肠内营养对长期禁食危重症病人炎性反应和细胞免疫的影响

目的:前瞻性观察长期禁食的危重症病人对恢复肠内营养(EN)初期免疫炎性反应的影响. 方法:将28例禁食14 d以上的危重症病人,分别于实施EN前和EN后第1、第3和第7天检测外周血中内毒素、白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL-1、IL-6、IL-4、IL-10)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8)和抗组织相容性抗原-DR(HLA-DR)水平. 结果:①内毒素、WBC、CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平在EN实施第1、3天后均较EN前显著提高;IL-1在EN实施第1天显著提高;IL-4和IL-10较EN实施前无明显改变.②CD4和CD4/CD8在EN第7天较EN前显著提高. 结论:长期禁食的危重症病人在恢复EN初期全身炎症反应增强,持续EN可减轻增强的炎性反应,并改善病人的细胞免疫功能.     

胃癌术后早期肠内免疫营养的作用

目的:研究肠内免疫营养对胃癌手术后病人营养、免疫及炎症反应的影响. 方法:将96例胃癌病人随机分为肠内免疫营养组(研究组)和常规肠内营养组(对照组),分别于术后第2～8天给予等氮、等热量的肠内营养支持.于手术前1天、术后第1天和第9天分别检测总蛋白、清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白、IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、IL-1α、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α等项目,用药期间留24 h尿、粪测定氮,计算氮平衡. 结果:研究结束时研究组前清蛋白、IgA、CD4、CD4/CD8均显著高于对照组,IL-6、TNF-α显著低于对照组. 结论:肠内免疫营养可减轻胃癌病人手术创伤后机体炎症反应,改善免疫功能.     

老年消化道肿瘤病人术后肠内免疫营养的作用

目的:通过手术后早期应用肠内营养(EN)支持,观察免疫营养对老年消化道肿瘤病人的营养和免疫调节作用,探讨肠内免疫营养促进病人康复的机制. 方法: 选择76例老年消化道肿瘤病人,分为对照和实验两组,其中实验A组用肠内营养混悬液(士强);实验B组用整蛋白纤维型肠内营养混悬液(能全力);对照组根据肠功能恢复情况给予普通流质.实验组术后第2天起,给予肠内营养125.52 kJ/(kg*d),连续7天,分别检测各项营养和免疫指标;用RT-PCR法检测各组病人手术前后外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1α)、IL-2、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)mRNA表达水平变化. 结果:实验组病人体重(BW)、肱三头肌皮皱厚度(TSF)、清蛋白(Alb)和转铁蛋白(TRF)等营养指标下降量显著减小.实验A组总蛋白(TP)、TRF更接近术前水平,CD4 细胞、IgM、IgA显著上升;实验B组 CD4 细胞、IgM上升.实验组外周血PBMC、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA上升水平显著降低,实验A组IL-1α、IL-2 mRNA上升水平低于实验B组. 结论:老年消化道肿瘤病人术后早期给予免疫营养支持,可提高结构蛋白质合成,减少促炎症介质mRNA合成,可能减轻术后炎症反应的程度,改善免疫功能,为病人术后全身炎症反应综合征的防治提供新的方法.     

类风湿性关节炎患者血清IL-33、TNF-α、CRP水平变化及意义

目的探讨类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者血清白介素-33(IL-33)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)的水平变化及意义。方法选取2014年10月-2016年12月本院收治的54例RA患者为研究组,其中活动期30例,非活动期24例;另选取同期健康体检者50例为对照组。抽取两组空腹静脉血5 ml,采用免疫比浊法检测IL-33、TNF-α、CRP水平,对比两组间及研究组RA不同分期IL-33、TNF-α、CRP水平的差异。结果研究组IL-33、TNF-α、CRP水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);活动期患者IL-33、TNF-α、CRP水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);RA患者血清中IL-33、TNF-α、CRP水平之间均呈显著正相关(均P0.05)。结论 IL-33、TNF-α、CRP在RA病情的发生发展中具有重要作用,三者水平变化对RA病理机制探讨、病情监测与评估以及治疗方案制定方面具有较高临床意义。     

肠内免疫营养对烫伤大鼠免疫功能和炎症反应的影响

目的:研究肠内免疫营养物Stresson对烫伤大鼠免疫功能和炎症反应的影响及机制. 方法:致64只SD大鼠总体表面积(TBSA)30%的三度烫伤,随机分为肠内免疫营养(EIN)组及肠内营养(EN)组.分别于伤前、伤后1、4、7、10天抽取静脉血,检测血清免疫球蛋白、T淋巴细胞亚群、血清内毒素(LPS)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度. 结果:烫伤后EN组CD3 、CD4 CD8 、CD4 /CD8 均显著降低,EIN组在伤后7、10天CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 比值与EN组相比显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01).烫伤后两组血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA的水平较伤前对照明显降低,但EIN组略高于EN组.EIN组和EN组血清内毒素、IL-6、TNF-α的水平较伤前对照显著升高(P<0.01),EIN组血清内毒素、IL-6、TNF-α的水平在伤后4、7、10天较EN组明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01). 结论:早期EIN可以改善烫伤后免疫功能的低下,减轻烫伤后炎症反应.     

强直性脊柱炎与血清CRP、TNF-α和TNF-β的关系

[目的]探讨活动期强直性脊柱炎患者血清中CRP,TNF-α和TNF-β的变化水平。[方法]从2009年1月～2011年4月共收集强直性脊柱炎患者60名,在相同时间纳入同样样本的健康对照60例,并且按照性别和年龄进行匹配。并采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定患者和健康证血液中的TNF-α、TNF-β和CRP。采用SPSS11.0软件进行统计学分析。[结果]活动期,非活动期的CRP,TNF-α和TNF-β与对照组相比较,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。活动期组的强直性脊柱炎与非活动期组比较,CRP,TNF-α和TNF-β显著高于非活动期强直性脊柱炎患者,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。[结论]血液中的TNF-α、TNF-β和CRP在强直性脊柱炎的发病机制中可能起到重要的作用,能作为评价强直性脊柱炎患者病情水平的重要标志。     

胰腺癌病人肠道通透性改变及其与血清蛋白关系的临床研究

目的:观察胰腺癌病人肠道通透性和营养状况的改变,初步探讨它们之间的关系. 方法:选取胰腺癌首次入院确诊的病人及健康志愿者各15例,作为试验组和对照组.分别测定尿乳果糖/甘露醇(L/M)比值、血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、清蛋白(ALB)、转铁蛋白(TF)和前清蛋白(PA),并对试验组的肠道通透性与血清TNF-α水平、血清蛋白之间的相关性进行分析. 结果:试验组尿L/M比值显著高于对照组(0.331±0.343 vs 0.129± 0.136,P＜ 0.05).试验组血清TNF-α显著高于对照组,(4.98±6.46)ng/L vs (1.25±2.35)ng/L,P ＜0.05.试验组ALB、TF、PA浓度均较对照组显著降低(P ＜0.05).试验组尿L/M比值与血清TNF-α水平呈极显著正相关(P＜ 0.01)而与ALB、TF、PA均呈极显著的负相关(P＜0.01). 结论:胰腺癌病人肠道通透性增加与血清TNF-α水平升高呈显著正相关,与血清蛋白下降呈显著负相关.     

注射用盐酸川芎嗪对急性冠脉综合征患者血清TNF-α、IL-8及CRP的影响

目的探讨注射用盐酸川芎嗪对急性冠脉综合征患者血清TNF-α、IL-8及CRP的影响。方法选取2013年12月至2015年12月在我院治疗的80例急性冠脉综合征患者随机均分为两组。对照组给予对症治疗,观察组在此基础上施加注射用盐酸川芎嗪治疗。观察两组的治疗效果以及治疗前后血清TNF-α、IL-8及CRP水平的变化。结果观察组治疗总有效率为95.0%,显著高于对照组的70.0%(P<0.05)。治疗前两组血清TNF-α、IL-8、CRP水平比较差异不显著(P>0.05);治疗后两组血清TNF-α、IL-8、CRP水平均明显降低,且观察组降低程度更加显著(P<0.05)。结论使用注射用盐酸川芎嗪对急性冠脉综合征患者进行治疗可以明显降低炎性细胞因子的活性,提高疗效。     

免疫增强型肠内营养对消化道恶性肿瘤病人术后免疫功能和炎症反应的影响

目的观察术后免疫增强型肠内营养对消化道恶性肿瘤病人术后免疫功能及炎症反应的影响。方法消化道恶性肿瘤病人42例,随机分为研究组、对照组,各21例。于术后1~8d,研究组使用含谷氨酰胺、精氨酸、ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的免疫增强型肠内营养制剂,对照组使用常规的制剂能全力。观察术前1d、术后1d和术后9d:①免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM、IgA)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8);②血清中细胞因子白介素(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)。结果研究组IgA、CD4水平及CD4/CD8显著高于对照组(p<0·05)。炎症反应指标,研究组IL-6、TNF-α显著低于对照组(p<0·05)。结论免疫增强型肠内营养可减轻消化道恶性肿瘤病人术后的机体炎症反应,改善免疫功能。     

L-精氨酸对围手术期胃癌病人炎性反应和免疫功能的影响

目的:研究L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对围手术期胃癌病人炎性反应和免疫功能的影响. 方法:将围手术期胃癌病人随机分为研究组和对照组,研究组(n=33)行营养支持加L-Arg治疗,L-Arg 0.4g/(kg·d)通过静脉给予;对照组(n=30)行营养支持治疗加等量的等渗盐水.能量供给为125.4 kJ/(kg·d),氮量为0.2g/(kg·d),治疗10d.观察胃癌病人术前3d、术后第3和第7天血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、IL-6、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+水平和CD4 +/CD8+比值的变化. 结果:术后第7天,研究组病人血IL-2、TNF-α水平和CD4+/CD8+比值均明显高于对照组和术前3d,而血液CRP和IL-10水平明显低于对照组和术前3d.术后第7天,CRP水平明显低于术后第3天. 结论:L-Arg可影响胃癌病人的炎性反应水平,下调具有促进肿瘤生长能力的炎性因子水平,上调胃癌病人细胞免疫应答.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.