建立一种用重组蛋白检测抗口蹄疫病毒抗体的间接ELISA方法

目的研究以重组蛋白作为包被抗原检测口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）感染后的动物血清中特异性抗体的可能性,为建立一种非病毒颗粒的ELISA检测试剂盒提供实验依据。方法利用自行构建表达的O型口蹄疫病毒VP1表位肽重组蛋白（VP1epi）作为包被抗原,采用间接ELISA方法确定抗原的最佳工作浓度和包被方法,优化各项实验条件,并以FMDV感染后的豚鼠血清作为标准阳性血清确定ELISA方法的特异性和灵敏度。结果FMDV感染后的阳性豚鼠血清可以很好地识别VP1epi重组蛋白,用此蛋白包被检测抗FMDV抗体的灵敏度可达1∶3200,并证明所检测的抗体是FMDV特异性的。结论VP1epi重组蛋白可以替代FMDV颗粒用于建立检测抗FMDV抗体的ELISA试剂盒。     

恙虫病东方体Sxh951株56kD蛋白的表达及其在ELISA中的应用

目的　构建含OrientiatsutsugamushiSxh95 1株 (Ot.Sxh95 1)相对分子质量 (Mr)为 5 6×10 3外膜蛋白基因 (sxh5 6 )的重组质粒pQE30 5 6 ,表达Mr5 6× 10 3蛋白并观察其在ELISA中的应用。方法　IPTG诱导sxh5 6重组质粒 ;观察SDS PAGE和免疫印迹结果 ;经Ni NTA亲和层析纯化后的重组蛋白分别与Ot.Gilliam、Ot.Karp、Ot.Kato感染鼠血清进行ELISA和免疫印迹检测。结果　SDS PAGE和免疫印迹检测显示有一Mr 约为 5 6× 10 3的特异蛋白带 ;ELISA和免疫印迹结果显示该重组蛋白只与Ot.Gilliam感染鼠血清呈阳性反应 ;重组蛋白用作ELISA包被抗原检测小鼠血清抗体IgG ,特异性为 10 0 % ,敏感性 96 .6 7% ;检测人血清抗体IgG的敏感性为 88.0 8% ,特异性 96 .36 %。结论　表达的重组Sxh5 6蛋白具有良好的免疫反应性 ;其作为ELISA包被抗原 ,具有良好的特异性和敏感性。     

重组风疹病毒外膜蛋白E1的表达及其在血清学中的初步应用

目的 在大肠埃希菌中表达重组风疹病毒外膜蛋白E1,用其作为包被抗原,建立一种用于诊断风疹病毒感染的ELISA检测方法 .方法 通过基因重组的方式构建表达质粒并在大肠埃希菌中表达风疹病毒外膜蛋白E1,蛋白纯化后作为包被抗原,用ELISA的方法 检测世界卫生组织(WHO)的风疹检测质控血清以及来自广西桂林的未知血清样本.结果 采用WHO用于风疹检测的质控血清对所表达的重组抗原的抗原性进行鉴定,通过试验,特异性、敏感性均为100%.用表达的抗原对来自我国广西的200份未知血清样本进行风疹病毒外膜蛋白抗体的检测,阳性率为93%,与文献报道的我国其他地区风疹病毒抗体阳性率基本一致.结论 通过实验我们表达了具有良好抗原性的风疹病毒外膜蛋白E1,为进一步研究风疹病毒感染的实验室诊断技术奠定了基础.     

以Rtac2/3为抗原用于鼻咽癌病人检测的初步研究

目的 在大肠杆菌中表达EBV的早期基因BRLF1，并纯化这个重组蛋白。用纯化的蛋白作为抗原与鼻咽癌（NPC）病人血清中的特异性抗体发生反应，以寻找新的NPC筛检或诊断标志物。方法 用表达和纯化的BRLF1基因C端2／3部分蛋白（Rtae2／3）建立间接ELISA方法，检测了59份NPC患者血清中的抗Paa IgG抗体，同时59份健康者血清作对照。结果 59份NPC患者血清中50份阳性，而59份健康者对照血清中只有7份阳性。NPC组的阳性率与健康对照组之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。此方法的灵敏度为84．7％，特异性为88．1％。结论 （1）检测人血清中的抗Rta-IgG可以作为NPC诊断的重要标志物之一。（2）如果检测抗Rta-IgG与检测Zebra IgG抗体试验联合使用，用于NPC的筛检和诊断能够进一步提高灵敏度或特异性。     

嗜肺军团菌巨噬细胞感染增强蛋白的表达和纯化及其在血清学诊断中的应用

目的 表达和纯化出嗜肺军团菌巨噬细胞感染增强(MIP)蛋白,研究其在军团菌肺炎血清学诊断中应用价值.方法 将已构建成功的重组质粒pET-mip转化E.coli BL21感受态细胞,诱导MIP蛋白表达,运用SDS-PAGE分析和亲和层析法纯化.用DRG军团菌IgG/IgM/IgA的ELISA检测试剂盒筛出40份阳性血清和30份阴性血清,用纯化的MIP蛋白建立间接ELISA,同时与R＆D的ELISA IgG、IgM、IgA试剂盒分别检测已筛选血清中的IgG、IgM、IgA抗体,然后对这两种方法进行比较,通过敏感性、特异性以及不同检测结果的一致性,来评价该方法的应用价值.结果 诱导相对分子质量(Mr)大约40 000的MIP融合蛋白在E.coli BL21中表达并纯化.纯化蛋白建立的间接ELISA分别检测筛选血清中IgG、IgM、IgA抗体与国外ELISA试剂盒(R＆D)进行比较,IgG抗体的灵敏度88.5％,特异度95.5％,一致性Kappa值0.846(P ＜0.05),ROC曲线下面积0.927.IgM抗体的灵敏度89.3％,特异度97.6％,一致性Kappa值0.88(P ＜0.05),ROC曲线下面积0.947.IgA抗体的灵敏度90％,特异度95.2％,一致性Kappa值0.856(P＜0.05),ROC曲线下面积0.931.结论 成功诱导了嗜肺军团菌MIP蛋白稳定表达并纯化,运用MIP作为包被抗原的军团菌肺炎的血清学诊断方法具有较高的诊断价值.     

重组主要表面抗原1用于弓形体病IgG免疫诊断的研究

目的　用纯化的重组刚地弓形虫RH株主要表面抗原 1(SAG1)作为检测抗原 ,建立间接法rSAG1 ELISA ,检测弓形虫IgG抗体并与国外进口试剂盒进行比较 ,以观察其阳性和阴性符合率 ;并对rSAG1 ELISA检测的精确度、灵敏度和特异性进行评价。方法　接种重组菌至LB肉汤中 ,IPTG诱导表达后 ,用Ni2 螯合柱进行亲和纯化 ;分别用不同浓度的重组抗原rSAG1包被聚苯乙烯酶标条 ,检测不同稀释度的阳性和阴性血清 ,以辣根过氧化物酶标记的羊抗人IgG为二抗 ,采用正交试验确定rSAG1 ELISA的最佳检测条件 ;按rSAG1 ELISA法的最佳检测条件对混合弓形虫IgG阳性和阴性血清重复测 2 0次进行精确度的检测 ;采用抗体抑制试验检测其特异性 ;同时对用进口试剂盒筛得的 5 2份弓形虫IgG阳性血清和 4 0份弓形虫IgG阴性血清进行检测。结果　制备的rSAG1重组蛋白纯度在90 %以上 ;以该重组抗原建立的rSAG1 ELISA的最佳检测条件为 :重组抗原rSAG1的包被浓度为 5 μg/ml,血清稀释度 1∶10 0 ,酶标记的羊抗人IgG 1∶2 0 0 0稀释 ;用rSAG1 ELISA对混合弓形虫IgG阳性和阴性血清的重复检测表明 :IgG阳性血清的检测值的变异系数 (CV值 )为 10 .9% ,IgG阴性血清的CV值为 10 .7% ;灵敏度检测表明血清稀释度在 1∶5 0～ 1∶2 0 0均可检出阳性 ;特异性     

6种虫媒病毒蛋白芯片检测方法的建立

目的 建立针对6种虫媒病毒的蛋白芯片检测方法,用以检测流行性乙型脑炎病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒、登革病毒(1～4型)、西尼罗病毒、西部马脑炎病毒和东部马脑炎病毒的特异性抗体.方法 将病毒特异性抗原作为捕获抗原点样制备蛋白芯片,利用双抗夹心ELISA原理检测血清中的病毒特异性抗体.首先利用免疫兔血清进行特异性诊断抗原的筛选,并对抗体芯片检测条件进行优化,然后采用56份临床疑似的阳性血清标本及阴性对照标本对该方法进行验证,并与常规ELISA方法进行比对.结果 共筛选出11个特异性较好的重组诊断抗原.抗原点样浓度在0.125 ～0.900mg/ml时可获得良好的检测效果,血清检测范围为1:100～1:1000.对26份临床疑似的蜱传脑炎病毒血清标本,22份登革病毒血清标本及8份流行性乙型脑炎病毒临床血清标本的检测结果为:共检测出蜱传脑炎病毒IgG阳性血清标本20份,阳性检出率为76.9％,IgM阳性血清标本17份,阳性检出率65.3％,与ELISA检测符合率分别为96.1％和84.6％.乙型脑炎病毒IgG阳性血清4份,阳性检出率50.0％,IgM阳性血清5份,阳性检测率62.0％,与ELISA检测符合率分别为87.5％和100％.登革病毒IgG阳性血清标本13份,阳性检出率63.6％,IgM阳性血清标本14份,阳性检测率68.1％,与ELISA检测符合率分别为86.3％和90.1％,结果经一致性Kappa检验后,与ELISA检测结果一致性良好.阴性对照血清结果显示检测特异性为100％.结论 本研究建立的虫媒病毒抗体芯片检测方法具有较高的特异性和可靠性,可用于6种虫媒病毒抗体的临床检测.     

重组抗原Em18双抗原夹心酶联免疫吸附试验法检测泡球蚴抗体的建立及初步评价

目的 建立双抗原夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测泡状棘球蚴抗体的方法.方法 重组抗原Em18(rEm18)作为包被抗原,以辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记rEm18抗原为检测抗原,建立检测人血清中泡状棘球蚴抗体的双抗原夹心ELISA方法;应用方阵滴定法对包被抗原、酶标抗原等条件进行优化,并对该系统的灵敏性、特异性、重复性进行初步分析评价.结果 rEm18最佳包被浓度为2.5μg/mL,HRP标rEm18稀释度为1∶800.灵敏度为92％(46/50),特异性为94％(47/50),假阴性率为8％ (4/50),假阳性率为6％ (3/50),批内变异≤9.55％,批间变异≤14.79％,与Em2-ELISA试剂盒检测结果有良好的一致性.结论 本研究成功建立了快速检测泡球蚴特异性抗体的ELISA法,其可以用于人泡球蚴病的早期诊断.     

分泌型ICOS-mIg重组融合蛋白定量检测方法的建立和应用

目的:建立双抗体夹心ELISA法,定量检测重组可诱导共刺激分子(ICOS)-mIg融合蛋白的分泌型表达,并对其灵敏度、特异性及线性检测范围进行评价。方法:用分子生物学技术制备重组ICOS-mIg融合蛋白。以羊抗小鼠IgG为包被抗体,HRP标记的马抗小鼠IgG为检测抗体,通过配对试验、方阵滴定试验及绘制mIgG浓度与A450值的标准曲线,建立定量检测重组ICOS-mIg融合蛋白的双抗体夹心ELISA法。结果:建立了双抗体夹心ELISA法,检测的线性范围为7.8~500μg/L,标准曲线的回归方程为:y=-0.7864 1.1635log(x),R2=0.9911,P<0.0001。应用该方法可快速检测哺乳动物细胞表达的重组ICOS-mIg融合蛋白的分泌量。结论:建立了一种可快速定量检测重组ICOS-mIg融合蛋白分泌表达的双抗体夹心ELISA法。该法灵敏、准确、快速、实用性好,对优化ICOS-mIg融合蛋白表达细胞的筛选和大规模制备具有重要价值。     

检测人博卡病毒抗体间接酶联免疫吸附法的建立及临床应用

目的 建立间接酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测人博卡病毒(HBoV)抗体,探讨其临床应用的可行性.方法 以重组表达的HBoV融合蛋白VP2作为包被抗原,建立检测HBoV抗体的间接ELISA,优化该检测方法的最佳条件,观察其精密度、敏感度和特异性,并与荧光定量PCR方法对比检测40份临床样本,同时采用免疫印迹法(Western blot)确认其符合率.结果 所建立的间接ELISA最佳抗原包被浓度为2 mg/L,酶标二抗工作浓度为1∶5000,血清标本最佳稀释度为1∶200.该方法平均批内变异系数为6.87%,平均批间变异系数为4.67%.40份临床样本间接ELISA检测结果与荧光定量PCR及免疫印迹结果一致,符合率100%.结论 利用VP2融合蛋白作为抗原,建立的检测血清HBoV抗体间接ELISA方法特异性强、重复性好,可用于HBoV抗体的定量和定性检测.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.