The effect and role of the intraaortic balloon pumping in off-pump coronary artery bypass

Eighty consecutive patients who underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) were studied. They were divided into group I (n = 10) which received preoperative intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP), and group II (n = 70) which did not receive IABP. The indications for preoperative IABP were severe left main coronary artery disease in 7 patients, severe 3 vessel disease in 3 patients, unstable angina in 5 patients, acute myocardial infarction in 3 patients. There was no operative mortality in both groups. The average number of distal anastomosis 2.7/patients in group I and 3.3/patients in group II. There was no differences in ventilator support time, length of stay in the intensive care unit and morbidity between 2 groups. The average postoperative IABP support time was 5.4 hours. There was no IABP-related complication in group I. IABP was very effective to perform OPCAB surgery safety. Preoperative IABP may be effective modality to support OPCAB surgery not only in emergent case but also in elective case.     

Elective intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in high-risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

The beneficial effects of intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) in CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been reported. However, the benefits of insertion of IABP electively in high-risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) have not been established. Six hundred and twenty-five patients who underwent OPCAB form the study group. High-risk patients fulfilling two or more of the following: left main stem stenosis >70%, unstable angina, and poor left ventricular function, who had elective insertion of IABP preoperatively by the open technique (group I; n = 20) were compared with a similar high-risk group that did not (group II; n = 25). There were no significant differences in risk factors between the two groups (Euroscore 5.68). The mean number of grafts was similar. Postoperatively, there were no significant differences in the need for inotropes, duration of ventilation, arrhythmias, cerebrovascular, gastrointestinal, and infective complications (p = NS). There were no IABP-related complications. Acute renal failure requiring hemofiltration was higher in group II (n = 5; p < 0.05). Four patients (16%) in group II required postoperative IABP. Although intensive care stay was longer in group I (27.6 +/- 15.3 vs. 18.6 +/- 9.1 hours; p < 0.05), patients in group I were discharged earlier from hospital. There was no difference in mortality between the two groups (n = 1 in each group). In high-risk patients undergoing OPCAB, routine preoperative insertion of IABP electively reduces the incidence of acute renal failure. In addition it avoids the need for emergency insertion postoperatively and may result in earlier discharge.     

The clinical outcome of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in the elderly patients

Objective: There has been a body of evidence showing that off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) may reduce morbidity and mortality in the elderly patients. We reviewed our experience, retrospectively, on elderly patients aged 75 years and older who were operated on using the OPCAB technique. We compared their outcome to a similar group of elderly patients who were operated on using conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during the same period of time. Methods: Registry data and patients' notes and charts were reviewed for 56 consecutive elderly OPCAB patients (age 78.5±3.5 years) and 87 consecutive CPB patients (age 77.2±2.4 years, P=0.01). Both groups had similar risk factor profiles: Parsonnet score 17.4±4.4 (OPCAB) versus 16.6±5.2 (CPB), P=0.19. We studied in detail their preoperative and postoperative data in order to compare the outcomes of both techniques. Results: The length of stay in the intensive therapy unit (ITU) was 35.4±52.9 h for OPCAB patients and 77.6±144.9 h for CPB patients (P=0.0008). No patient died within 30 days in the OPCAB group, whilst ten (11%) CPB patients (P=0.0066) died within 30 days. The incidence of serious complications (including pulmonary oedema, septicaemia, permanent stroke and renal dysfunction requiring haemofiltration or haemodialysis) was one (2%) in the OPCAB group and 11 (13%) in the CPB group (P=0.028). CPB patients required a significantly higher number ten (12%) of intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) inserted compared to only one patient (2%) in the OPCAB group who required IABP insertion (P=0.05). Nine (11%) CPB patients were re-operated on for bleeding compared to no OPCAB patient (0%) needing re-operation, P=0.011. Conclusions: Although the mean age of the OPCAB group was significantly higher than the CPB group, the OPCAB group showed a significant reduction in postoperative serious morbidity, ITU stay and mortality. We believe that such a conclusion may have some effect on the decision-making and cost-effectiveness when performing coronary bypass surgery on the elderly population.     

Comparison of off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in midterm results.

OBJECTIVE: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) has become a procedure of choice for surgical treatment of coronary artery disease. Although early advantages of OPCAB were confirmed in comparison with conventional on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), late cardiac complications are still controversial. We examined midterm results of OPCAB compared with standard CABG. METHODS: Between July 1997 and April 2002, 736 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG were retrospectively reviewed. The OPCAB group (Group I) comprised 357 patients (49%), and the on-pump CABG group (Group II) 379 patients (51%). Their preoperative, intraoperative, and follow-up data were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean number of distal anastomoses and the early graft patency were not greatly different between the two groups. The actuarial survival rate at 3 years was not significantly different between Group I (98.3%) and Group II (98.2%) (p = 0.71). The frequency of cardiac events was 4.2%/patient-year in Group I and 2.6%/patient-year in Group II (p = 0.12). The actuarial event free rates were not different between the two groups (p = 0.61). The cardiac event free rates at 3 years were significantly (p = 0.011) higher in patients with complete revascularization (96.7%) than without complete revascularization in Group I (69.2%) and in Group II (92.7% versus 85.9%, p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Midterm clinical outcome in OPCAB is as good as conventional on-pump CABG. Incomplete revascularization caused cardiac events more frequently than complete revascularization both in OPCAB and on-pump CABG in the intermediate follow-up.     

桡动脉桥血管应用于冠状动脉旁路移植术的围术期疗效分析

摘要：目的探讨桡动脉作为第二动脉桥血管对冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期手术疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析2011年8月至2012年4月沈阳军区总医院连续接受非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术175例患者的临床资料,175例患者随机分为两组,组1：75例,男49例,女26例;年龄（56．8±8．2）岁;应用桡动脉作为桥血管材料;组2：100例,男66例,女34例;年龄（57．7±8．1）岁;使用大隐静脉作为桥血管材料,不用桡动脉作为桥血管材料;两组患者左乳内动脉使用率均为100％。比较两组患者围术期心血管事件发生率及其它临床参数。结果所有患者术后30d内均存活。两组患者手术时间、术后24h胸腔引流量、术后住院时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后重症监护时间、机械辅助通气时间虽然两组间差异无统计学意义,但组1较组2有减少趋势。术后因心功能不佳需较长时间心血管活性药物支持方面,两组间差异虽无统计学意义,但组2患者的比率高于组1[16％（16／100）VS．12％（9／75）]。组1患者术后无新发心肌缺血和因血流动力学不稳定而行主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）辅助;组2有3例患者出现新发心肌缺血,新增2例IABP辅助。结论桡动脉作为桥血管取代部分大隐静脉,不仅并未增加围术期心血管事件的风险,反而在一定程度上有利于患者的恢复。桡动脉可更加广泛地应用于冠状动脉旁路移植术。     

Reduced incidence of atrial fibrillation with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass

Background. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequent complication after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of postoperative AF after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) in comparison with CABG.

Methods. Between November 1995 and May 1997, 96 MIDCAB procedures were performed. During the same period, 42 patients underwent traditional single CABG using the left internal mammary artery graft (S-CABG). The incidence of in-hospital AF, defined as a sustained episode requiring treatment, was compared between the two groups.

Results. There was no difference in age, ejection fraction, or preoperative risk score between the groups. The use of β-blockers before or after surgery was not different. The incidence of postoperative AF in the first 6 weeks after surgery was 4% (4 of 96) for MIDCAB and 28% (12 of 42) for S-CABG (p = 0.003). Patients with postoperative AF were older than those without AF (AF 75.5 ± 13.2, non-AF 64.4 ± 10.9, p = 0.005). MIDCAB patients had a shorter hospital stay (4.0 ± 1.2 versus 7.0 ± 5.1 days, p < 0.05). Increased hospital stay attributable to AF was 0.6 ± .5 days for MIDCAB and 0.9 ± .2 days for S-CABG patients. There were no hospital deaths in either group.

Conclusions. The incidence of postoperative AF after single vessel bypass surgery is reduced to a very low level after MIDCAB in comparison with CABG.     

Intermediate Clinical Results of Combined Gastroepiploic and Internal Thoracic Artery Bypass

Background. To improve the postoperative results of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the internal thoracic artery (ITA) has become the conduit of choice, with a low operative risk. The gastroepiploic artery as a third arterial conduit for grafting was first reported in 1987, and the early results were reported to be as good as those for the ITA graft. In this report, we present the intermediate-term results of combining ITA and gastroepiploic artery grafts up to 7 years after the operation.

Methods. Between April 1988 and April 1992, 214 patients received CABG with at least one ITA graft and were followed up for more than 3 years. They were divided into two groups: Group I consisted of 155 patients who had CABG using one ITA with or without saphenous vein grafts, and group II consisted of 59 patients who had CABG using an ITA and a gastroepiploic artery with or without saphenous vein grafts. The duration of follow-up for hospital survivors ranged from 36 to 89 months.

Results. There were six late cardiac deaths in group I and one in group II. Fifteen patients complained of recurrent symptoms of angina: 13 in group I and 2 in group II. The actuarial survival rate excluding noncardiac deaths was 95.9% in group I and 96.8% in group II at 7 years (p = not significant). The cardiac event-free rate was 75.4% in group I and 92.2% in group II, which was a significant difference (p < 0.05).

Conclusions. When using both the ITA and gastroepiploic artery, CABG can be performed with minimal operative risk and seems to offer an improved quality of life at least 7 years postoperatively.     

Early myocardial revascularization for postinfarction angina

In 1983 and 1984, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed on 107 consecutive patients for postinfarction angina. In each instance, CABG was done within 30 days of infarction. Sixty-three patients (59%) required intravenous administration of nitroglycerin and/or the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) for relief of angina. Oral medications relieved angina in the remaining 44 patients. Thirty-eight patients underwent CABG 7 days or less after the infarction (Group 1), 25 received it between 8 and 15 days later (Group 2), and 44 had CABG between 16 and 30 days later (Group 3). There were 9 in-hospital deaths: 4 in Group 1, 2 in Group 2, and 3 in Group 3. Thirteen patients needed the IABP for hemodynamic stability as well as relief of angina. Even when the patient was stable hemodynamically, death was more likely to occur among these 13 patients if CABG was conducted within 7 days of infarction. Follow-up was 94% complete at 29.4 months. Eighty-six percent of patients were asymptomatic or in New York Heart Association Functional Class I, and 6% were in Class II. There were 2 late deaths. CABG for angina can be accomplished within 30 days of an acute infarction with good results. The exception to this rule is the patient in whom shock develops after a myocardial infarction and who, despite stabilization, receives CABG within 7 days of the infarction.     

A prospective randomized study to evaluate splanchnic hypoxia during beating-heart and conventional coronary revascularization

Objective: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with gut mucosal hypoxia, which may contribute to gastrointestinal complications. We examined gastric mucosal oxygenation together with whole-body oxygen flux in low-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with and without CPB. Methods: Fifty-four patients undergoing primary CABG by the same surgeon were randomized into either on-pump (ONCAB, n=27) or off-pump (OPCAB, n=27) groups. The ONCAB group underwent mild hypothermic (35°C) pulsatile CPB with arterial line filtration. Each patient underwent perioperative monitoring with continuous tonometry and cardiac output devices. Gastric intramucosal pH (pHi), gastric-arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure difference (CO₂ gap), whole-body oxygen delivery (DO₂) and consumption (VO₂) and whole-body oxygen extraction fraction were measured at sequential time-points intraoperatively and up to 6 h postoperatively. Anaesthetic management was standardized. Results: Both groups had similar demographic makeup and extent of revascularization (ONCAB 2.6±0.9 grafts versus OPCAB 2.5±0.8 grafts; P=0.55). The ONCAB group had a mean (±SD) CPB time of 62±25 min and aortic cross-clamp time of 32±11 min. In both groups there was a similar and progressive drop in pHi intraoperatively. Postoperatively, there was a gradual separation between the groups with ONCAB patients showing no further decline in pHi, while further deterioration was observed in the OPCAB group up to 6 h postoperatively. There was a significant difference between the groups over time (P=0.03). There was a corresponding progressive rise in CO₂ gap perioperatively in both groups, with ONCAB patients demonstrating superior preservation of gastric mucosal oxygenation in the early postoperative period. Global oxygen utilization measurements showed superior DO₂ and VO₂ in the OPCAB group throughout the study. Conclusions: Despite superior global oxygen flux associated with beating-heart revascularization, gastric mucosal hypoxia occurred to similar extents in both groups with worsening trends for the OPCAB patients postoperatively. The splanchnic pathophysiology during beating-heart revascularization should be further explored.     

Comparison of off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in midterm results

Objective: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) has become a procedure of choice for surgical treatment of coronary artery disease. Although early advantages of OPCAB were confirmed in comparison with conventional on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), late cardiac complications are still controversial. We examined midterm results of OPCAB compared with standard CABG. Methods: Between July 1997 and April 2002, 736 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG were retrospectively reviewed. The OPCAB group (Group I) comprised 357 patients (49%), and the on-pump CABG group (Group II) 379 patients (51%). Their preoperative, intraoperative, and follow-up data were analyzed. Results: The mean number of distal anastomoses and the early graft patency were not greatly different between the two groups. The actuarial survival rate at 3 years was not significantly different between Group I (98.3%) and Group II (98.2%) (p=0.71). The frequency of cardiac events was 4.2%/patient-year in Group I and 2.6%/patient-year in Group II (p=0.12). The actuarial event free rates were not different between the two groups (p=0.61). The cardiac event free rates at 3 years were significantly (p=0.011) higher in patients with complete revascularization (96.7%) than without complete revascularization in Group I (69.2%) and in Group II (92.7% versus 85.9%, p=0.026). Conclusions: Midterm clinical outcome in OPCAB is as good as conventional on-pump CABG. Incomplete revascularization caused cardiac events more frequently than complete revascularization both in OPCAB and on-pump CABG in the intermediate follow-up.     

EuroSCORE高危患者行心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术的获益

目的对比分析体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）在治疗根据欧洲心脏手术风险评估系统（EuroSCORE）划分的高风险冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）患者的手术获益,并总结其临床经验。方法 2007年6月至2013年7月安徽医科大学附属省立医院心脏外科共收治经冠状动脉造影检查确诊的211例冠心病患者,在初次择期手术的冠心病患者中,将同期伴有瓣膜、左心室或主要血管手术的患者剔除。其中52例患者行CABG,男39例、女13例,年龄（61.5±6.5）岁,159例患者行OPCAB,男104例、女55例,年龄（63.9±7.2）岁。根据EuroSCORE计算每例患者的手术死亡率的预测风险（PROM）分值,PROM≥6的患者进入高风险组。比较OPCAB和CABG患者的手术死亡率、手术时间、术后胸腔引流量与输血量、血管吻合的支数、住重症监护室（ICU）时间、呼吸机辅助时间、术后肾功能不全发生率以及高风险组的30 d心血管事件（心律失常、心源性休克）、术后心绞痛、卒中的发生率。结果 OPCAB组和CABG组患者的左主干病变相似,其中OPCAB组血管吻合的支数（2.75±0.82）支,CABG组血管吻合的支数（2.83±0.58）支,两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。OPCAB组与CABG组在手术时间[（3.92±0.79）h vs.（6.83±1.53）h]、胸腔引流量[（983.14±802.39）ml vs.（1 620.40±879.32）ml]、输血量[（1 289.30±668.08）ml vs.（2 325.30±491.98）ml]、住ICU时间[（3.90±1.33）d vs.（5.08±1.78）d]、呼吸机辅助时间[（9.63±3.32）h vs.（13.76±3.79）h]差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,OPCAB组30 d死亡率与CABG组差异无统计学意义（1.26%vs.3.85%,P〉0.05）。高风险子组中的患者,30 d卒中发生率CABG相比较OPCAB的比值比（OR）为5.7（95%CI 1.28～25.09,P〈0.05）,30 d心血管事件和术后心绞痛的发生率两组相似。结论 OPCAB与CABG在生存率和血管吻合数方面差异无统计学意义。而相对于CABG,OPCAB在手术时间、胸腔引流量与输血量及住ICU时间、呼吸机辅助时间上都具有优势。在基于EuroSCORE评分的高危患者中,OPCAB相对于CABG更有利于短期卒中预防。     

Evaluation of preoperative intraaortic balloon pumping for high risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

We evaluated the effect of preoperative intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) support in high risk patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Between November 1999 and December 2010, 65 high-risk patients underwent OPCAB with the support of IABP inserted preoperatively. High risks were considered as (1) left main coronary artery stem stenosis > or = 75%, (2) unstable angina requiring intravenous nitrates and heparin, (3) preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 30%, (4) bilateral carotid artery stenosis > or = 75%. There were no hospital deaths or cerebrovascular complications. During operations, hemodynamics was stable with the support of low dose catecholamines, and no patient needed conversion to on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. All patients were able to be weaned from IABP within 3 days (mean 5.7 hours) after the operation and were extubated within 4 days (mean 11.5 hours) after the operation. One patient had a peripheral embolism which might be related to insertion of IABP (1.5%). Preoperative IABP in high-risk patients undergoing OPCAB was considered to be useful and safe.     

非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗左冠状动脉主干合并3支血管病变

目的总结非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)对左冠状动脉主干合并3支血管病变患者的治疗经验及体会。方法对33例左冠状动脉主干合并3支血管病变患者施行了OPCAB,用左乳内动脉作为移植血管与左前降支进行吻合,大隐静脉作为移植血管分别与回旋支、右冠状动脉/后降支、对角支和钝缘支进行吻合。结果每例患者行旁路血管移植2～5支,平均3.4支。无手术死亡,无围手术期心肌梗死、呼吸衰竭、肝肾功能衰竭等严重并发症,术后心绞痛均消失。结论OPCAB治疗左冠状动脉主干合并3支血管病变的高危冠心病患者是可行、有效的,手术损伤小;而积极的术前准备、主动脉内球囊反搏的应用、正确的手术方法和配合、建立一支熟练快速的应急队伍是确保手术成功的关键。     

Long-term results of bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting

Background. Little is known about the long-term results of the uniform group of patients who had bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafting with the method of left ITA-to-left anterior descending coronary artery and right ITA-to-circumflex artery.

Methods. Late follow-up study was performed in the first consecutive 203 patients (mean age, 62.6 ± 9.1 years) who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting with the left ITA anastomosed to the left anterior descending coronary artery and the right ITA to major branches of the circumflex artery. The patients were grouped according to the patency of ITA grafts demonstrated by early postoperative angiography (Both patent (BP) group, 168 patients: both ITAs showed complete patency; Not patent (NP) group, 23 patients: at least one ITA was dysfunctional).

Results. Actuarial 7-year survival in all patients was 89.3% ± 3.1%. The cumulative probability of event-free survival for cardiac death, myocardial infarction, intervention, and angina at 7 years was 96.6% ± 1.8%, 98.0% ± 1.5%, 86.7% ± 3.2%, and 90.7% ± 2.9%, respectively. NP group had more myocardial infarction and angina than the BP group, but was not statistically significant. Because of failed grafts at the early angiography, intervention was performed more frequently in NP group (p < 0.01).

Conclusions. Our results of actuarial 7-year survival and the cumulative probability of event-free survival were at least comparable to the results of other similar studies using bilateral ITA. The freedom from angina appeared to be better than in the previous study. Overall our study supports the continued use of this method of ITA grafting.     

Does multivessel, off-pump coronary artery bypass reduce postoperative morbidity?

Background. Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) is an emerging procedure. It is assumed that elimination of cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery bypass grafting has the potential for reducing postoperative morbidity. This review evaluates the safety and impact of multivessel OPCABG as compared to CABG.

Methods. A retrospective review of 744 patients undergoing multivessel coronary artery bypass between January 1, 1997, and March 31, 1999, was done. The total population was divided into two groups: group A (n = 609 cardiopulmonary bypass) and group B (n = 135 OPCAB). This consecutive study cohort was elective status, full sternotomy with three or more distal anastomoses performed at a single institution.

Results. The mean risk adjusted predicted mortality was 2.3% in group A and 2.7% in group B (p = NS), with the mean number of distal anastomosis being greater in group A (3.8 vs 3.5/patient, p < 0.001). Major postoperative complications were similar but were not statistically significant between groups. Postoperative blood loss and use of blood transfusions were the only significant variables (p < 0.001).

Conclusions. Multivessel OPCABG can be safely performed in selected patients. Elimination of cardiopulmonary bypass did not significantly reduce postoperative morbidity. Prospective randomized trials and long-term follow-up are needed to better define patient selection and the role of OPCABG.     

常规与非体外循环下冠状动脉3支病变旁路移植血管通畅性对比分析

目的　评价非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术 (OPCAB)与体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CCABG)治疗冠状动脉三支病变术中旁路早期通畅性。方法　 6 0例 3支血管病变的病人分为OPCAB组和CCABG组 ,每组各 30例。行冠状动脉旁路移植术 ,OPCAB组胸骨正中切口 ,在非体外循环心脏不停跳下完成手术 ;CCABG组建立常规体外循环 ,心脏停跳下完成手术。术中应用即时血流测量技术对旁路血管进行流量测量。对比分析两组术前、术后的各项指标及各血管旁路流量、搏动指数和血流波形。结果　两组病人术前一般情况差异无统计学意义。OPCAB组与CCABG组移植旁路血管分别为 (3 6±0 6 )支与 (4 3± 0 9)支 (P <0 0 1) ;两组前降支及右冠状动脉旁路血流量、搏动指数差异无显著性。CCABG组回旋支序贯旁路和远端吻合口多 ,血流量较OPCAB组高。两组弥漫病变血管旁路血流量小。结论　OPCAB与CCABG治疗 3支病变 ,两组血管旁路早期通畅性差异无显著性。     

Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting via a small thoracotomy versus off-pump: a case-matched study

Objective: The minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (MICS CABG) operation performed via a small thoracotomy has not previously been examined in a direct comparison to sternotomy off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Methods: We matched, according to age, gender, left ventricular function, and median number of distal anastomoses, 150 patients who underwent MICS CABG via small left thoracotomy, and 150 patients who received sternotomy OPCAB. All operations were performed by the same surgeon. Results: There was no perioperative mortality (0/300). In the MICS CABG group, pump assistance was used in 28/150 (19%) patients, and conversion to sternotomy occurred in 10/150 (6.7%) patients. In the OPCAB group, conversion to on-pump occurred in 3/150 (2.0%) patients. There were four (2.7%) reoperations for bleeding and one (0.7%) for anastomotic revision in each group. The median hospital length of stay was 5 days for MICS CABG (average 5.4), and 6 days for OPCAB (average 7.2) (P = 0.02). New-onset atrial fibrillation occurred in 35 (23%) MICS CABG patients and in 42 (28%) OPCAB patients (P = 0.3). No wound infection occurred with MICS CABG versus six (4.0%) with OPCAB (P = 0.03). A self-limiting left pleural effusion developed in 22 (15%) MICS CABG patients and in six (4.0%) OPCAB patients (P = 0.002). The median time to return to full physical activity was 12 days in MICS CABG patients versus >5 weeks in OPCAB patients (P < 0.001). Conclusions: MICS CABG is a valuable alternative for patients in need of multivessel CABG. The operation appears at least as safe as OPCAB, and associated with shorter hospital length of stay, less wound infections, and faster postoperative recovery than OPCAB.     

70岁以上患者冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 总结70岁以上患者冠状动脉旁路移植术的经验,就伴发疾病的处理、手术适应证、手术技术及效果进行分析. 方法 2004年3月至2008年3月,采用冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗70岁以上高龄患者91例,年龄70～83岁.75岁以上者22例.心肺转流冠状动脉旁路移植组(CCABG组)72例,非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植组(OPCAB组)19例.两组术前临床资料无明显差异.其中CCABG组术前植入颈动脉支架2例,肾动脉支架2例;OPCAB组植入颈动脉支架2例,肾动脉支架1例.全组左侧胸廓内动脉使用率为96.7%;CCABG组心肺转流时间(108±34)min;主动脉阻断时间(70±22)min;搭桥数(3.5±0.8)支.OPCAB组搭桥数(2.9±0.7)支. 结果 全组住院死亡2例,均为慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺感染.CCABG组有1例脑梗死,2例肺部感染,但与OPCAB组相比差异无统计学意义.两组在呼吸机辅助时间、ICU时间、呼吸衰竭、急性肾功能衰竭、二次开胸等方面无明显差异.但CCABG组搭桥支数高于OPCAB组(P<0.01).术后随访3～36个月,OPCAB组1例复发心绞痛,药物控制有效. 结论 处理好伴发疾病,充分再血管化,最大限度改善心肌供血,70岁以上CABG患者也可以取得满意疗效.是否在心肺转流下手术,预后并无明显差异.     

Optimal coronary artery bypass grafting strategy for acute coronary syndrome

Objective

Conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac arrest is associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing surgery. Although off-pump CABG (OPCAB) is beneficial for high-risk patients, its efficacy for ACS is unknown, with on-pump beating CABG an adjunctive method. We investigated the effects of OPCAB and on-pump beating CABG for ACS.

Methods

We evaluated 121 consecutive patients with ACS (91 males, 30 females; mean age 69.5 ± 10.3 years) who underwent CABG since 2000. Seventy-five had unstable angina (UA) and 46 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [non-ST elevation (NSTEMI): 22, ST elevation (STEMI): 24]. We assessed CABG for acute coronary syndrome under our primary OPCAB strategy, and compared perioperative status between UA and AMI patients.

Results

(1) Sixty-five (87 %) with UA underwent OPCAB, 8 on-pump beating CABG, and 2 conventional CABG. Conversion from OPCAB was seen in 4 patients. In-hospital mortality was 1.3 %. (2) All UA patients who had intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) underwent OPCAB. No patients with preoperative IABP experienced conversion from OPCAB. (3) In AMI patients, hospital mortality was higher (8.9 %) and the ratios for OPCAB, on-pump beating CABG, and conventional CABG were 39, 57, and 4 %, respectively. Mortality was exclusively seen in patients with STEMI who underwent conventional CABG.

Conclusions

OPCAB might have beneficial effects for ACS patients with UA, while IABP was found essential for completing OPCAB. In AMI patients, on-pump beating CABG might be reasonable for avoiding conversion from OPCAB and ischemic perfusion injury.     

老年人非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的心肌保护作用

目的比较70岁以上老年人非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)和体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)围术期心肌损伤程度,探讨OPCAB的心肌保护效果。方法30例老年患者分为两组,A组15例,为CABG组,B组15例,为OPCAB组。分别于术前、术中30min、术中1h、术后6h、12h、24h、72h、120h取静脉血标本,分别测定心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)水平和CKMB活性;另外记录围手术期各项临床指标。结果OPCAB组术后辅助呼吸时间较CABG组短(P<0.01),而且主动脉球囊反搏和输血例数较低(P<0.05)。CABG组与OPCAB组cTnI、CKMB的术前水平相,术后6hcTnI即有升高而后下降,术后30min至72h均较OPCAB组明显升高(P<0.05或0.01)。结论与CABG相比,OPCAB的心肌损伤较轻,心肌保护效果较好。