不同血液净化方式对维持性血液透析患者β_2-微球蛋白及钙磷代谢的影响

目的比较3种血液净化方式对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者β_2-微球蛋白(β_2-MG)及钙磷代谢的影响。方法选取MHD患者84例,随机分为低通量血液透析(HD)、低通量HD联合血液透析滤过(HD+HDF)、高通量血液透析(HFHD)3组各28例。HD组给予每周3次低通量HD,HD+HDF组给予每周2次低通量HD+每周1次HD滤过,HFHD组给予每周3次高通量HD。观察治疗前和治疗6个月后患者血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、β_2-MG的变化。结果 HD组治疗前后血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH、β_2-MG无显著下降(P0.05);HD+HDF、HFHD组治疗前后血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH、β_2-MG明显下降,分别与HD组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);HFHD组较HD+HDF组降磷效果更为显著(P0.05)。而两组在钙磷乘积、iPTH、β_2-MG水平下降方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HFHD组与HD+HDF组均可显著清除血磷、降低钙磷乘积、iPTH、β_2-MG水平,有效纠正透析患者的钙磷代谢紊乱。高通量HD操作方便、经济成本较低,是较佳的HD方式。     

两种透析方法对尿毒症患者微炎症状态及毒素清除的疗效比较

目的比较高通量血液透析(HFHD)和血液透析滤过(HDF)对尿毒症患者微炎症状态及毒素清除的效果。方法选择重庆三博长安医院收治的尿毒症患者100例,随机分成两组,每组50例。对照组采用HDF治疗[2次低通量血液透析(LFHD)+1次HDF],治疗组采用HFHD治疗(2次LFHD+1次HFHD)。比较透析前后两组患者的C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、肌酐、清蛋白水平。结果治疗后两组以上指标(除清蛋白外)水平较治疗前下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),提示HFHD和HDF均能有效清除炎症介质及中、小分子毒素。与对照组比较,治疗组CRP、IL-6、PTH、β2-MG水平明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),提示HFHD清除炎症介质及中分子毒素的效果更优于HDF。而在小分子毒素(肌酐)清除方面比较,二者差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HFHD可有效清除炎症介质及中、小分子毒素,并且治疗费用低,不需要特殊设备,值得临床推广。     

高通量血液透析对维持性血液透析患者体内分子毒素清除的影响

目的:探讨高通量血液透析(HFHD)在维持性血液透析(MHD)患者分子毒素清除中的应用观察及护理方法。方法:对50例MHD患者采用HFHD,比较治疗前、治疗6个月及12个月时肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等指标的变化情况。结果:治疗6个月时hs-CRP、β2-MG显著低于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗12个月时hs-CRP、IL-6、β2-MG显著低于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗12个月时β2-MG显著低于治疗6个月(P<0.05)。结论:HFHD可有效清除MHD患者体内分子毒素,改善体内微炎性状态,提高治疗效果,值得临床推广。     

不同的血液透析方式对肾衰竭患者血清中致病因子的影响

目的 探讨不同的血液透析方式及透析器对肾衰竭患者血清中致病大、小分子的清除作用.方法 109例慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者,随机分为观察组(55例)和对照组(54例).观察组患者采用聚矾膜透析器行血液透析滤过(HDF)治疗;对照组则采用血仿膜透析器行常规血液透析(HD)治疗.观察两组患者在单次血液透析前后对尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)、血磷、血钾等致病小分子物质以及β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、瘦素、同型半胱氨酸等致病大分子物质的清除状况.结果 透析后,两组患者的BUN、Scr、血磷、血钾等含量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组的β2-MG、iPTH、瘦素、同型半胱氨酸等含量与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 两种不同的血液透析方式对致病小分子物质具有相似的清除效果,但对致病大分子物质的清除以HDF透析方式的疗效更优,可在临床上推广使用.     

血液灌流对维持性血液透析患者血清β2-微球蛋白的清除效果

目的 研究血液灌流对维持性血液透析患者血清β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)的清除效果.方法 将42例维持性血液透析患者随机分为2组A组血液灌流+血液透析(HD+HP)、B组血液透析(HD),A组接受树脂吸附联合血液透析治疗,B组接受常规血液透析治疗,均在单次治疗前后用放射免疫法测定血清β2-MG水平.结果 A组治疗后患者血β2-MG从(22.61±5.17)mg/L降至(11.98±3.92)mg/L,治疗前后比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.01);B组治疗后血β2-MG从(23.37±5.13)mg/L降至(23.34±5.08)mg/L,治疗前后比较,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 血液灌流联合血液透析能有效地清除β2-MG.     

高、低通量血液透析对尿毒症病人透析质量的比较

目的比较低通量血液透析(LF-HD)与高通量血液透析(HF-HD)对尿毒症患者不同分子质量毒素的清除及营养情况的评估。方法22例维持性血液透析患者,先后接受LF-HD及HF-HD各3月,每周均透析3次,每次透析时间为4h。分别于透析前及3月后测定患者血清的肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)以及血浆白蛋白水平,并进行统计学处理。结果LF-HD和HF-HD透析治疗后患者的Scr下降率分别为62.5%和61.1%,血BUN的下降率分别为66.9%和65.8%,两种透析方式比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。HF-HD透析治疗后血β2-MG的下降率为45.1%,明显优于LF-HD透析治疗后β2-MG下降率-1.8%(P<0.01)。结论HF-HD能有效清除中分子毒素(血β2-MG),LF-HD不能清除中分子毒素(血β2-MG)。对于小分子毒素(Scr、血BUN)的清除率以及对血浆白蛋白的影响,两者比较无统计学差异。     

慢性肾衰竭尿毒症患者血液透析滤过与高通量血液透析透析效果比较

选择我院收治的86例慢性肾衰竭尿毒症患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用高通量血液透析治疗,观察组采用血液透析滤过治疗。比较两组后尿素清除指数改善情况,血清Urea、Cr改善情况,β2-MG清除情况,血清白蛋白、电解质清除情况。结果观察组透析后β2-MG、血清Urea、Cr显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组透析后K+、Ca2+、P-含量显著低于透析前,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。血液透析滤过治疗慢性肾衰竭尿毒症毒素清除效果更佳,不引起蛋白质丢失,使用方便,值得临床推广应用。     

高通量血液透析与低通量血液透析对糖尿病肾病患者的影响

目的探讨高通量血液透析(HFHD)与低通量血液透析(LFHD)对糖尿病肾病(DN)患者代谢及肾功能的影响。方法将60例DN患者按照随机数字表分为HFHD组与LFHD组,每组30例。比较2组肾功能指标及代谢指标水平。结果透析前,2组血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);透析后,HFHD组以上指标均高于LFHD组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。2组透析前后血红蛋白(Hb)、血清白蛋白(Alb)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、血尿酸(BUA)、血钙(Ca)、血磷(P)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05);HFHD组透析后TC、hs-CRP、P、PTH、IL-6、TNF-α水平低于LFHD组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05),其余指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论相较于LFHD,HFHD治疗DN能够有效清除毒素,调节机体代谢,显著改善患者肾功能及炎症状态。     

高通量血液透析在治疗尿毒症患者中的应用

目的:探讨高通量血液透析在治疗尿毒症患者中的应用效果。方法:将120例尿毒症患者随机等分为高通量组和低通量组,高通量组应用高通量血液透析,低通量组应用低通量血液透析。比较两组患者血液透析治疗前后血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血钾(K+)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、血清甲状旁腺激素(IPTH)、血红蛋白(Hb)的变化情况。比较两组患者血液透析期间低血压、感染等不良反应的发生率。结果:两组患者在血液透析治疗前后Scr,BUN,K+差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高通量组在透析治疗后β2-MG,IPTH水平低于低通量组(P<0.05),Hb高于低通量组(P<0.05)。两组患者血液透析后低血压、感染等不良反应的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组患者耐受性好。结论:采用高通量血液透析治疗尿毒症能有效清除中大分子毒素如β2-MG、IPTH等,减少透析的慢性并发症,改善患者生活质量。     

前稀释高容量联机血液滤过与低通量血液透析清除效果的前瞻性交叉研究

目的:比较前稀释高容量联机血液滤过(HF)与低通量血液透析(HD)清除的效果.方法:对10例维持性HD患者采用前瞻性、随机、交叉研究,观察两种血液净化治疗前后血清肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血磷、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、瘦素(leptin)水平变化及评价尿素清除指数.结果:HF组β2-MG、瘦素下降率明显高于HD组(P＜0.01),而BUN、Scr下降率及一室尿素清除指数、二室尿素清除指数低于HD组(P＜0.05).两组血磷下降率差异无显著性.结论:前稀释高容量联机HF清除较大分子量尿毒症毒素明显优于低通量HD.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.