脑卒中后抑郁与部位的相关性研究

目的：探讨急性期脑卒中患者影像学改变在脑卒中后抑郁（PSD）患者中的相关性和临床意义,期望早期发现PSD患者并为及时干预提供帮助。方法：对329例急性脑卒中后1个月内患者采用系统的神经心理评估和MRI检查。所有患者均常规行汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分,根据头颅MRJ结果分析病变部位。结果：PSD的发病率以左侧半球脑卒中患者明显高于双侧和右侧半球脑卒中患者,且左侧额叶和基底节尤为突出。不同病灶数目组间比较,PSD的发生率以多灶患者明显高于单灶患者（P〈0．01）。结论：急性脑卒中后PSD与病变部位在左侧半球尤其是左侧额叶、颞叶和基底节区具有显著相关性。完全前循环梗死也是易患PSD的危险因素。     

卒中后抑郁的相关因素分析

目的探讨卒中后抑郁(PSD)的相关因素。方法采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)在卒中后14 d及90 d对300例脑卒中患者进行评分,并据此分为PSD组及非PSD组,对两组间的卒中部位、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)及简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)评分进行比较。结果 140例(46.7%)患者发生PSD;卒中灶多发或位于左侧半球、额颞叶及基底节的患者PSD发生率明显高于卒中灶单发、位于右侧半球、顶枕叶及皮质的患者(均P<0.05);PSD组发病14 d时NIHSS评分、发病14 d及90 d时mRS评分明显高于非PSD组(P<0.05～0.01)。结论 PSD发生与多灶性卒中及卒中灶位于左侧半球、额颞叶、基底节区有关;且与卒中后神经功能缺损程度及残疾程度有关。     

Depression following intracerebral hemorrhage and the evaluation of cerebral blood flow by single photon emission tomography]

The authors studied patients who presented depression and apathy following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Twelve patients who were admitted in our hospital were divided into two groups according to the presence of post-stroke depression (PSD). Five patients with PSD are in group A, and another seven patients without PSD are in group B. Zung-self depression scale (SDS) and apathy scale were used for screening of depression and apathy. PSD was recognized in 5 (42%) of patients following ICH. Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) suggested the reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the frontal lobe in all patients of the group A (100%), whereas only 29% of patients of the group B. The reduction of CBF in the frontal lobe might be involved in the mechanism of depression following ICH in subacute stage.     

高频重复经颅磁刺激对帕金森合并抑郁患者的临床疗效分析

目的 研究探讨高频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗帕金森合并抑郁患者的临床疗效及脑血流灌注参数变化情况.方法 选取我院2018年4月～2020年4月期间收治的88例帕金森病合并抑郁症患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各44例.对照组患者采取常规治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上接受高频rTMS治疗,疗程均为4w....     

脑卒中后抑郁患者CT表现及其临床特征的相关研究

目的探讨脑卒中后抑郁患者的CT表现和临床特征及其相关因素。方法选择98例CT确诊脑梗死的患者,进行颅脑CT扫描确定脑部异常病变,根据抑郁自评量表(SDS)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)分值分为有无抑郁症状两组:卒中后抑郁组(PSD组,n=42)和对照组(n=56)。结果抑郁的发生率为42.8%。两组患者的年龄、性别构成、受教育程度、病程等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者颅脑CT比较,结果显示PSD组损害更易发生于左侧半球、皮质、额叶和小脑。PSD组内抑郁量表分值与左侧半球、双侧皮质损害容积成正相关(P<0.05)。结论脑卒中后抑郁发生率较高,CT表现和临床特征有一定特点,额叶、皮质的损害可能是PSD发生的生物学基础。     

脑卒中后情感障碍的心理干预及帕罗西汀治疗的临床研究

目的 探讨脑卒中后情感障碍的发生率、脑卒中部位与情感障碍的关系,以及口服帕罗西汀合并早期心理干预对脑卒中后情感障碍患者日常生活能力和神经功能康复的影响.方法 采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)对181例脑卒中患者进行筛查,对脑卒中后同时出现抑郁和焦虑的54例患者随机分成治疗组和对照组,在接受脑血管病常规治疗的基础上,治疗组加用帕罗西汀和心理干预.采用斯堪的那维亚脑卒中量表(SSS)、Barthel指数(BI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)分别于治疗前、治疗后2周、4周及6周末进行评测.结果 181例患者中发生情感障碍81例(44.75 %),其中66.67%(54例)同时出现抑郁和焦虑,情感障碍的发生与额叶、左侧大脑半球、基底节病灶有关(P<0.05～0.001);治疗后治疗组HAMD、HAMA、SSS评分减少和BI评分增加,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01),治疗后2～6周显效率显著优于对照组(P<0.05～0.01).结论 脑卒中后抑郁/焦虑的发生与脑卒中部位相关;对脑卒中后抑郁/焦虑的患者应用帕罗西汀合并心理干预治疗能显著提高患者神经功能康复程度,促进生活能力的恢复.     

脑卒中后抑郁合并认知损害的磁共振扩散张量成像研究

目的 探讨脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)合并卒中后认知功能损害(PSCI)患者的磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)表现及脑卒中后抑郁合并认知功能损害的发病机制。方法 选取武汉大学中南医院2014年10月～2015年12月首发急性脑卒中患者52例,进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、简明精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCa)量表评分,分为PSD合并PSCI组13例(A组),PSD组(B组)11例,PSCI组(C组)12例,单纯脑卒中组16例(D组)。进行磁共振平扫及DTI扫描,比较各组不同部位FA值的差异。结果 A组与D组比较,双侧额叶、双侧半卵圆中心、左侧颞叶、左侧丘脑、右侧壳核FA值减低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 PSD合并PSCI患者可能具有相对独立的发病机制,与双侧额叶、双侧半卵圆中心、左侧颞叶、左侧丘脑及右侧壳核损害有关。     

Etiological mechanisms of post-stroke depression: a review

Abstract

Post-stroke depression (PSD) has become a prominent negative factor of stroke recovery. Different etiological mechanisms may be involved, and there forms two major hypotheses: biological hypothesis and psychological hypothesis. Biological hypothesis included four mechanisms: lesion location mechanism, neurotransmitters mechanism, inflammatory cytokines mechanism and gene polymorphism mechanism. As for lesion location, the specific location of a lesion (e.g., basal ganglia or left frontal lobe lesions) played an important role in the etiology of PSD. For neurotransmitters, decreased serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain were associated with PSD. In inflammatory cytokines, increased cytokines [including interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor α] after stroke lead to depression. For gene polymorphism, there was significant association between serotonin transporter gene-linked promoter region short variant genotype and post-stroke major depression. Psychological hypothesis suggested that social and psychological stressors associated with stroke may be the primary cause of depression. Up to now, there is no definitive evidence to support or refute either a solely biological or solely psychosocial mechanism. It appears to be a kind of biopsychosocial multifactorial mental illness.     

Cortico-basal degeneration

Cortico-basal degeneration (CBD) or cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration is a condition characterised by selective cortical atrophy of parietal and in a lesser extent, frontal lobe associated with dysfunction of the basal ganglia. The clinical symptoms of CBD, predominantly extrapyramidal signs (bradykinesia and rigidity) and apraxia, affect often only one body side in the onset phase, with the left one being more frequent. Neuropathological studies reveal neuronal loss, gliosis, and achromasia chiefly in frontal and parietal cortex, as well as in basal ganglia and substantia nigra. Functional investigations, such as SPECT, disclose similar distribution of abnormalities (hypometabolism). The aetiology and causative treatment of CBD are unknown. The authors highlight the diagnostic difficulties in CBD including a necessity of a prolonged patient's observation in order to ascertain the differential diagnosis of other neurodegenerative disorders, in particular progressive supranuclear palsy, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.     

老年抑郁症患者的脑正电子发射体层摄影术显像分析

目的 探讨老年抑郁症患者脑^18氟-脱氧葡萄糖（18^F-FDG）正电子发射体层摄影术（PET）显像的特点。方法 分别对6例老年抑郁症患者（GD组）及10名健康体检者（对照组）进行脑^18 F-FDGPET显像，按年龄、简易智力状态检查量表总分和性别构成配对，用统计参数图第2版软件比较两组间脑局部葡萄糖代谢的差别。结果 GD组较对照组在双侧尾状核、额下回、颞上回、额中回，右侧核外、额上回、舌回和左侧扣带回、中央前回等脑区局部葡萄糖代谢减低（均P〈0．005）。GD组无局部脑葡萄糖代谢增加的脑区。结论 老年抑郁症患者存在基底节区、前额叶、颞叶和边缘系统的局部葡萄糖代谢下降。     

Depression after stroke: the importance of cerebral hemisphere asymmetries.

The pattern of brain asymmetries was visualized on computed tomography (CT) scan in patients with a single acute cerebrovascular lesion. Patients were divided into those with typical or reversed frontal and/or occipital asymmetries. Among patients with a typical occipital asymmetry, those with left frontal or left basal ganglia lesions showed a significantly higher frequency of major depression and significantly higher depression scores than patients with similar lesion location but with reversed occipital asymmetry or those with a typical asymmetry and lesions in other (left or right) brain areas. Among patients with a reversed occipital asymmetry, there was no significant association between left frontal or left basal ganglia lesions and depression. This study demonstrates that the previously reported significant association between post-stroke major depression and lesion location is restricted to patients with a typical occipital asymmetry and is not present in patients with a reversed occipital asymmetry.     

基于静息态脑电图的卒中后抑郁脑网络异常特征研究

目的 基于静息态脑电图探索卒中后抑郁（post-stroke depression,PSD）脑网络特征异常改变,提取 客观生物标志物。 方法 回顾性分析深圳市人民医院脑电数据库中缺血性卒中慢性期患者病例资料,收集静息态 脑电图与汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton depression scale,HAMD）、MMSE及NIHSS评分资料。以HAMD评分 ≥20分为分界值,并通过病灶位置及体积匹配将患者分为PSD组和卒中后非抑郁（post stroke nondepression, PSND）组。脑电图数据预处理后,分别基于相干性虚部及能量包络在皮层源层面建立不同 频段功能连接矩阵,采用基于网络的统计方法分析两组间差异。 结果 与PSND组比较,PSD组患者①基于相干性虚部的脑网络连接在δ频段减弱,以顶叶脑区连接 减弱更明显;θ频段减弱,以左侧额顶颞枕、边缘叶及右侧额叶连接减弱更明显;γ频段增强,以左 侧额叶、边缘叶及右侧顶叶脑区连接增强更明显;②基于能量包络的脑网络连接在α频段增强,以双 侧顶枕叶脑区连接增强更明显。 结论 PSD患者脑网络发生异常改变,静息态脑电图是揭示这种改变的有效工具。     

Volumetric brain imaging findings in mood disorders

Volumetric neuroimaging is increasingly being used by researchers of affective disorders to assess potential involvement of different brain structures in mood regulation and to test neuroanatomic models of mood disorders. In unipolar depression, findings suggest abnormalities in the frontal lobe (particularly the subgenual prefrontal cortex), basal ganglia (particularly the caudate and putamen), cerebellum, and hippocampus/amygdala complex. In bipolar disorder, abnormalities in the third ventricle, frontal lobe, cerebellum, and possibly the temporal lobe are noted. We review the findings for the various regions of the brain, and discuss the implications on the understanding of mood disorders. Directions for future research in volumetric imaging is then discussed.     

脑卒中后认知损害与影像学分型的相关研究

目的探讨不同部位缺血性脑卒中急性期患者认知功能损害的特点。方法收集230例脑梗死急性期（1～14 d）患者,包括额叶31例,颞叶27例,顶叶26例,枕叶21例,基底节47例,丘脑35例,小脑23例,脑干20例;采用中文版蒙特利尔认知评估量表（Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA）对受试者进行认知功能测评。结果 （1）各病变部位认知障碍的发生率不同;额叶组、颞叶组及丘脑组MoCA总分低于其他各组（P〈0.05）,顶叶组、枕叶组MoCA总分与基底节组、小脑组和脑干组比较有显著性差别（P〈0.05）;（2）额叶组在视空间及执行功能、注意认知域及MoCA总分值低于其他各组（P〈0.05）;颞叶组在命名、延迟回忆认知域分值低于其他各组,MoCA总分与顶叶组、枕叶组、基底节组、小脑组、脑干组有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;顶叶组及枕叶组MoCA总分低于基底节、小脑、脑干组（P〈0.05）;丘脑组在视空间及执行功能、注意认知域及MoCA总分低于顶叶、枕叶、基底节、小脑和脑干组,语言及定向认知域分值低于其他各组（P〈0.05）。结论不同部位脑梗死患者认知障碍的发生率及认知损害的特点不同。     

抑郁症患者局部脑血流的研究

目的：了解抑郁症患者局部脑血流灌注的特点：方法：应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描对20例抑郁症患者及18例正常对照者局部脑血流灌注进行对比分析。结果：抑郁症组双侧基底核、双侧额叶、左颞叶及左枕叶局部血流低灌注；抑郁症组与对照组左右大脑半球局部血流灌注无显著性差异：结论：抑郁症患者局部脑血流存在低灌注，但未发现局部脑血流低灌注有侧化现象。     

Prism adaptation and other tasks involving spatial abilities in patients with Parkinson's disease, patients with frontal lobe lesions and patients with unilateral temporal lobectomies

Patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease were compared with patients who had sustained damage specific to either the frontal or temporal lobes and normal controls on a delayed alternation task, a test of the left right orientation and a prism adaptation task. On the former two tasks age accounted for more of the variability in performance than did site of brain lesion. However, patients with frontal lobe, right temporal lobe or basal ganglia damage were significantly impaired on the adaptation task. The results are discussed with regard to "switching", "sequencing" and "internal guidance" of movement hypotheses.     

Spect measurements of regional cerebral perfusion and carbondioxide reactivity: Correlation with cerebral collaterals in internal carotid artery occlusive disease

Background The aim of the present study was to assess the regional variation in cerebral perfusion, vasomotor reactivity (VMR) and the role of cerebral collaterals in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA). Methods Seventeen functionally independent patients (60±9 years, mean±SD) with a unilateral symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion and a <30% contralateral ICA stenosis were investigated. (99 m) Tc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed to study cerebral blood flow in rest and during a CO₂ challenge in the cerebellum, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, basal ganglia, frontal lobe and parietal lobe. Time of flight and phase contrast MRA were used to study collateral flow via circle of Willis. Results In rest, cerebral perfusion on the side ipsilateral to the ICA occlusion was decreased compared with the contralateral side in the basal ganglia (p<0.05), frontal lobe (p<0.01) and parietal lobe (p<0.01). During a CO₂ challenge only the ipsilateral frontal lobe demonstrated a perfusion decrease compared with the contralateral frontal lobe (p<0.05). Furthermore, in patients without collateral flow via the anterior circle of Willis the perfusion of the ipsilateral frontal lobe was significantly decreased (p<0.01) during the CO₂ challenge and crossed cerebellar diaschisis with a decreased perfusion on the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere was detected (p<0.05). No cerebral blood flow (CBF) differences were found for present/absent collateral flow via the posterior communicating artery. Conclusion Regional assessment of cerebral perfusion and VMR with SPECT demonstrated the heterogeneity of cerebral hemodynamics and the importance of collateral flow via the anterior circle of Willis. Received in revised form: 22 November 2005     

Ictal hyperperfusion patterns according to the progression of temporal lobe seizures

OBJECTIVE: To investigate ictal hyperperfusion patterns during semiologic progression of seizures, the authors performed SPECT subtraction in 50 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS: The patients were categorized into five groups according to semiologic progression during ictal SPECT (Group 1 had aura only; Group 2 had motionless staring with or without aura; Group 3 had motionless staring and then automatism with or without aura; Group 4 had motionless staring and then dystonic posturing with or without aura and automatism; and Group 5 had motionless staring, automatism, then head version and generalized seizures with or without aura and dystonic posturing). RESULTS: In Group 1, three patients showed ipsilateral temporal hyperperfusion and two had bilateral temporal hyperperfusion with ipsilateral predominance. In Group 2, three patients (42.9%) showed bilateral temporal hyperperfusion with unilateral predominance and four patients (57.1%) revealed insular hyperperfusion of epileptic side. In Group 3, 15 patients (88.2%) showed bilateral temporal hyperperfusion with unilateral predominance and 12 patients (70.6%) revealed insular hyperperfusion. In Group 4, 11 patients (84.6%) showed basal ganglia hyperperfusion on the opposite hemisphere to the side of the dystonic posturing. In Group 5, there were multiple hyperperfusion areas in the frontal, temporal, and basal ganglia regions. However, the injection times of radiotracer in five groups were relatively short and similar. CONCLUSIONS: The semiologic progression in TLE seizures were related to the propagation of hyperperfusion from ipsilateral temporal lobe to contralateral temporal lobe, insula, basal ganglia, and frontal lobe. Not only the radiotracer injection time but also semiologic progression after the injection was important to determine hyperperfusion pattern of ictal SPECT.     

Low brain serotonin transporter binding in major depressive disorder

We examined midbrain, medial temporal lobe, and basal ganglia serotonin transporter (SERT) distribution volume ratio (DVR) values in subjects with major depressive disorder versus healthy volunteers using a selective SERT radioligand and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). We hypothesized that the DVR value for SERT binding would be lower in depressed versus non-depressed subjects. [(123)I]-ADAM SPECT scans were acquired from 20 drug free, depressed subjects and 20 drug-free depressed subjects and 10 drug-free healthy volunteers. The primary outcome measure was the DVR value for [(123)I]-ADAM uptake in the midbrain, medial temporal lobe, and basal ganglia regions. Depressed subjects demonstrated significantly lower DVR values in the midbrain, right and left medial temporal lobe, and right and left basal ganglia. There was significant probability that lower DVR values could distinguish between depressed and non-depressed subjects in the midbrain, medial temporal lobe, and the right and left basal ganglia. These findings confirm prior observations of lower SERT binding in depression, and suggest that low SERT binding may represent a putative biomarker of depression. Future studies are needed to confirm these observations.     

Biochemical markers of mood: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of normal human brain.

BACKGROUND: Elevated brain Cho has been shown within the basal ganglia and frontal (i.e., orbitofrontal and cingulate) cortices in patients with mood disorders utilizing Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS). We sought to determine the relationship between Cho and mood in a cohort of healthy young subjects. METHODS: Twenty-seven subjects without neurologic or psychiatric disorders were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Affect Scale and underwent 1H-MRS of bilateral frontal and occipito-parietal white matter. RESULTS: We found that Cho in the left frontal lobe was inversely correlated with Positive Affect [F(1,24) = 19.2, p <.001, r(2) =.45]. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the important involvement of Cho underlying the integration of affective processing within prefrontal circuitry, and may indicate increased myelin turnover in subjects with lower Positive Affect. Further efforts will be necessary to determine if high Cho is associated with increased incidence of mood disorders throughout life.