双心室起搏的临床疗效观察

目的　探讨缺血性或扩张型心肌病合并充血性心力衰竭行永久性双心室起搏治疗的临床效果。方法　对 1 0例缺血性或扩张型心肌病合并难治性心力衰竭和左束支阻滞患者 ,常规植入右心室起搏导线的同时植入冠状静脉窦电极导线于左室侧静脉、心大或心中静脉 ,行双心室同步起搏 (其中 2例为四腔起搏 )。通过临床观察、超声心动图测定及 6分钟平地行走评定对心功能的影响。结果　在充血性心力衰竭合并左束支阻滞患者植入冠状静脉窦电极导线行双心室起搏 ,产生较窄 QRS波 ,临床心功能从 ～ 级提高至 ～ 级 ( NYHA) ,同时使二尖瓣返流减少 ,射血分数提高 ,左室舒张末期内径缩小 ,6分钟平地行走距离比术前明显提高。结论　双心室起搏对难治性心力衰竭可能有辅助治疗作用。     

应用PTCA导引钢丝指引左心室电极导线的植入

双心室同步起搏已被充分证明可有效地改善充血性心力衰竭伴心室内传导阻滞患者的心功能[1,2 ] 。进行双心室同步起搏的一个技术关键是植入左心室起搏电极导线。目前可行并广泛应用的方法是经冠状静脉窦途径将电极导线插入心脏静脉起搏左心室 ,由于进入冠状静脉窦的心脏静脉较细、弯曲度大以及变异较多 ,直接用目前临床应用的冠状静脉窦电极导线插管难度大 ,X线照射时间长 ,且成功率受到影响。近来 ,一种新设计的带侧孔的 ,可用PTCA导引钢丝指引下插入的冠状静脉窦电极导线开始在临床应用。资料和方法2 2例充血性心力衰竭伴心室内阻滞患者 …     

房室结消融加上双心室起搏治疗心力衰竭伴心房颤动患者

目的 观察了8例充血性心力衰竭伴心房颤动(房颤)患者进行房室结消融后,植入双心室起搏器的治疗效果。方法 8例充血性心力衰竭伴持续性房颤患者,男性5例,女性3例,平均年龄58.4岁,平均左心室内径(68.5±6.3)mm,左心室射血分数(LVEF)0.30±0.03,所有患者均伴有室内阻滞,平均QRS宽度(157.1±22.3)ms。患者先进行射频导管消融阻断房室结(希氏束),然后进行双心室起搏器植入术。在冠状静脉窦造影术后,经冠状静脉窦植入左心室起搏电极导线至一根心脏静脉,通常是心脏后侧静脉或心脏后静脉内。右心室起搏导线置于右心室心尖部,然后与双心室起搏器连接。结果 8例患者均成功地消融房室结,植入双心室起搏器术后超声心动图显示,LVEF从术前的0.30提高至0.38(P<0.05),二尖瓣返流较术前明显减少,患者临床上心慌、气短症状明显改善,心功能(NYHA分级)平均改善Ⅰ级。结论 初步临床观察提示,对于充血性心力衰竭伴有房颤患者,双心室同步起搏同样可改善患者心功能。     

双心室起搏治疗充血性心力衰竭的血流动力学观察

目的 观察双心室起搏治疗充血性心力衰竭的血流动力学效果。方法 充血性心力衰竭伴心室内阻滞患者６例，男性５例，女性１例，平均年龄５４岁。心动均在Ⅱ～Ⅳ级（ＮＹＨＡ），体表心电图平均ＱＲＳ时限为１４１ｍｓ。患者均进行了双心室起搏，左心室起搏通过冠状静脉窦植入２１８７或２１８８导线，于其血管分支内进行左心室起搏。左、右心室导线通过Ｙ形转接器与双腔起搏器连接。术后应用超声心动图检查，观察双心室起搏的血流动     

双心室同步起搏治疗充血性心力衰竭的临床应用

目的　观察三腔双心室起搏治疗充血性心力衰竭效果。方法　患者男性 2例 ,女性 1例 ,平均年龄 5 7岁 ,为充血性心功能衰竭伴左束支阻滞 ,植入三 (四 )腔双心室起搏器。左心室起搏通过冠状静脉窦植入 2 187或 2 188电极导线 ,置于心后静脉起搏左心室 ,左右心室电极导线通过 Y形转接器与双腔起搏器连接。结果　双心室起搏并辅以合适的 AV延迟后 ,患者心力衰竭症状明显改善 ,N YHA分级从 ～ 级改善至 级 ,二尖瓣返流明显减少。结论　初步临床应用提示 ,双心室同步起搏治疗充血性心力衰竭是可行而有效的     

117例双心室再同步起搏器植入术并发症分析

目的　双心室同步起搏已经被证明可有效改善充血性心力衰竭患者的心功能。进行双心室再同步治疗 (cardiacresynchronizationtherapy ,CRT)的技术关键是植入左心室导线。植入左心室导线技术难度大 ,操作复杂 ,有一定的并发症发生率 ,本文分析了 117例双心室起搏器植入术并发症。方法　充血性心力衰竭伴心室内阻滞患者 117例 ,其中男性 86例 ,女性 31例 ,平均年龄 (5 3 0 0±8 2 5 )岁。患者在进行逆行冠状静脉窦造影后 ,经冠状静脉窦插入导线至心脏静脉 (主要为心脏后静脉和侧后静脉 )进行左心室起搏。然后植入右心房和右心室电极导线。结果　 117例患者中 111例成功植入双心室起搏系统 ,成功率为 95 %。主要植入术的相关并发症包括 :冠状静脉窦夹层 4例(3 4 % % ) ,膈肌刺激需要重新植入 2例 (1 7% ) ;电极导线脱位 2例 (1 7% ) ,结论　双心室再同步治疗 (cardiacresynchronizationtherapywithbiventricularpacing)起搏器植入术有一定的术中并发症和一定的风险 ,术前应掌握好适应证并作好充分的准备 ,术中必须规范操作 ,严密观察 ,以减少并发症     

双室右房三心腔起搏在充血性心力衰竭治疗中的初步应用

目的　观察InSync80 4 0起搏器治疗扩张型心肌病 (DCM )伴充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)的疗效。方法　患者 ,男 7例 ,女 1例 ,年龄 4 8～ 75 (5 8 7± 10 2 )岁 ,均为扩张性心肌病伴充血性心衰 ,且有完全性左束支传导阻滞或左前分支传导阻滞 ,植入InSync80 4 0起搏器。左心室起搏通过冠状静脉窦植入Medtronic公司生产的 2 187电极 ,置于冠状静脉窦的分支静脉起搏左心室 ,左右心室电极和右房电极导线与InSync 80 4 0起搏器相连接。 结果　以InSync80 4 0起搏器起搏并辅以合适的房室间期 (AVD) ,患者心力衰竭的症状明显改善 ,NYHA心功能分级从Ⅲ -Ⅳ级提高到Ⅰ -Ⅱ级 ,超声心动图示心功能指标改善 ,核素检查示心室收缩较术前协调 ,起搏后心电图QRS时限缩短。结论　初步临床应用表明 ,以InSync80起搏器实行双心室同步起搏治疗充血性心力衰竭行之有效     

为左上腔静脉永存合并右上腔静脉缺如患者植入起搏导线

目的 对左上腔静脉永存合并右上腔静脉缺如患者的心室起搏导线植入方法作初步探讨,方法 为3例病态窦房结综合征,2例三度房室阻滞患者植入VVI起搏系统,导线经左上腔静脉、冠状静脉窦、右心房、三尖瓣口而固定于右心室心尖部（4例）或至心大静脉远段（1例）,靠近心外膜左缘。结果 5例患者的导线均成功放置分别随访3个月-7年,起搏功能良好。结论 对左上腔静脉存伴右上腔静脉缺如患者植入心脏起搏系统,通过适当地操作,一般可将导线定侠于右心室心尖部;而经冠状静脉窦作左心室心外膜起搏亦是可以选择的。     

普通心室电极在双室右房三心腔起搏治疗充血性心力衰竭中的初步应用

目的 观察普通心室电极起搏治疗扩张性心肌病（DCM）伴充血性心力衰竭（CHF）的疗效。方法患者,男,2例,女2例,平均年龄62.6岁±7.7岁（52岁～70岁）,均为扩张性心肌病伴充血性心衰,且有完全性左束支传导阻滞或左前分支传导阻滞,行双室右房三心腔起搏治疗。左心室起搏通过冠状静脉窦植入剪去一部分尖端羽翼的普通心室电极,置于冠状静脉窦的分支静脉起搏左心室,左右心室电极导线通过Y形转换器与双腔起搏器心室孔相连接。结果 以普通心室电极起搏并辅以合适的房室间期（AVP）,患者心力衰竭的症状明显改善,NY-HA心功能分级从Ⅲ～Ⅳ级提高到Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,超声心动图示心功能指标改善,起搏后心电图QRS时限缩短,其中一例患者已基本上停止服药数月。结论 初步临床应用表明,普通心室电极实行双心室同步起搏治疗心力衰竭既行之有效,又价廉物美。     

三腔起搏器植入时可剥脱导引导管和左心室2187导线的应用

双心室同步起搏可治疗晚期顽固性充血性心力衰竭 ,左心室起搏部位直接影响双心室同步起搏的效果。因而寻找左心室导线的导入途径、起搏部位和操作技术具有重要的临床实用价值。采用可剥离 (ｐｅｅｌ ａｗａｙ)导引导管 ,将特殊的冠状静脉窦电极导线植入左心室静脉 ,成功地进行了双心室同步起搏。　　资料和方法　 7例男性患者 ,平均年龄 (5 8± 14)岁。均为窦性心率、心功能≥Ⅲ级、 (ＮＹＨＡ分级 )、左心室直径>6 0ｍｍ、心电图呈左束支阻滞 ,冠状静脉窦造影 6例采用逆行法 ,穿刺左锁骨下静脉 ,导引冠状静脉窦导引导管(ＡｔｔａｉｎＴＭ ,…     

Cardiac resynchronization pacing therapy

Approximately one third of patients with congestive heart failure and systolic dysfunction have an intraventricular conduction delay that is manifested as a QRS duration >120 ms. An intraventricular conduction delay adversely affects ventricular performance by causing dyssynchrony in ventricular activation. When ventricular dyssynchrony is present, simultaneous left and right ventricular pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy can improve ventricular synchrony. This can lead to an improvement in hemodynamics, ventricular remodeling, mitral regurgitation, exercise capacity and quality of life. Candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy include patients with advanced congestive heart failure that is refractory to medical therapy, a QRS duration >130 ms, left ventricular ejection fraction <0.35 and sinus rhythm. Because patients who are candidates for biventricular pacing are at high risk of sudden death, they should be considered for implantation of a biventricular pacing device that also provides defibrillation therapy. This paper reviews biventricular pacing for congestive heart failure, including results of acute hemodynamic studies and randomized clinical trials, patient and device selection, and procedural issues.     

Cardiac resynchronization: a novel therapy for heart failure

Despite advances in medical therapy for patients with congestive heart failure, morbidity and mortality remain high. Conduction abnormalities, such as left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, and nonspecific conduction delay, are observed commonly in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. In patients with heart failure, the presence of intraventricular conduction delay is associated with more severe mitral regurgitation and worsened left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, and is an independent risk factor for increased mortality. Conventional dual-chamber (right atrial and right ventricular) pacing with a short atrioventricular delay was initially introduced as therapy for patients with advanced congestive heart failure to improve diastolic dysfunction and reduce mitral regurgitation. The acute beneficial hemodynamic effects observed in early, uncontrolled studies were not confirmed in subsequent randomized, controlled studies with longer follow-up. Cardiac resynchronization with novel biventricular (left and right ventricular) pacing systems has resulted in hemodynamic and functional benefits in patients with congestive heart failure and an underlying intraventricular conduction delay. Improvements in cardiac index, systolic blood pressure, and functional class have been reported with biventricular pacing, both acutely and at more than 1 year of follow-up. These encouraging preliminary results with biventricular pacing in patients with congestive heart failure will be validated in two prospective, randomized, controlled trials, Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE) and Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Chronic Heart Failure (COMPANION). These studies are designed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of biventricular pacing in improving exercise capacity and in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced, symptomatic congestive heart failure. (c)2001 by CHF, Inc.     

双心室起搏治疗充血性心力衰竭

探讨双心室起搏技术治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭的临床疗效。 11例充血性心力衰竭患者 ,男 9例、女 2例 ,年龄 5 4± 7岁。心功能 (NYHA)Ⅲ～Ⅳ级 ,均伴有心室内传导阻滞。全部患者置入三腔双心室起搏器 ,左心室电极置于冠状静脉侧支及后侧分支内。结果 :手术全部成功。所有患者于置入后症状改善 ,体表心电图QRS时限由 15 9.8± 4 .4 2ms缩至 130 .5± 3.6 9ms ,P <0 .0 1。随访 6～ 18个月 ,超声心动图显示左室射血分数由 0 .2 5± 0 .0 5增至 0 .38± 0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1、舒张期充盈改善、二尖瓣返流减少。结论 :双心室起搏可以改善药物控制困难的伴室内传导阻滞的心衰患者的临床症状 ,改善心功能 ,提高生活质量。     

Assessment of regional wall motion using strain Doppler imaging during right ventricular bifocal pacing in a patient with severe congestive heart failure: a case report

A 79-year-old man presented with dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic atrial fibrillation. A DDD pacemaker was implanted due to sick sinus syndrome. His left ventricular ejection fraction was 23%. He was repeatedly admitted with congestive heart failure. Although cardiac resynchronization therapy was attempted, insertion of a pacing lead into the coronary sinus failed. Right ventricular bifocal pacing was done. The QRS width was shortened to 155 msec during bifocal pacing and 157 msec during right ventricular outflow pacing from 221 msec during right ventricular apical pacing. Heart failure was improved from New York Heart Association class III to II. Regional wall motion was assessed by strain of the myocardium. Bifocal pacing increased stroke volume due to improvement of longitudinal dyssynchrony of the septal and lateral walls. Bifocal pacing is effective for patients with severe congestive heart failure in whom biventricular pacing therapy has failed. Strain Doppler imaging is useful for the assessment of regional wall motion during cardiac pacing.     

Efficacy of biventricular pacing on myocardial glucose metabolism in a patient with heart failure using 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography: a case report

A 61-year-old-male with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure was treated by implantation of a biventricular pacemaker. Myocardial glucose metabolism was evaluated by positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) during atrial-right ventricular pacing or atrial-biventricular pacing. Percentage uptake of FDG decreased in the lower septal area of the left ventricle during right ventricular pacing, but the decrease was improved during biventricular pacing (74.7% vs 91.6%). Biventricular pacing may improve myocardial glucose metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure.     

Acute hemodynamic effects of biventricular DDD pacing in patients with end-stage heart failure

Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the potential acute benefit of multisite cardiac pacing with optimized atrioventricular synchrony and simultaneous biventricular pacing in patients with drug-refractory congestive heart failure (CHF).

Background. Prognosis and quality of life in severe CHF are poor. Various nonpharmacological therapies have been evaluated but are restricted in their effectiveness and applications. In the early 1990s, dual chamber pacing (DDD) pacing was proposed as primary treatment of refractory CHF but results were controversial. Recently, tests to evaluate the effect of simultaneous pacing of both ventricles have elicited a significant improvement of cardiac performance.

Methods. Acute hemodynamic study was conducted in 18 patients with severe CHF (New York Heart Association class III and IV) and major intraventricular conduction block (IVCB) (QRS duration = 170 ± 37 ms). Using a Swan-Ganz catheter, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and cardiac index (CI) were measured in different pacing configurations: atrial pacing (AAI) mode, used as reference, single-site right ventricular DDD pacing and biventricular pacing with the right ventricular lead placed either at the apex or at the outflow tract.

Results. The CI was significantly increased by biventricular pacing in comparison with AAI or right ventricular (RV). DDD pacing (2.7 ± 0.7 vs. 2 ± 0.5 and 2.4 ± 0.6 l/min/m², p < 0.001). The PCWP also decreased significantly during biventricular pacing, compared with AAI (22 ± 8 vs. 27 ± 9 mm Hg; p < 0.001).

Conclusions. This acute hemodynamic study demonstrated that biventricular DDD pacing may significantly improve cardiac performance in patients with IVCB and with severe heart failure, in comparison with intrinsic conduction and single-site RV DDD pacing.     

Cardiac stimulation and heart insufficiency

Dilated cardiomyopathies are frequently associated with atrioventricular and intra ventricular conduction disorders. Such conduction disorders modify the cardiac activation sequence and impair left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. The aim of pacing in dilated cardiomyopathy is to restore a cardiac activation sequence as normal as possible. Conventional dual-chamber pacing was first proposed to treat drug-refractory heart failure but was soon replaced by multisite biventricular pacing. The aim of biventricular pacing is to correct intraventricular asynchrony by pacing the two ventricles simultaneously. Acute studies have shown that biventricular pacing could improve hemodynamic parameters in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe intraventricular conduction disorders. More recently, chronic studies demonstrated a significant improvement in exercise tolerance and quality of life with biventricular pacing in patients with drug-refractory heart failure and with intraventricular conduction disorders. To safely pace the left ventricle specific materials and tools had to be developed. With those developments, biventricular pacing is now a feasible and safe technique. Regarding the results of several clinical studies, biventricular pacing could now be proposed to treat patients with drug-refractory heart failure in the setting of chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction and with major intraventricular conduction disorders.     

心室再同步化起搏的心电图表现及随访

目的探讨不同心室起搏部位体表十二导联心电图的变化及在双心室再同步起搏(CRT)随访中的应用。方法22例资料完整的充血性心力衰竭患者进行双心室再同步起搏治疗,其中21例经静脉置入左室导线,1例因冠状静脉窦畸形经胸左室外膜导线置入;右室导线均放置在心尖部。22例分别记录无起搏、右室起搏、左室起搏及双心室同步起搏四种不同状态下的十二导联心电图。结果22例术前心电图显示完全性左束支传导阻滞(CLBBB)16例,完全性心室内传导阻滞6例,行右室心尖部起搏时胸前导联(V1)均呈CLBBB型,肢体导联额面电轴左偏,Ⅰ导联呈r、R型占100%,左室起搏时胸前导联(V1)均呈右束支传导阻滞(CRBBB)型,额面电轴右偏,Ⅰ导联呈q、Q、QS型20例,占91%;双心室同步起搏后胸前导联(V1)呈CLBBB型13例,呈CRBBB型9例,额面电轴均右偏,Ⅰ导联呈q、Q、QS型占86.5%。结论不同部位心室起搏具有不同的心电图表现,双心室同步起搏具有特征性的心电图形态,CRT随访时通过对心电图形态和时限的观察有助于判断是否实现真正有效的双心室再同步起搏。     

普通电极导线行右房左室或双心室起搏的初步临床观察

探讨普通电极导线置入心脏静脉起搏左室的可行性。选择 9例患者为研究对象 ,其中扩张型心肌病 3例、缺血性心脏病 3例、其他 3例 ,均伴不同程度的心力衰竭 ,心功能Ⅱ～Ⅳ级。所有患者都安置DDD起搏器。窦性心律伴房室阻滞 (AVB)或完全性左束支阻滞 (CLBBB)患者 ,行右房左室顺序起搏 ;房颤患者行双心室起搏。左心室起搏是将普通右心室导线 (MedtronicCapSureSP 4 0 2 3)通过冠状窦送入心脏静脉施行的。结果 :7例成功 ,2例失败。导线定位在左室后静脉 1例、后侧静脉 3例、侧静脉 3例。术中测左室起搏阈电压、阻抗和R波振幅分别是 0 .7± 0 .2V、6 2 3± 6 6Ω、10 .1± 6 .0mV。术后 2～ 18个月阈电压、阻抗分别是 0 .5± 0V、5 2 1± 5 1Ω。术后 1～ 2周平均心功能从2 .9级改善到 1.9级 ,平均心胸比值从 0 .6 1缩小到 0 .5 7,平均左室射血分数从 0 .39升至 0 .4 4。随访期未发现左室导线脱位 ,膈肌起搏等并发症。结论 :普通电极导线置入心脏静脉长期起搏左心室是可行的、牢靠的。