EDTA抗凝剂依赖性假性血小板减少症血小板计数的研究

目的：寻找能够抑制因EDTA抗凝剂引起的血小板凝集的理想方法，以准确计数此类患者血液中的血小板。方法：（1）观察不同抗凝剂及时间对患者和对照组血小板计数的影响；（2）分别在2mg／mL EDTA-K2抗凝血中加入磷酸吡哆醛、Tris、庆大霉素、氨茶碱、丁胺卡那霉素等，抽血后放置不同时间段作血小板计数，同时观察血片上有无血小板聚集现象。结果：（1）对照组的EDTA-K2、草酸-氟化钠抗凝血在4h内血小板计数结果稳定、准确，观察血片无血小板聚集现象，其他抗凝剂则成下降趋势或不稳定。而患者4h内血小板计数则成倍下降，观察血片上有血小板聚集现象。（2）在2mg／mL EDTA-K2抗凝血内加入5mg／mL丁胺卡那霉素，能使患者的血小板计数在4h内准确、稳定、可靠，观察血片上无血小板聚集现象。结论：在2mg／mLEDTA-K2抗凝血内加入5mg／mL丁胺卡那霉素，可使EDTA依赖性假性血小板减少症患者的血小板计数准确、可靠。     

丁胺卡那霉素对EDTA依赖性凝集血小板的解离及其机制

目的研究丁胺卡那霉素对EDTA抗凝剂依赖的聚集血小板的解离作用和机制,为血常规标本中血小板凝聚提供可靠的解决方法。方法在EDTA依赖的假性血小板减少症(PTCP)患者的EDTA-K2抗凝血样本中,于不同时间段加入不同浓度丁胺卡那霉素进行凝集血小板的解离试验,通过血小板计数和涂片观察解离效果;用流式细胞仪检测血小板膜表面CD41、CD61、CD62p、PAC-1和IgG的表达百分率。结果抽血后1h内加入丁胺卡那霉素对血小板凝集的解离作用明显,血小板计数可恢复到即时检测的水平,血小板CD62p、PAC-1和IgG的表达量被显著抑制,而CD41和CD61未受明显影响。结论PTCP患者血常规样品抽血后1h内加入丁胺卡那霉素能有效解离凝集的血小板,作用机制可能与抑制患者血小板膜表面CD62p、PAC-1和IgG的表达有关;此法有助于解决EDTA所致的血小板计数的假性减少。     

阿米卡星在1例多抗凝剂依赖性假性血小板减少症中的应用研究

目的 :研究阿米卡星在多抗凝剂依赖性假性血小板减少症中抑制血小板聚集的机制。方法 :采集1例乙二胺四乙酸(edathamil,EDTA)依赖性假性血小板减少症患者的乙二胺四乙酸二钾(EDTA-K2)及枸橼酸钠抗凝血,在不同时间段分别加入阿米卡星,依次用血细胞分析仪进行血小板计数,并行血涂片镜检,用流式细胞仪检测血小板膜表面标志物CD61、CD42b、PAC-1、CD62p的表达率。结果:采血后1 h内在EDTA-K2抗凝血中加入阿米卡星,能在不影响其他血细胞形态和分布的情况下,抑制血小板的聚集并解离聚集血小板,同时抑制血小板膜表面标志物CD62p活化,且血小板计数能在室温下4 h内维持稳定。枸橼酸钠抗凝血则随时间延长,血小板计数结果明显下降。结论:阿米卡星能纠正多抗凝剂依赖性假性血小板减少症患者的血小板计数,起到抑制血小板聚集并解离聚集血小板的作用,其机制可能与抑制了血小板膜表面标志物CD62p的表达有关。     

EDTA依赖性假性血小板减少的实验室解决思路

目的探讨乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)依赖性假性血小板减少的临床解决思路。方法采集5例EDTA依赖性假性血小板减少患者的EDTA及枸橼酸钠抗凝血,每位患者的EDTA-K2抗凝血均在不同时间段分别加入6.5 mg/mL阿米卡星,并依次采用血液分析仪检测及血涂片检查。结果 3例患者在抽血前或抽血后1.5 h内在其EDTA抗凝血中加入阿米卡星后能在不影响其它血细胞形态和分布的情况下解离凝集血小板,其血小板计数能在室温下4 h之内维持稳定。余下2例患者,加或不加阿米卡星,其血小板数均会随着时间的延长逐渐增加,最终基本恢复正常水平,阿米卡星起到加速作用。结论添加阿米卡星的血小板检测结果在4 h保持稳定,结果明显优于更换枸橼酸钠抗凝剂。该药在医院抗菌药物中使用普遍,且在临床实际工作中,可以减少患者重复采血,缩短报告等候时间。阿米卡星可作为处理EDTA依赖的假性血小板减少的一线方法在临床普及。     

阿米卡星在EDTA依赖性假性血小板减少的探讨

目的探讨乙二胺四乙酸盐(EDTA-K2)抗凝血在检测时出现假性血小板减少的临床解决思路。方法 5例假性血小板减少的患者分别采集2管EDTA-K2抗凝血标本和1管枸橼酸钠(1∶9)抗凝血标本,其中1管EDTA-K2抗凝血标本在采血0.5h后加入阿米卡星,然后用全自动血细胞分析仪分别检测不同时间段各管抗凝血标本的血小板计数,并做血涂片染色镜检。结果 4例患者的EDTA-K2抗凝血标本加入阿米卡星后,血小板计数结果正常且聚集的血小板解离;1例患者的EDTA-K2抗凝血标本加或未加入阿米卡星,血小板计数结果都会随着时间的延长恢复到正常水平;枸橼酸钠(1∶9)抗凝血在采血10min内检查血小板计数结果正常,但随时间延长会出现聚集导致血小板减少。结论阿米卡星可以解离EDTA-K2抗凝血中的血小板聚集,避免患者重复抽血检查。但加入阿米卡星后效果不明显时,需重新抽取枸橼酸纳(1∶9)抗凝血10min内进行检测,以获得准确的血小板计数结果。     

乙二胺四乙酸三钾导致血小板假性减少分析

目的探讨乙二胺四乙酸三钾（EDTA-K3）在体外引起血小板（PLT）聚集的原因及NaF在体外对EDTA依赖性血小板聚集的抑制作用。方法对6例典型EDTA依赖性血小板假性减少患者和40例对照人群不同抗凝情况下静脉血通过血液分析仪进行血液分析，同时用手工计数血小板作为参考值。结果EDTA-K3抗凝血结果与手工法结果差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；EDTA-K3抗凝血结果与不使用抗凝剂手指末梢血的结果差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；而手工法结果与不使用抗凝剂手指末梢血的结果相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；加NaF的抗凝血结果与手工法结果和不使用抗凝剂手指末梢血的测定结果相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论EDTA-K3对血小板可以产生聚集作用，造成血小板计数出现假性偏低；NaF对EDTA依赖性血小板聚集具有抑制作用。     

如何减少乙二胺四乙酸抗凝剂依赖性假性血小板减低

目的及时发现乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）抗凝剂依赖引起的假性血小板减低现象,选择可靠的检验方法,准确计数血小板。方法利用SysmexXE-2100全自动血细胞分析仪、SysmexKX-21N血细胞分析仪及手工计数,对EDTA依赖性假性血小板减少症的同一患者的EDTA抗凝血、肝素抗凝血和未使用抗凝剂血样分别进行血小板的检测,并对检验结果进行比较。结果采用EDTA抗凝时,经SysmexXE-2100全自动血细胞分析仪非网织红细胞计数通道和SysmexKX-21N血细胞分析仪检测的血小板数均明显减低 使用SysmexXE-2100全自动血细胞分析仪的网织红细胞通道进行检测,血小板数接近患者实际数量。采用肝素抗凝时,经SysmexXE-2100全自动血细胞分析仪非网织红细胞通道检测,血小板数略低于实际数量。采用SysmexKX-21N血细胞分析仪的稀释模式检测未使用抗凝剂血样时,血小板数可达到患者实际数量 手工法计数血小板可得到较准确的结果。结论根据门诊和住院患者的实际情况,可分别采取不同检验方法对疑似EDTA依赖性假性血小板减少症者进行血小板复检,及时为临床提供准确的检验报告,以防误诊。     

EDTA依赖性假性血小板减少误诊为ITP(附1例报告)

ITP是一种血小板减少、骨髓巨核细胞增生或正常,但产生血小板的巨核细胞减少或缺如的一种自身免疫性疾病。EDTA依赖性血小板假性减少（EDTA—PTCP）是由于EDTA盐作为抗凝剂的抗凝血在全自动血细胞计数仪上检测时,因血小板发生聚集,发生假性血小板计数减少的现象。现报告如下：     

盐酸噻氯匹定体外纠正血小板假性减少的实验研究

目的：探讨盐酸噻氯匹啶在体外纠正血小板聚集引起血小板假性减少中的抑制作用，建立假性血小板减少患者血小板准确计数方法。方法：对91例假性血小板减少患者采用浓度为200umol／L盐酸噻氯匹啶在体外对血小板聚集的观察，观察EDTA抗凝血样在加盐酸噻氯匹定前后PLT MPV以及涂片结果前后比较，并以及手工血小板计数为参照。结果：加入盐酸噻氯匹啶EDTA-K2的抗凝剂样本在2小时血小板计数与不加盐酸噻氯匹啶EDTA-K2的抗凝剂样本结果有显著性差异（P〈0．01）而与间接手工法计数无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：盐酸噻氯匹啶是一种强效抗血小板活化药物，对血小板聚集有很好的抑制作用，适用临床血小板聚集的测定，达到准确计数血小板的目的。     

两种方法检测乙二胺四乙酸依赖性假性血小板减少症对比分析

目的：探讨乙二胺四乙酸对血细胞分析仪血小板计数结果的影响。方法：对56例乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）依赖性血小板减低症患者分别采用枸橼酸钠真空抗凝管采血、许汝和血小板稀释液稀释后测定。结果：乙二胺四乙酸抗凝血与枸橼酸钠抗凝血、许汝和血小板稀释液手工法测定的血小板数有统计学差异。结论：EDTA抗凝剂可导致血小板发生聚集而引起血小板结果的假性减少,临床工作中应引起高度重视,避免误诊。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.