年,共收治8例会阴部缺损患者,创面预处理后,以岛状股前外侧穿支皮瓣带蒂转移修复创面,皮瓣面积7.0 cm×10.0 cm~13 cm×21 cm。供区直接拉拢缝合或取对侧股部断层皮片移植修复。结果 8例患者术后皮瓣均完全成活,皮瓣质地柔软,无继发瘢痕挛缩。随访6~24个月,肿瘤无复发,供区愈合良好,无下肢活动障碍。结论应用岛状股前外侧皮瓣修复会阴区缺损,效果良好,值得临床推广。     

顺行股前外侧岛状瓣的临床应用研究

1990年以来 ,我们在应用吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣移植的基础上 ,对大转子和髂部等处软组织缺损 ,采用以旋股外侧动脉降支发出的肌皮动脉穿支 ,或肌间隙皮支为血供的股前外侧岛状瓣 ,带蒂顺行移植修复 ,取得了满意效果 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料　　本组 14例 ,男 11例 ,女 3例。年龄 :2 4～ 44岁 ,平均 32岁。顺行股前外侧岛状瓣的类型 :岛状皮瓣 9例 ,肌皮瓣和肌瓣各 2例 ,筋膜瓣 1例。软组织缺损部位 :髂部 4例 ,大粗隆部7例 ,坐骨部 1例 ,腹股沟处 2例。软组织缺损类型 :褥疮 11例 ,外伤性软组织缺损 2例 ,慢性感染死腔 1例。软组织缺损面…     

股前外侧穿支皮瓣加筋膜瓣修复手部两个软组织缺损

目的回顾性分析探讨股前外侧穿支皮瓣加筋膜瓣修复手部两个软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2010年1月至2016年1月,5例手部两个软组织缺损应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣加筋膜瓣修复,切取的穿支皮瓣加筋膜瓣近端为穿支皮瓣,远端为筋膜瓣。血管蒂与受区的血管行端端吻合,筋膜瓣行一期中厚网状游离植皮,皮瓣供区直接缝合。结果 1例筋膜瓣术后发生远端尖部小片植皮坏死,经2周换药处理逐渐自行愈合。所有的组织瓣全部成活。术后随访2.0～4.5年,平均3.5年,受区外形较好,供区没有发生明显的功能障碍。本组取得了满意的临床效果。结论股前外侧穿支皮瓣加筋膜瓣适宜修复手部两个软组织缺损。     

修薄股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨修薄股前外侧皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的方法及临床效果.方法 2007年3月至2010年6月,采用修薄股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复足踝部软组织缺损12例,切取皮瓣面积为15.0 cm× 8.0 cm～7.5 cm×5.2cm.先确定皮瓣穿支血管部位,沿皮瓣外侧切开皮肤、皮下组织,在阔筋膜浅层显露穿支后,逆行向旋股外侧动脉降支主干解剖至所需血管蒂长度.以穿支血管为中心,向四周由浅及深削除皮下脂肪,在皮瓣周缘可将皮下脂肪完全削去,仅保留真皮层.皮瓣周缘厚度修薄前约2.5 cm,修薄后约0.4 cm.结果 12例修薄皮瓣全部成活.供、受区创面愈合良好,术后随访3～ 18个月,皮瓣质地优良,外观良好不臃肿,不需二次修薄手术,游离皮瓣两点辨别觉为8.0～10.0 mm.结论 修薄股前外侧皮瓣外形质地优良,不需再次手术整形,对供区创伤小,是修复足踝部软组织缺损的理想方法.     

岛状股前外侧皮瓣修复腹股沟及会阴部创面

目的探讨一种皮瓣修复会阴部及腹股沟创面的方法。方法设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的岛状股前外侧皮瓣,掀起皮瓣后经过皮下隧道将其转移至会阴部及腹股沟创面。结果临床治疗12例,皮瓣面积为8cm×11cm～18cm×20cm。除1例皮瓣靠近肛门处部分表皮坏死外,其余成活良好,外形恢复满意。结论以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的岛状股前外侧皮瓣是修复会阴部及腹股沟创面较好的方法。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔软组织缺损

目的 探讨分析3种游离股前外侧皮瓣在口腔软组织缺损修复中的临床特点与治疗效果。方法 2008年12月至2010年12月收治67例口腔肿瘤患者,切除肿瘤的同时,应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复缺损处,包括舌、颊、牙龈、口底,通常将皮瓣的旋股外侧动脉降支与受区的颌外动脉或甲状腺上动脉吻合,伴行静脉与受区的面总静脉或颈外静脉吻合。根据游离股前外侧皮瓣的厚度将其分成3种类型：股前外侧肌皮瓣、股前外侧脂肪筋膜皮瓣和薄型股前外侧皮瓣。结果 67例中股前外侧肌皮瓣为35例,股前外侧脂肪筋膜皮瓣17例,薄型股前外侧皮瓣15例。66例皮瓣存活,成功率为98.5％,其中1例糖尿病患者皮瓣发生小部分坏死,经清创换药后痊愈;1例皮瓣完全坏死。67例皮瓣中41例吻合2条静脉,26例吻合1条静脉。8例出现血管危象：6例为静脉血栓（5例抢救成功、1例皮瓣完全坏死）,1例为术区血肿,1例为穿支血管扭转,经过相应处理,血管危象均得到缓解。术后随访2～ 24个月,平均8.7个月,受区组织缺损修复效果满意,供区创面愈合良好。结论 游离股前外侧皮瓣的受区功能良好,供区并发症少,是一种修复口腔软组织缺损的较为理想的方法。     

Scrotum reconstruction with the anterolateral (ALT) thigh flap

Scrotum reconstruction is challenging. Both the functional and cosmetic outcome are considered. Many reconstructive methods have been described, from burying the exposed testicles into a subcutaneous pocket to local musculocutaneous or fasciocutaneous flaps. We report our experience of treating three patients for scrotal reconstruction by using the anterolateral thigh island flap. Three patients received scrotum reconstruction with the anterolateral thigh island flap from 2003 to 2007. Two of them had Fournier’s gangrene and one had hidradenitis suppurativa. In two occasions a “true” perforator flap was used and in one a small muscle cuff of the vastus lateralis muscle was also included. All three flaps were successful. One patient had a proximal donor site wound dehiscence due to inadequate drainage. Simple conservative treatment resolved the problem. No patient had any functional donor site morbidity. We conclude that the anterolateral thigh flap is a valuable tool in reconstruction of the scrotum. It should be considered as a sound alternative within the available reconstructive procedures.     

Versatility of the free anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects: review of 140 cases

From August 1995 to June 1999, 140 free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps were transferred to reconstruct a variety of soft-tissue defects. The size of ALT flap ranged from 10 to 33 cm in length and 4 to 14 cm in width. Based on the anatomic variations of the perforators, the blood supply to the skin island came from the septocutaneous perforators only in 19 patients (13.6%), arising from the descending or transverse branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA), or originating directly from LCFA. The other flaps were supplied by musculocutaneous perforators that were elevated as a true perforator flap via intramuscular dissection (N = 34, 24.3%), or used a cuff of vastus lateralis muscle for added bulk (N = 87, 62.1%). The overall success rate was 92% (129 of 140). After a 2-year follow-up, all flaps have healed unevenffully and donor thigh morbidity is minimal. Anatomic variations must be considered if the ALT flap is to be used safely and reliably.     

Computed tomography angiography imaging for the chimeric anterolateral thigh flap in reconstruction of full thickness buccal defect

Background: Microvascular free flap transplantation is the current most common choice for reconstruction of difficult through‐and‐through buccal defect after cancer extirpation. The chimeric anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is an ideal flap to cover this full thickness defect, but variation in the location of perforators is a major concern. Herein, we introduce computed tomographic angiography (CTA)‐guided mathematical perforators mapping for chimeric ALT flap design and harvest. Methods: Between September 2008 and March 2009, nine patients with head and neck tumour underwent preoperative CTA perforator mapping before free ALT flap reconstruction of full thickness buccal defects. The perforators were marked on a 64‐section multi‐detector CT image for each patient, and the actual perforator locations were correlated with the intra‐operative dissection. The donor limb of choice, either right or left, was also selected based on the dominant vascularity. Flap success rates, any associated morbidity and complications were recorded. Results: A total of 23 perforators were identified on CTA image preoperatively. Twenty‐two of these perforators were chosen for chimeric flap design, and all were located as the CTA predicted, with the rate of utilization being 95.7% (22/23). There were two post‐operative complications, including one partial flap necrosis and one microstomia. All of the ALT flaps survived, and there was no donor site morbidity. Conclusions: Preoperative CTA allows accurate perforator mapping and evaluation of the dominant vascularity. It helps the surgeon to get an ideal designing of the chimeric ALT flap with two skin paddles based on individual perforators, but only one vascular anastomosis in reconstruction of full thickness buccal defects.     

Soft-tissue reconstruction using a free anterolateral thigh flap: experience with 28 patients

The authors present their experience using the free anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous flap for head and neck and extremity reconstruction. From January 2000 through March 2002, 28 free anterolateral thigh flaps were transferred to reconstruct various soft-tissue defects. All patients were operated by two teams. All flaps were elevated based on one perforator only. The sizes of the flaps ranged from 9 x 11 to 20 x 26 cm. The success rate was 96.5% (27 of 28), with one partial failure. The cutaneous perforators were always found. Septocutaneous perforators were found in 3 of 28 patients (10.7%). Musculocutaneous perforators (89.3%) were found in the remaining patients, and the number of perforators ranged from two to five (average, three perforators). In 4 patients, flaps were used for sensate reconstruction. The authors used the anterolateral thigh flap as a thin flap in 10 patients. Mean follow-up was 13.5 months (range, 2-25 months). Soft-tissue reconstruction with the free anterolateral thigh flap in various regions of the body provides an excellent functional and cosmetic result with minimal donor site morbidity. The anterolateral thigh flap has many advantages over other conventional free flaps and it seems to be an ideal choice for the reconstruction of soft-tissue defects.     

Alternative Regional Flaps When Anterolateral Thigh Flap Perforator is not Feasible

This paper presents the scheme to select alternative flaps limited to the region of the ipsilateral thigh when the perforator of the anterolateral thigh flap is not feasible. Total of 564 consecutive microsurgery cases using anterolateral thigh perforator flap was reviewed from March of 2001 to January of 2009. Total of 12 cases used a contingent flap due to anatomical and technical complications of the anterolateral thigh perforator. The alternatives were skin perforator flaps adjacent to the initial flap (3 cases of upper anterolateral thigh flap, 4 cases of anteromedial thigh flap), vastus lateralis muscle flap with skin graft (2 cases), and anterolateral thigh flap as septocutaneous flap without a prominent perforator on the septum (3 cases). All flaps survived and provided coverage as planned but one case using septocutaneous flap without a prominent perforator was noted with partial necrosis. Adjacent flaps around the anterolateral thigh perforator flap may provide useful alternative flaps in cases of failed elevation. Limiting the contingent secondary flap to this region may reduce further donor site morbidity and still provide an adequate flap for reconstruction.     

Proximal pedicled anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of trochanteric defect

We describe our experience using the proximal pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap for the reconstruction of trochanteric defects. Seven ALT island flap procedures were performed in 6 patients between September 2006 and May 2007. Four of the 7 patients had trochanteric pressure sores because of paraplegia. In these patients, intramuscular perforators were dissected to raise a fasciocutaneous flap. Three myocutaneous flaps of the vastus lateralis muscle were used to treat osteomyelitis of the trochanter with implant extrusion. The mean follow-up was 7 months (range, 2-12 months), and all flaps survived. Trochanteric coverage with the proximal pedicled ALT flap gave excellent results. We conclude that the ALT flap is a reliable flap for trochanteric coverage.     

The combined free partial vastus lateralis with anterolateral thigh perforator flap reconstruction of extensive composite defects.

Myocutaneous (MC) free flaps are useful for many reconstructive indications. Perforator flaps have become standard of care. The anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) donor site is popular. With the ALT flap varying sizes of vastus lateralis (VL) muscle can be harvested as a MC flap. The skin islands of these flaps have a great range of freedom when dissected on their perforator. It was hypothesised that the VL-ALT perforator flap would offer adequate tissue volume combining maximal freedom in planning with minimal donor site morbidity. From November 2001 to February 2003 a free partial VL with ALT perforator flap was used in 11 patients to reconstruct large defects. Indications for adding a muscular component were exposed bone, skull base, (artificial) dura, or osteosynthesis material, open sinuses, and lack of muscular bulk. Flaps were planned as standard ALT flaps, after which three types of dissection were performed: I. true MC flap; II. muscle flap with a skin island on one perforator, which could be rotated up to 180 degrees ; III. chimera skin perforator flap with muscle being harvested on a separate branch from the source vessel or on a side branch of the skin perforator. Mean skin size of the MC-ALT flaps was 131 cm2. Mean muscle part size of the MC-ALT flaps was 268 cm3. Muscular parts were custom designed for all defects. No total or partial flap failures were seen. Colour mismatch was seen in 6 of 8 patients, when skin was used in the facial area in this all white population. Excessive flap bulk was found in 8 of 11 patients at 6 weeks, however, only in 2 of 11 patients after 6 months. Patients were satisfied with the functional result (8 of 11 patients) as well as the cosmetic result of their reconstruction (7 of 11 patients). All less satisfied patients had received their flap for external facial skin reconstruction. Donor site morbidity was minimal. The combined free partial VL with ALT perforator flap proved valuable as a (chimera type) MC flap with maximal freedom of planning to meet specific reconstructive demands and minimal donor site morbidity.