两种临时血管通路在血液净化中应用的临床观察

目的回顾分析我科近三年来透析患者两种临时血管通路（颈内静脉置管与股静脉置管）的临床资料，观察两种临时血管通路在血液净化中的应用及并发症的发生情况。方法通过观察我科2004年1月～2006年11月149例血液透析患者两种临时血管通路（颈内静脉置管与股静脉置管）的置管情况，对两种临时血管通路的留置时间、血流量大小、透析充分性、安全性、感染发生率等指标进行比较。结果共有149例血液透析患者行临时深静脉插管，其中颈内静脉置管40例，股静脉置管109例。颈内静脉置管留置时间平均为（27．2±11．1）天，股静脉置管留置时间平均为（15．9±10．4）天，两组相比具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。两组患者均可获得稳定的血流量，组间相比差异无统计学意义。透析充分性用KCV评价，KCV〉1．2为透析充分。颈内静脉置管组KCV均〉1．2，股静脉置管组有5例KCV〈1．2，可能与导管血栓形成有关，经导引钢丝疏通或尿激酶处理后KCV改善，两组相比无显著差异。颈内静脉置管组发生误穿动脉1例，股静脉置管组发生误穿动脉4例，全部病例均未发生血气胸、空气栓塞、明显血肿等严重并发症，安全性相比两组无明显差异。置管后发生导管感染26例，其中颈内静脉置管组发生1例（2．5％），股静脉置管组发生25例（22．93％），两组相比具有差异统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论两种深静脉置管建立的临时血管通路均可获得稳定的血流量，透析充分性及安全性无明显差异。但颈内静脉置管的留置时间要显著长于股静脉置管，而感染发生率则显著低于股静脉置管，故笔者认为颈内静脉置管是血液净化建立临时血管通路的首选方法。     

不同置管部位透析连接方式对糖尿病肾病行血液透析治疗患者血糖值的影响分析

目的探究不同置管部位透析连接方式对糖尿病肾病行血液透析治疗患者血糖值的影响。方法选取该院2014年8月—2017年8月收治的120例糖尿病肾病行血液透析治疗患者,随机分为4组,每组30例,分别采用长期颈内静脉置管、临时颈内静脉置管、临时股静脉置管和临时锁骨下静脉置管进行血液透析治疗,全部患者的透析连接方式均采用正向连接置管动静脉端和反向连接置管动静脉端各1次,透析2 h后分别采集患者手指末端和透析血路管动脉端血液进行血糖值的测量,分析不同置管部位透析连接方式对糖尿病肾病行血液透析治疗患者血糖值的影响。结果 4种置管方式在正向连接进行血液透析时,患者手指末端采血血糖值与透析血路管动脉端血糖值相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而在临时股静脉置管反向连接进行血液透析时,患者手指未端采血血糖值明显高于透析血路管动脉端采血血糖值。结论长期颈内静脉置管、临时股静脉置管和临时锁骨下静脉置管进行血液透析治疗时,透析连接方式对患者血糖值并无太大影响,而临时股静脉反向连接进行血液透析时,反向连接对患者的手指末端采血血糖值明显高于透析血路管动脉端采血血糖值,值得临床医生注意。     

颈外静脉穿刺中心静脉置管血液透析--附58例(62次)报告

中心静脉置管,是血液透析临时性血管通路的首选,常用的置管途径有经股静脉、锁骨下静脉及颈内静脉三种,均各有优缺点[1]。作者报道经颈外静脉穿刺置管途径。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　58例62次,其中男性44例48次,女性14例14次,年龄251～804(平均590)岁,均为本中心血液透析患者。1.2　方法　使用德国贝朗公司生产“ＣｅｒｔｏｆｉｘＴｒｉｏＶ1220”三腔深静脉导管,长20ｃｍ,内径12Ｆ。按穿刺时的体位将病例分为两组,卧位组35例次,其中男性26例次,女性9例次,平均年龄573岁;坐位组27例次,其中男性22例次,女性5例次,平均年龄612岁。1.2.1　卧位…     

肝衰竭患者深静脉置管的选择

目的:探讨肝衰竭患者理想的深静脉置管方式.方法:肝衰竭患者根据病情选择不同深静脉置管方式,观察患者发生血肿、穿刺点渗血、瘀斑、导管感染等并发症发生率.结果:股静脉穿刺瘀斑发生率明显高于颈内静脉(P＜0.01);颈内静脉穿刺点渗血明显高于股静脉(P＜0.01);动脉损伤发生率股静脉穿刺高于颈内静脉(P＜0.05).同一患者颈内静脉穿刺点发生渗血高于股静脉(P＜0.05),股静脉的瘀斑发生率高于颈内静脉(P＜0.001).结论:颈内静脉是肝衰竭患者最安全、最常用的深静脉置管位置,当进行血液净化、血浆置换等治疗时,股静脉可以作为置管首选方式.     

三种中心静脉置管路径的比较

目的:比较三种中心静脉导置管路径的优劣。方法:回顾性分析314例行中心静脉置管的住院患者资料,根据置管路径不同分为3组,颈内静脉路径组103例,锁骨下静脉路径组105例,股静脉路径组106例,比较其穿刺成功率、置管成功率、置管时间及各种并发症的发生率。结果:3组中无1例发生空气栓塞、深静脉血栓形成及心律失常。3组内穿刺成功率、置管成功率、置管时间及局部渗血、血肿、血气胸、中心静脉导管相关性血流感染、导管堵塞及导管脱出的发生率比较,差别无统计学意义。结论:三种路径的使用效果和安全性无显著差异。     

经永存左上腔静脉行血液透析置管的可行性

目的探讨经永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)行血液透析置管的可行性。方法回顾性分析该院2例、文献复习10例经左上腔静脉放置血液透析导管的置管方法、导管通畅性、并发症、确诊方式。结果肾科置管医师术前均未意识到此种血管畸形;11例经左颈内静脉入PLSVC置管过程顺利,1例经右颈内静脉入PLSVC出现血管穿通伤后死亡;术中无心律失常,1例术后出现阵发性预激综合征伴阵发房颤;3例出现导管流量不足;6例带隧道带涤纶套导管使用时间为2~15个月;经CT、心导管血管造影、超声心动图、MRA等多种影像学手段证实PLSVC的存在。结论通过术前的充分准备、术中后适当操作,经PLSVC行血液透析置管是安全可行的。     

原液肝素封管用于血液透析患者中心静脉导管的效果观察

目的观察原液肝素封管用于血液透析患者中心静脉导管的效果,探讨合理的封管浓度。方法 120例血液透析患者均行颈内或锁骨下静脉置管,将其随机分为A、B、C 3组,血液透析结束后分别从导管动、静脉端快速推入0.9%氯化钠溶液10ml,将导管内血液彻底冲洗干净,然后采用肝素封管,A组肝素浓度为1250 U/ml,B组为3125 U/ml,C组为6250 U/ml。观察3组导管留置时间、堵管发生率及患者透析1个月后的凝血功能指标。结果 3组患者导管留置时间及堵管发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),与A组及B组比较,C组导管留置时间显著延长,堵管发生率明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。透析1个月后,3组凝血功能指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论原液肝素封管使用可延长导管留置时间,不增加出血风险,是血液透析患者中心静脉导管较为理想的封管方法。     

经皮颈内静脉长期导管在老年维持性血液透析患者中的临床应用

目的：探讨经皮颈内静脉长期导管在老年维持性血液透析患者中的应用及其常见并发症的防治。方法对2009年12月至2012年12月在中南大学湘雅医院行经皮颈内静脉长期置管的15例维持性血液透析老年患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察置管术后情况、导管的使用情况、常见并发症的防治、透析充分性评价等。结果（1）实施颈内静脉长期置管18例次,其中3例为重新置管,置管成功率100%。（2）导管相关并发症：2例患者术后1周内出现置管处局部渗血;1例出现导管出口感染,2例发生导管相关性血流感染;3例患者出现导管血栓形成;2例诊断导管纤维鞘形成;1例因人为损坏出现导管破裂。经过相应处理后均使问题得到解决。（3）导管使用期限：本组患者长期导管使用时间为4～41个月,除1例死亡（原因为脑出血）,3例为重新置管,余患者仍继续使用。（4）透析充分性评价：15例患者平均尿素下降率为72%,平均尿素清除指数达1.54。结论对于血管条件差无法建立动静脉内瘘的老年血透患者,使用颈内静脉长期导管行血液透析可以达到充分透析;提高置管及导管护理技术、加强健康宣教,能延长导管使用年限,减少导管并发症。     

深静脉置管在AIDS患者中的临床应用

深静脉导管留置多在重症监护(ICU)患者中被广泛应用,在危重症患者的抢救中起到了积极的作用。临床上常见的中心静脉置管有颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉、股静脉插管留置术。针对艾滋病患者护理的特殊性及医护人员的职业暴露问题,自2002年以来引入深静脉置管在AIDS患者的护理中收到了良     

不同静脉置管在颅脑损伤危重患者中的效果观察

目的观察不同静脉置管方法在颅脑危重患者中的应用效果。方法96例置管患者随机分为外周静脉穿刺导入中心静脉置管（PICC）组48例和锁骨下静脉组48例,分别观察两种方法置管的1次置管成功率、并发症及置管时间的长短。结果PICC组一次置管成功率为100.0%,而锁骨下静脉置管组的一次置管成功率为67.8%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;PICC组导管留置时间长于锁骨下静脉组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;锁骨下静脉组发生导管相关性感染、邻近动脉损伤、导管脱落的例数较多,与PICC组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论PICC导管的穿刺简便易行,并发症少,可长期留置。     

Short-term central venous catheter complications in patients with sickle cell disease who undergo apheresis

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are prone to develop thrombosis and infection due to their inflammatory and immune deficiency state. These patients require red cell exchange therapy for treatment or prevention of hemoglobin S associated complications. Owing to vascular access problems, adult patients need central venous catheterization (CVC) for exchange procedures. Procedure related complications have been reported for long-term CVCs in pediatric patients. However, short-term CVC complications in adult patients are not clear. This report represents the results of documented complications of short-term CVCs in patients with SCD who undergo apheresis. A total of 142 non-tunneled catheters with average median diameter of 9 F (range 8–16 F) were implanted for apheresis. The catheters were mainly inserted through the right internal jugular vein (66.2 %). Total days of catheter were 412. Results were reported as a complication rate and event according to 1,000 catheter days and compared to a control group including 37 healthy stem cell donors. In the patient group, 1 (1 %) hematoma and 1 (1 %) infection were observed for internal jugular vein catheterization (3.7 hemorrhages and 3.7 infections according to 1,000 catheter days), whereas four (8.9 %) cases of thrombosis and 1 (2.2 %) infection (27 and 6.9 according to 1,000 catheter days) developed in femoral vein. There was a significant difference in terms of thrombosis (P = 0.009). In the control group, only individual developed thrombosis in internal jugular vein. Short-term CVC inserted through to the internal jugular vein seems to be safer than femoral vein in patients with SCD.     

Angiotomographically-proven left innominate vein occlusion in dialysis patients with prior left internal jugular vein catheterization presenting with arm swelling after ipsilateral access creation: report of four cases

Central vein occlusion (CVO) is not uncommonly observed after hemodialysis (HD) catheter placement and it may prevent subsequent ipsilateral arteriovenous (AV) access creation. Right internal jugular vein catheterization (RJVC) appears to be the insertion site with the lowest incidence of CVO, but little is known about the incidence of CVO following left internal jugular vein catheterization (LJVC). We report on four patients with left innominate vein occlusion after LJVC who developed severe arm swelling after ipsilateral AV access creation. In three of the four cases swelling appeared 12-26 months after access creation, and in the fourth, swelling developed immediately after surgery while the catheter was still in place. Two patients underwent access ligation and in the remainder the arm swelling improved either spontaneously or after LJVC removal. LJVC is not as safe as RJVC as an insertion route for HD catheter placement in terms of CVO frequency.     

Percutaneous cardiac catheterization via the internal jugular vein in infants and children

Cardiac catheterization was performed via the internal jugular vein in 14 pediatric patients using a percutaneous sheath technique. Patients were 2 months to 16 years old and weighed 3.2-69 kg. We found that a low lateral approach for puncture of the vein was faster and more often successful than the high approach most often utilized in adult patients. No complications occurred in this series of patients. The internal jugular vein is a safe and reliable alternative to the femoral vein for cardiac catheterization if there is obstruction to the inferior vena cava or if it is desirable to leave an indwelling cardiac catheter.     

超声引导下右颈内静脉穿刺置管在血液透析中的应用

目的总结右颈内静脉穿刺置管的经验,探讨超声引导下右颈内静脉穿刺置管在血液透析中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析535例使用传统盲穿、超声定位及超声引导三种方法行右颈内静脉穿刺置管术成功率、穿刺时间、病人满意度和发生并发症的种类和例数。结果传统盲穿218例中,一次成功103例（47.25%）,穿刺时间（65±11）s,总成功率83.01%（181例）,发生局部气肿、血肿17例（7.80%）,误伤颈动脉9例（4.29%）,神经损伤3例（1.38%）,血气胸1例（0.46%）,病人满意度54.13%;超声定位210例中,一次成功121例（57.62%）,穿刺时间（45±8）s,总成功率91.43%（192例）,发生局部气肿、血肿12例（5.71%）,误伤颈动脉4例（1.90%）,神经损伤1例（0.48%）,无血胸、气胸病例,病人满意度77.62%;超声引导107例,一次成功92例（85.98%）,穿刺时间（30±7）s,总成功率100%,除1例发生局部皮下血肿外,未发生其他并发症,病人满意度达82.22%。与传统盲穿比较,超声定位,尤其超声引导穿刺有很大的优越性。结论血液透析患者行右颈内静脉穿刺置管,是一种风险较大的有创性操作,在超声引导下穿刺能缩短操作时间,提高成功率,减少并发症,提高病人满意度。     

Tampa Bay catheter: a new guiding catheter for endomyocardial biopsy via femoral approach.

Initially, endomyocardial biopsies were obtained almost exclusively using the jugular vein approach. Lately, the femoral vein route has gained popularity and in many centers, including ours, it is preferred. Despite this, guiding catheters specifically designed for endomyocardial biopsy via femoral vein approach are not available. Here, the experience with the Tampa Bay catheter, designed for endomyocardial biopsy using the femoral vein is described. From 1-1-89 to 1-31-90, a total of 486 endomyocardial biopsies were performed in 78 post-heart transplant patients (1-17, mean 6 per patient); 106 were performed via internal jugular vein (22%) and 380 (78%) via femoral vein. Of these, 100 were performed using the Tampa Bay catheter. The remaining 280 biopsies were done using a long sheath or a Judkin's right coronary angioplasty guiding catheter. Biopsy specimens were adequate for diagnosis of rejection in all 106 biopsies performed via internal jugular vein (100%) in 99 of 100 biopsies via femoral vein using the Tampa Bay catheter (99%) and in 274 of the 280 (98%) biopsies using the long sheath or the right Judkin's coronary angioplasty guiding catheter (NS). The femoral vein is larger and easier to find than the internal jugular vein. More important, complications such as right pneumothorax, Horner's syndrome, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, and right phrenic nerve paralysis, known to occur when the internal jugular vein approach is used, can be completely avoided when the femoral vein approach is used.     

Tampa bay catheter: A new guiding catheter for endomyocardial biopsy via femoral approach

Initially, endomyocardial biopsies were obtained almost exclusively using the jugular vein approach. Lately, the femoral vein route has gained popularity and in many centers, including ours, it is preferred. Despite this, guiding catheters specifically designed for endomyocardial biopsy via femoral vein approach are not available. Here, the experience with the Tampa Bay catheter, designed for endomyocardial biopsy using the femoral vein is described. From 1–1-89 to 1–31-90, a total of 486 endomyocardial biopsies were performed in 78 post-heart transplant patients (1–17, mean 6 per patient); 106 were performed via internal jugular vein (22%) and 380 (78%) via femoral vein. Of these, 100 were performed using the Tampa Bay catheter. The remaining 280 biopsies were done using a long sheath or a Judkin's right coronary angioplasty guiding catheter. Biopsy specimens were adequate for diagnosis of rejection in all 106 biopsies performed via internal jugular vein (100%) in 99 of 100 biopsies via femoral vein using the Tampa Bay catheter (99%) and in 274 of the 280 (98%) biopsies using the long sheath or the right Judkin's coronary angioplasty guiding catheter (NS). The femoral vein is larger and easier to find than the internal jugular vein. More important, complications such as right pneu-mothorax, Horner's syndrome, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, and right phrenic nerve paralysis, known to occur when the internal jugular vein approach is used, can be completely avoided when the femoral vein approach is used.     

A rare malposition of the central venous catheter

The left pericardiacophrenic vein was accidentally cannulated during an attempt to establish central venous catheterization through the left internal jugular vein. Chest roentgenograms and intravenous contrast material confirmed the position of the catheter. Although our patient developed no problems during a five-day cannulation, based on published information, it is advisable to reposition the catheter to avoid perforation of the pericardiacophrenic vein and possible cardiac tamponade.