肛门闭锁术后残留直肠尿道瘘的治疗

目的 :探讨肛门闭锁术后残留直肠尿道瘘的手术方式及疗效。方法 :8例本病患儿 ,根据病变情况分别采用直肠内直肠尿道瘘修补及经腹会阴联合术式行乙状结肠部分切除、直肠粘膜剥离、瘘管结扎、结肠经直肠肌鞘内拖出肛门成形术治疗。结果 :术后全部治愈出院 ,随访 1～ 6年无复发 ,疗效满意。结论 :上述两种术式较其他术式具有修补牢靠、术式简单、不易复发等优点 ,是目前修补直肠尿道瘘较理想术式之一。     

经肛门结肠拖下术治疗小儿直肠阴道瘘

目的：总结经肛门浆以鞘内结肠拖出术加内括约肌成形术治疗小儿直肠阴道瘘的手术效果，方法：自1999年采用该术式治疗小儿直肠阴道瘘15例，12例为第一次手术，3例为复发瘘，结果：手术时间平均72（60／90）min，术中出血约5－10ml，术后24h内恢复肠道功能，2d开始进食，平均住院时间7．4d，术后1月每日排便4－8次，6月后每日排便1－2次，无1例瘘复发。结论：经肛门浆肌层鞘内结肠拖下术结合内括约肌成形术治疗小儿直肠阴道瘘，手术创伤小，操作简单，复发率低，近期疗效好。     

经肛门括约肌直肠肿瘤切除术97例临床疗效

目的探讨经肛门括约肌手术在中低位直肠肿瘤局部切除术中的作用和疗效。方法对1990年3月至2007年3月采用经肛门括约肌手术的97例中低位直肠肿瘤病例进行回顾性分析。结果全组行直肠部分切除术91例,直肠节段切除术6例。术后并发伤口感染5例（5．2％）,直肠皮肤瘘4例（4．2％）。术后病理结果为：直肠绒毛状腺瘤35例,直肠癌50例,直肠类癌等12例。直肠癌中Tis期17例,T1期21例,T2期7例,T3期2例,T4期3例。术后平均随访6．4年（2个月～16年）。术后肿瘤局部复发3例（6．2％）。术后3年和5年生存率分别为93．7％和87．5％。本组无手术死亡,无术后肛门失禁。结论经肛门括约肌直肠肿瘤局部切除术具有手术创伤小、风险低和易于保留肛门等优点,适用于中低位直肠肿瘤的治疗。     

直肠修补术治疗后天性直肠前庭瘘11例

目的:总结经直肠修补术治疗后天性直肠前庭瘘的经验,提高手术成功率。方法:对11例儿童后天性直肠前庭瘘采用经直肠修补术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:11例患儿有10例1次手术治愈,1例术后1周复发、3个月后经再次手术治愈。术后随访6个月至1年11例均无复发。结论:经直肠修补术是治疗后天性直肠前庭瘘最简单、有效的首选术式。术中二层纵横交错缝合修补肛门括约肌,保留直肠黏膜的完整,是防止术后复发的关键。     

先天无肛舟状窝瘘术式研究

目的:采用直肠末端旋转术治疗先天无肛舟状窝瘘并与传统术式疗效对比,找出最佳术式。方法:直肠末端旋转术完成124例,同期完成传统术式对(照组)58例(骶会阴,尾路肛门成形术26例,瘘后移肛门成形术32例)。随访3个月～2年。结果:直肠末端旋转术随访102例,优97例,良5例,无瘘复发。对照组随访48例,优33例,良6例,差9例。两组经统计学检验,X~2值=17.16,P<0.001。直肠末端旋转术随访无瘘复发,对照组瘘复发6例,二者经统计学处理,X~2值=14.81,P<0.001,差异有极显著性。结论:直肠末端旋转术从根本上解决了直肠回缩瘘复发的发病基础,减少或避免并发症的发生,故为最理想的术式。     

经切开肛门括约肌的直肠阴道瘘修补术（附4例报告）

经切开肛门括约肌的直肠阴道瘘修补术（附４例报告）中国医学科学院北京协和医院外科（１００７３０）邱辉忠直肠阴道瘘（ＲＶＦ）临床少见，以往大多采用经阴道的ＲＶＦ修补术，但术后易复发。自１９９４年以来作者连续为４例ＲＶＦ病人采取经切开肛门括约肌从直肠内行Ｒ...     

自膨式胆道金属支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸临床研究

目的：观察经皮肝穿自膨式胆道金属支架置入术对恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效。方法：对125例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者进行回顾性分析,其中胰头癌50例,胆管癌35例,淋巴结转移癌20例,胆囊癌10例,壶腹癌10例,均采用经皮肝穿自膨式胆道金属支架置入术治疗。结果：技术成功率100%。125例患者,共放置140例支架,支架扩张良好,引流通畅,血清胆红素下降明显。术后死亡1例,腹水渗漏2例,胆道出血2例,胆管炎4例,胆道再阻塞5例。中位生存期190.2 d,术后存活3个月以上者88例,半年以上者52例,1年以上者13例,2年以上者4例。结论：自膨式胆道金属支架置入术是治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸安全、有效的姑息性治疗方法。     

内镜介入治疗胃肠道癌性梗阻

目的 探讨经内镜介入治疗胃肠道癌性梗阻的可行性与临床疗效。方法 总结分析在X线辅助下经内镜介入治疗32例胃肠道癌性梗阻患者的临床资料。结果 32例患者梗阻部位分别为胃出口8例、十二指肠7例、直肠13例、乙状结肠4例。30例（93．7％）放置支架成功，术后1—3d梗阻症状均得到缓解或消除。其中15例胃出口及十二指肠梗阻均为永久性姑息治疗；15例结直肠梗阻中，12例为姑息治疗，3例经内镜治疗解除梗阻后行Ⅰ期肿瘤切除术。1例直肠癌术后复发伴盆腔广泛转移者治疗失败，1例乙状结肠癌广泛转移者术中穿孔而急诊行Hartmann术。随访期间，未发现支架移位；有1例放置十二指肠支架者，术后2个月肿瘤浸润支架远端导致梗阻复发，置入第2根支架后缓解。结论 经内镜介入治疗胃肠道癌性梗阻是一种简单可行、经济有效、并发症少的方法。     

直肠前庭瘘20例治疗体会

目的探讨女婴直肠前庭瘘的手术治疗体会。方法回顾分析我院自1995年至2006年期间20例女婴直肠前庭瘘手术治疗经过。本组均采用直肠内修补术。结果加倒病例均治愈出院,术后随访无复发及并发症出现。结论女婴直肠前庭瘘直肠内修补术,效果良好。     

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目的 探讨经内镜水囊扩张和金属支架置入术治疗肠道恶性梗阻的临床价值。方法 经内镜水囊扩张和金属支架置入术共治疗12例肠道恶性梗阻的病人，其中十二指肠恶性狭窄5例，直肠恶性狭窄5例，乙状结肠恶性狭窄2例。结果 5例十二指肠恶性梗阻经水囊扩张后放置支架成功，均解除梗阻症状。7例结直肠恶性梗阻中，4例扩张后放置金属支架作姑息治疗，2例经扩张和支架治疗解除梗阻后接受手术治疗，1例直肠癌术后狭窄伴盆腔广泛转移者扩张治疗失败。结论 经内镜水囊扩张和金属支架置入术治疗肠道恶性狭窄梗阻是一种操作简单、经济有效、并发症少的方法，可以显著减少病人的创伤和痛苦，提高病人的生活质量。     

Endoscopic treatment of acute colorectal obstruction with self-expandable metallic stents

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and security of treatment with self-expandable metallic stents for acute colonic obstruction. Methods Retrospectively, we analyzed our experience in placing colonic stents in patients with acute colonic obstruction. Sixty-two patients with malignant colon obstruction were sent to our hospital endoscopic unit from February 1999 through September 2003. The mean age was 75.21 years. A total of 63 self-expandable metallic stents were implanted. All procedures were done under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. Results Technical success was obtained in 58 patients (93.54%). Clinical improvement and resolution of the obstruction were confirmed in 56 of these 58 patients (96.55%) within 48–72 h. Sixteen complications were observed in 11 patients (19%). Twelve cases were minor complications: five patients had pain and rectal tenesmus, and there were seven cases of distal migration of the stent. Four patients (6.9%) had severe complications. Three patients underwent surgery to resolve colonic perforations and one patient developed a colovesical fistula 7 months after stent placement. The stent was used as a bridge to the elective surgery in 22 patients (37.93%). The mean time between stent placement and surgery was 7.66 days (range, 2–20). The stent was used as a definitive palliative treatment in 36 patients (62.07%). Conclusion Stenting was a useful treatment of acute malignant colonic obstruction. The use of stents as a “bridge to the elective surgery” allowed the intestinal preparation, general status restoration, and a one-stage operation with resection and primary reanastomosis. We have also used the stents as a definitive palliative treatment, avoiding surgery in those patients with a very widely metastatic disease or who cannot undergo operation because of comorbid underlying conditions.     

Late complication after colon self-expandable metal stent placement: a case report

Treatment of acute colorectal malignant obstruction, by using self-expandable metallic stents is useful for both palliative and decompressive therapy before the final surgical treatment. In this case, the patient may be benefit from a period of medical optimization prior to undergoing planned surgical resection by a colorectal surgeon. This is a minimally invasive procedure, relatively safe, which obviates the need for colostomy for evacuation relieving physical and psychological burden and contributing the improvement of quality of life. Furthermore, this method also has the advantage of being cost-effective. The previous experience in the benign biliary stenosis allowed the extension of using the metallic stents also for the treatment of benign colorectal diseases (diverticular occlusion, anastomotic strictures, colonic endometriosis). Complications of colon self-expandable metallic stents placement may occur during the procedure and soon after placement (early complications) or, rarely, late after insertion (late complications). These include bleeding, re-obstruction, pain, tenesmus, stent migration, and perforation. The authors report a case of an 81 year-old woman with inoperable rectal carcinoma with liver metastasis who underwent palliative treatment of self-expanding metallic stent endoscopic placement. One month later, the patient presented with acute abdomen at Accidents and Emergencies Department. The diagnosis was a late rectosigmoid junction perforation by stent placement.     

Treatment of oncogenic emergencies in esophageal disease

Common oncogenic emergent conditions of the esophagus are esophageal fistula with malignancy and peptic ulcer, perforation by a foreign body, and rupture (Boerhaave's syndrome) and bleeding with malignancy. The current standard of palliative therapy for patients with malignant tracheoesophageal fistula is endoscopic replacement using covered self-expandable metallic stents in the esophagus and/or trachea. We successfully treated two patients with esophageal bleeding caused by malignant ulceration. To prevent the formation of an aortoesophageal fistula, a covered self-expandable metallic stent was inserted into the esophagus and aorta. Insertion of covered self-expandable metallic stents in patients with esophageal malignancies significantly improves dysphagia, seals fistulas/perforations and ulcerations, and is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. Spontaneous esophageal rupture, also known as Boerhaave's syndrome, is a rare condition. Primary repair is appropriate for ruptures diagnosed early. Many are diagnosed late and T-tube drainage may be the simplest way to manage this difficult condition in this situation.     

Palliation of anastomotic obstructions in recurrent gastric carcinoma with the use of covered metallic stents: clinical results in 25 patients

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility and the clinical effectiveness of the placement of covered self-expandable metallic stents for the treatment of anastomotic obstructions in recurrent gastric carcinoma. METHODS: With fluoroscopic guidance, covered stents were placed in 25 patients with recurrent gastric carcinoma for the palliation of obstructions at anastomotic sites (14 gastrojejunostomy, 11 esophagojejunostomy). All patients had severe nausea and recurrent vomiting before the stent placement. RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful in 24 patients (96%). After stent placement, symptoms improved in all 24 patients. During the follow-up of 2 to 65 weeks (mean, 13.7 weeks), stent migration occurred in 1 patient 16 days after the procedure. He needed percutaneous catheter drainage because of an abscess, which was followed by esophagojejunostomy site rupture during a second stent trial. Stricture recurred in 4 patients because of tumor overgrowth 10 to 55 weeks after the procedure; all patients underwent coaxial placement of a second stent and had good oral intake. CONCLUSIONS: The placement of covered expandable metallic stents seems to be both technically feasible and an effective means for the palliation of anastomotic obstructions in recurrent gastric carcinoma. This procedure can be considered to be the primary choice for the palliation in those patients.     

Metallic stents in gynecologic cancer: an approach to treat extrinsic ureteral obstruction

OBJECTIVE: We report on our experience with the use of self-expandable metal stents for the treatment of extramural ureteral obstruction in patients with gynecologic cancer to restore ureteral patency and to alleviate the ureterectasis and hydronephrosis proximal to the ureteral narrowing. METHODS: Fourteen women (mean age 48 years) with obstructive uropathy secondary to gynecologic malignancies were treated successfully by placement of Wallstent self-expandable intraureteral metallic stents. The patients were followed for a mean period of 15 (range 9-24) months. RESULTS: Obstructive uropathy was resolved in all cases. In 1 patient placement of an additional, totally coaxial, stent was considered necessary because of tumor ingrowth, occurring 6 months after the procedure. In another patient, tumor overgrowth invading the borderline area between the proximal ureteric end and the metallic prosthesis was seen 12 months after stent placement causing obstruction. Thus, an additional Wallstent was implanted overlapping the initially placed stent. Patency was achieved in all the remaining ureters, during the follow-up period, without any need for further intervention. CONCLUSION: Implantation of self-expandable metal stents is a safe and effective method for bypassing ureteral obstruction due to gynecologic malignancies.     

Colonic perforations after self-expandable metallic stenting: two case reports

The use of self-expandable metallic stents in colorectal stenoses, both benign and malignant, is a recently born treatment, quickly widespread because of its simplicity and therapeutic efficacy. It is particulary useful, like emergency temporany treatment, in malignant colonic obstruction; in these cases the temporary endoprosthesis positioning allows the intestinal transit and to overcame the emergengy phase. After patient conditions improvement, he can be operated and the endoprosthesis removed within operating specimen. In some particularly serious cases, when only a derivative intervention is mandatory because of the general conditions of the patient or the advanced stadium of the illness, stenting can also represent definitive palliative treatment. In fact, it allows contemporary resolution of the occlusion and of the physiopathologic alterations, with hospital cost reduction and a quality life imprevement for the patient thanks to the colestomy absence. In benign pathologies, self-expandable stents are used for a long time in the superior gastrointestinal and biliary tract; now stents have found employment also for the treatment of the post-operative fistula, intestinal diverticular occlusion and for the treatment of post-anastomotic or radiotherapy strictures. The Authors report two cases observed in emergency with complication determinated by positioning of colonic endoprosthesis for previous occlusive episode. The first case, a 56 year-old woman with a decubitus perforation occurred by stent, previously positioned with only palliative intent for a sigma-rectal metastatic cancer: in the second case, a 75 year-old man, the endoprosthesis had been positioned for a postoperative benign stricture of colorectal anastomosis for neoplasm: in this case the stent had determined a vescico-rectal fistula and after a new intestinal occlusion.     

Self-expanding esophageal metallic stents in the treatment of esophageal obstruction

Esophageal obstruction from any cause is debilitating. In patients with malignant obstruction palliation to relieve pain and dysphagia is the primary goal. Conventional endoluminal prostheses allow variable palliation. Covered expandable metallic stents with an 18-mm lumen allow improved deglutition. From December 1994 through December 1998, 59 patients underwent placement of self-expanding silicone-covered esophageal stents for esophageal obstruction. There were 36 men and 23 women ranging in age from 41 to 94. All patients underwent esophageal dilation using a flexible gastroscope and Savary bougies. After dilation placement of the stent was performed under fluoroscopic control. Follow-up was complete in all patients. Technical success was achieved in all patients. There was one postoperative death (bronchopulmonary fistula), one migration of the stent requiring removal, and one recurrent obstruction. The remaining stents were well tolerated even in the cervical region (four patients). All patients returned to a diet of solid foods. We conclude that covered self-expanding esophageal metallic stents are technically simple and safe to insert and appear to provide durable excellent palliation of esophageal obstruction due to either benign or malignant conditions.     

Metal Stents: A New Treatment of Malignant Ureteral Obstruction

Purpose

We report our experience with the use of metallic self-expandable and balloon expandable stents for the treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction.

Materials and Methods

We treated 12 consecutive patients with malignant ureteral obstruction, for a total of 14 ureters with stents placed. We placed metallic balloon expandable stents in 6 patients and self-expandable metallic stents in the remaining 6. Mean patient age was 65 years and mean followup was 9 months (range 8 to 16).

Results

Of the ureters 11 were patent without any additional manipulations during followup of 8 to 16 months. Secondary interventions were needed in 3 cases because of obstructive urothelial hyperplastic reaction, tumor ingrowth and local recurrence of the primary cancer invading the upper end of the stent. Two patients died 2 and 10 months after placement of the stent.

Conclusions

Both types of metal stents have advantages and disadvantages that must be balanced against each other when choosing the ideal device for the treatment of obstruction. Implantation of a metal self-expanding or balloon expanding stent is safe and effective for the palliative treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction in late stage cancer patients.     

左半结肠恶性梗阻行自扩张内支架的治疗

目的探讨金属内支架治疗左半结肠恶性狭窄的临床疗效。方法左半结肠恶性狭窄病例38例分成两组。A组24例,B组14例。A组以介入方法植入永久性结肠内支架;B组暂时植入结肠内支架解除梗阻并充分肠道准备后行外科手术。结果A组24例中23例顺利植入结肠支架,其中1例因导丝不能通过植入失败,3例植入2枚支架。B组14例均成功植入支架并顺利接受外科手术。结论自扩张式金属内支架能有效解除左半结肠梗阻,为晚期肿瘤患者提供安全有效的姑息性治疗方法并为临床手术切除创造条件。     

Management of the neoplastic stenosis of the left colon with self-expandable endoprosthesis

Malignant tumors of the large bowel develop colonic obstruction in 10-30% cases. Recently many authors have employed self-expandable stents to resolve the colonic obstruction. During 2002, seven patients affected by neoplastic malignant stenosis of the left colon underwent endoscopic placement of self-expandable enteral stent. The technique succeeded in relieving the obstruction in 6 patients, while in a woman affected by malignant tumor of the splenic flexure, colonic stenting was unsuccessful. The Authors didn't observe any procedure related complications; sign and symptoms of intestinal obstruction resolved within 24-72 hours from placement. Four patients needed hydro-electrolitemic correction, intestinal cleaning and R0 resection with one stage anastomosis within 5 and 9 days. Bowel decompression of the neoplastic stenosis relieved by self expandable metallic stents is useful to avoid emergency surgery and provide time for a complete preoperative staging, a metabolic correction and a mechanical bowel preparation. Complications of stent placement are common in many reports and include minor rectal bleeding (2%) and perforations (4%). Stenting is contraindicated in cases of enlarged colon with diameter superior to 8 cm or in flogistic lesions.