金雀异黄素预先给药对大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤的作用

目的 研究特异性蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂金雀异黄素预先给药对大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤（VILI）的作用。方法 30只健康SD大鼠，随机分为3组，每组10只，A组采用8ml／kg潮气量机械通气；B组采用40ml／kg潮气量机械通气；C组采用40ml／kg潮气量机械通气，并在机械通气前30min腹腔注射金雀异黄素50mg／kg。3组呼吸频率均为80次／min，吸／呼比（I：E）为1：1，PEEP为0，吸人气体为室内空气。机械通气2h后处死大鼠，取肺组织，光镜下观察病理学，测定髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性、磷酸化p38（p-p38）、p38水平；收集支气管肺泡灌洗液，测定总蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平，并进行白细胞（WBC）计数。结果与A组比较，B组支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、WBC计数、TNF-α及肺组织MPO、P—p38／p38水平升高（P〈0．05或0．01），肺组织病理学改变严重；与B组比较，C组上述指标降低（P〈0．01或0．05），肺组织病理学改变明显减轻。结论 金雀异黄素50mg／kg预先给药可减轻大鼠VILI，其机制与抑制了p38通路的激活有关。     

异丙酚对机械通气相关肺损伤大鼠肺组织p38MAPK信号通路的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚对机械通气相关肺损伤大鼠肺组织p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号通路的影响.方法 雄性清洁级Wistar大鼠30只,体重230～300 g,2～3月龄,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为3组(n=10):对照组(C组)保留自主呼吸;机械通气组(V组)和异丙酚组(P组)行机械通气4h,P组在机械通气开始时静脉注射异丙酚5 mg/kg,机械通气期间以10mg·kg-1 ·h-1的速率静脉输注异丙酚.于机械通气15 min、1h、2h和4h时记录MAP,并采集股动脉血样,进行动脉血气分析,记录PaO2;机械通气结束时,测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总蛋白、TNF-α和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)的浓度;取肺组织,测定湿干重比(W/D比)、MDA含量、SOD活性、细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)和p38MAPK、磷酸化p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK)蛋白的表达水平,计算p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK,并观察病理学结果,进行肺损伤评分.结果 与C组比较,V组和P组肺损伤评分、W/D比、肺组织MDA含量、ICAM-1表达、BALF中总蛋白浓度、TNF-α和MIP-2浓度和肺组织p-p38MAPK蛋白表达水平和p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK升高,V组肺组织SOD活性降低(P＜0.05),P组SOD活性差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与V组比较,P组肺损伤评分、W/D比、肺组织MDA含量、ICAM-1表达、BALF中总蛋白浓度、TNF-α和MIP-2浓度和肺组织p-p38MAPK蛋白表达和p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK降低,肺组织SOD活性、MAP和PaO2升高(P＜0.05).三组肺组织p38MAPK蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 异丙酚可能通过抑制p38MAPK信号转导通路的活化减轻大鼠机械通气相关肺损伤.     

脂氧素受体激动剂BML-111减轻大鼠机械通气肺损伤

目的探讨脂氧素受体激动剂BML-111对机械通气肺损伤(VILI)的保护作用及其机制。方法 32只健康雄性SD大鼠随机均分四组,L组:VT6ml/kg;H组:VT20ml/kg;BML组:VT20ml/kg,机械通气开始时腹腔注射BML-111(1mg/kg);BOC组:VT20ml/kg,机械通气开始前30min腹腔注射叔丁氧羟基-苯丙氨酸-亮氨酸-苯丙氨酸-亮氨酸-苯丙氨酸(BOC-2,50μg/kg),机械通气开始时腹腔注射BML-111(1mg/kg)。RR均为80次/分,机械通气时间均为4h。实验结束处死大鼠,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺组织标本。观察肺组织病理学变化,Western Blot法检测肺组织中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)磷酸化水平、核转录因子(NF)-κB核转位。对BALF中细胞进行分类计数,检测BALF中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达水平。结果 H、BOC组BALF中蛋白浓度和中性粒细胞计数、TNF-α、IL-1β和L-6含量明显高于L和BML组(P0.05或P0.01)。H、BOC组ERK、p38MAPK和JNK磷酸化水平明显高于L和BML组(P0.05或P0.01)。H、BOC组IKB-α表达明显低于L和BML组(P0.05或P0.01);H、BOC组NF-κB p65亚基从胞浆向胞核转位明显高于L和BML组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论 BML-111抑制MAPK的磷酸化和NF-κB信号通路激活,并可能是其减轻VILI的机制之一。     

烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠肺组织丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路的变化

目的 了解烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠肺组织丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路及炎性细胞因子含量的变化,探讨其损伤机制. 方法建立密闭舱内烟雾吸入性损伤模型,将30只SD大鼠分为烟雾吸入性损伤后1、6、24、72 h及7 d组,另设正常对照组(6只).取各组大鼠肺组织行病理学观察,检测肺组织匀浆液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2(MIP-2)和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)含量,用蛋白质印迹法检测肺组织p38MAPK、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)及各酶磷酸化水平.收集大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),检测TNF-α、MIP-2、IL-1β含量并行粒细胞分类、计数. 结果烟雾吸入使大鼠产生急性肺损伤样病理改变.伤后1 h组大鼠肺组织及BALF中TNF-α和IL-1β含量均高于正常对照组(P<0.01).各组肺组织MIP-2水平与正常对照组接近(P>0.05),伤后1 h组BALF中MIP-2水平高于正常对照组(P<0.01).各致伤组p38MAPK、ERK1/2、JNK水平接近正常对照组,但此3种酶的磷酸化水平在伤后不同时相组有高表达.伤后1 h组大鼠BALF粒细胞总数为(0.36±0.08)×106个/L,较正常对照组(0.61±0.09)×106个/L明显减少(P<0.05),伤后7 d组粒细胞总数[(1.71±0.67)×106个/L]却高于正常对照组(P<0.05).伤后6 h～7 d组中性粒细胞数多于正常对照组(P<0.05).伤后1 h组巨噬细胞数少于正常对照组(P<0.05),但6 h～7 d组逐渐增多.各组大鼠淋巴细胞数量接近(P>0.05).结论 密闭舱室内非金属材料燃烧释放的毒性气体能诱导肺组织产生明显的炎性反应,激活细胞MAPK通路中重要激酶的表达,这可能是毒性混合气体导致肺损伤的重要机制之一.     

盐酸氨溴索预先给药对内毒素诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的作用

目的探讨盐酸氨溴索（AMB）预先给药对内毒素（LPS）诱导大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）的作用及其机制。方法雄性SD大鼠108只，体重196～273g，12～14周龄。随机分为6组（n=18），A组生理盐水（NS）0．5ml腹腔注射（i．p．）1h后，再i．p．NS0．5ml；B组i．p．AMB 10mg／kg 1h后i．p．NS0．5ml；C组i.p．NS0．5ml 1h后i．p．LPS 5mg／kg；D、E、F组分别i．p．AMB5、10、20mg／kg后1hi．p．LPS5mg／kg。i．p．NS（A、B组）或LPS（C、D、E、F组）后1、2、4h各处死5只大鼠，采用双夹心抗体酶联吸附免疫法测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2（MIP-2）浓度，蛋白印迹法检测肺组织细胞胞浆中磷酸化／非磷酸化c—Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）的表达。另外3只i．p．NS（A、B组）或LPS（C、D、E、F组）后4h观察大鼠肺组织形态学变化。结果与A组比较，C、D、E、F组BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β和MIP-2升高；与C组比较，E、F组上述三指标均降低。与A组比较，C、D、E、F组磷酸化JNK表达增多；与C组比较，E、F组磷酸化JNK表达减少，D、E、F组非磷酸化JNK表达增多（P〈0．05或0．01）。AMP预先给药可减轻i．p.LPS诱导的肺组织损伤。结论AMB预先给药可减轻LPS诱导大鼠ALI，其机制与抑制肺组织JNK的活化、下调TNF-α、IL-1β和MIP-2的表达有关．且呈剂量依赖性。     

p38MAPK抑制剂对急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织核因子-κB表达的影响

目的 观察p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38MAPK）抑制剂预处理对大鼠内毒素型急性肺损伤（Au）核因子-κB（NF-κB）的影响。方法 腹腔内注射＋气管内给内毒素复制大鼠ALI模型，用免疫组化方法测定肺组织NF-κB的表达。结果实验组、预处理组NF-κB的表达高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），且实验组高于预处理组（P〈0．05）。结论 p38MAPK抑制剂可减轻大鼠细胞的NF-κB表达，减轻肺组织的病理损害。     

阿司匹林诱生型脂氧素A4对脂多糖诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的 评价阿司匹林诱生型脂氧素A4 (ATL)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的影响.方法 雄性SPF级BALB/C小鼠30只,体重25～30 g,10～ 12周龄,采用随机数字表法,将其分为3组(n=10):对照组(NS组)气管内滴定生理盐水(LPS溶媒)1.5 ml/kg,1h后尾静脉注射50％无水乙醇(ATL溶媒)0.1 ml; LPS组气管内滴定LPS 3 mg/kg,1h后尾静脉注射50％无水乙醇0.1 ml; ATL组气管内滴定LPS 3 mg/kg,1h后尾静脉注射ATL 0.2 mg/kg.气管内滴定药物后24h处死,采集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),计数总细胞数、多形核粒细胞比例、单个核细胞比例及其总蛋白、TNF-α、IL-6、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、IL-10的浓度;取肺组织,测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK1/2)的磷酸化水平,并观察肺组织病理学结果,行肺损伤评分.结果 与NS组比较,LPS组和ATL组肺损伤评分、BALF中总细胞数、多形核粒细胞比例、TNF-α、IL-6、MCP-1浓度升高,单个核粒细胞比例降低,LPS组BALF中IL-10浓度降低,总蛋白浓度、肺组织MPO活性、p38 MAPK、JNK、ERK1/2的磷酸化水平升高(P＜0.05),ATL组BALF中总蛋白、IL-10浓度、肺组织MPO活性、p38 MAPK、JNK、ERK1/2的磷酸化水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与LPS组比较,ATL组肺损伤评分、BALF中总细胞数、多形核粒细胞比例和总蛋白、TNF-α、IL-6、MCP-1浓度降低,单个核粒细胞比例和IL-10浓度升高,肺组织MPO活性、p38MAPK和JNK的磷酸化水平降低(P＜0.05),ERK1/2的磷酸化水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 ATL可减轻LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤,其机制与抑制p38 MAPK和JNK信号通路激活有关.     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶在肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠炎性反应中的作用

目的探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38MAPK）在肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠炎性反应中的作用。方法健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为3组（n=10）：假手术组（S组）、缺血再灌注组（I/R组）和p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580组（SB组）。采用夹闭肠系膜上动脉（SMA）的方法制备肠缺血再灌注损伤模型。I/R组和SB组夹闭SMA 1 h再灌注6 h,SB组缺血前30 min经股静脉注射p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580 100μg/kg。于再灌注6 h时,处死大鼠,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）浓度、双胺氧化酶（DAO）活性及小肠组织TNF-α含量、p38MAPK、细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达水平,在光镜下观察小肠组织病理学,并进行小肠组织损伤程度评分。结果与S组比较,I/R组血浆TNF-α浓度、DAO活性及小肠组织p38MAPK、ICAM-1表达、TNF-α含量、小肠组织损伤程度评分升高,SB组血浆DAO活性、小肠组织ICAM-1表达、TNF-α含量及小肠组织损伤程度评分升高（P〈0.05）;与I/R组比较,SB组血浆TNF-α浓度、DAO活性及小肠组织p38MAPK、ICAM-1表达和TNF-α含量、小肠组织损伤程度评分降低（P〈0.05）。结论p38MAPK参与了肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠炎性反应。     

肾病综合征氧化低密度脂蛋白脂质肾损伤的实验研究

目的 通过观察氧化低密度脂蛋白（oxidized low-density lipoprotein,ox-LDL）对系膜细胞（Mesangial Cells,MCs）分泌炎症介质功能的影响及MAPK信号通路和核因子-κB（nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB）活性的改变,进一步阐明脂质在肾损伤中的作用机制.方法 利用ox-LDL诱导大鼠系膜细胞增殖,分别采用ELISA、real-time PCR、western blot技术检测MCs炎症介质、MAPK通路相关蛋白（p38、JNK、ERK）及NF-κB的表达水平.结果 利用ox-LDL诱导大鼠系膜细胞增殖并加入CXCR6受体后,其表面炎症因子[CXCL16、CD36、ADAM10、ADAM17、干扰素（IFN）、白细胞介素（IL6）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）]的表达水平以及MAPK信号通路（p38、JNK、ERK）、NF-κB的磷酸化水平显著升高（P〈0.01）.结论 ox-LDL可促使系膜细胞释放CXCL16、CD36、ADAM10、ADAM17、IFN、IL6、TNF-α等炎症介质,CXCR6可介导这一途径.ox-LDL激活MAPK信号转导通路,使p38、ERK1/2、SAPK/JNK的磷酸化水平升高,激活了NF-κB p65的活性,CXCR6-CXCL16介导MAPK信号途径.     

阿米洛利预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨阿米洛利预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响.方法 清洁级雄性SD大鼠32只,体重200～250 g,随机分为4组(n=8):对照组(C组)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组)、阿米洛利组(A组)和阿米洛利预先给药组(AL组).C组股静脉输注生理盐水3 ml,ALI组股静脉输注生理盐水1 ml、内毒素6 mg/kg,A组股静脉输注阿米洛利10 mg/kg、生理盐水2 ml,AL组股静脉输注阿米洛利10 mg/kg、内毒素6 mg/kg,输注速率均为0.05 ml/rain,给药间隔均为30 min.于输注内毒素结束后6 h时处死大鼠取肺,观察肺组织病理学,并行病理学评分,称重后计算肺湿干重比,检测髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,测定支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、TNF-α和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)的浓度,采用Western blot法检测肺组织钠氢交换体1(NHE1)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,ALI组和AL组肺组织病理学评分、肺湿干重比、MPO活性、支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、TNF-α和MIP-2浓度、肺组织NHE1、p38MAPK和ERK的表达水平明显升高(P＜0.01),A组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与ALI组比较,AL组肺组织病理学评分、肺湿干重比、MPO活性、支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、TNF-α和MIP-2浓度、肺组织NHE1和ERK的表达水平明显降低(P＜0.01),p38MAPK表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 阿米洛利预先给药可减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤,其机制可能与抑制ERK信号转导通路激活有关.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.