根最大动脉CT定位在胸降主动脉腔内修复中的应用

目的探讨根最大动脉CT定位在胸降主动脉腔内修复（EVR）中的应用价值。方法12例胸降主动脉EVR前行根最大动脉（AKA）CT定位，Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤（DAA）8例，Crawford Ⅰ型胸腹主动脉瘤2例，胸降主动脉假性动脉瘤和胸降主动脉瘤合并腹主动脉瘤各1例。入组标准：EVR需要部分覆盖T8-L1节段。结果除3例DAA外，9例（13根）AKA显影，其中8例主动脉．肋间动彬腰动脉-AKA-脊髓前动脉连续性完整，1例胸腹主动脉瘤连续性差，多处中断；单根AKA5例，双根4例。成功保留10根，覆盖3根（1根为多处中断，另2根为双根中的近端1根）。1例DAA（Marfan综合征）出院后2d突然死亡，拒绝尸检。本组11例获随访3-19个月，平均12个月，无截瘫发生，术后3个月CT证实DAA假腔胸腔段或动脉瘤瘤腔内完全血栓形成。结论胸降主动脉EVR术前AKACT定位可以使需要避免覆盖的节段精确到AKA起源肋间动脉在主动脉开口的平面，释放出T8-L1节段的其他部分用作人工血管内支架的锚定，扩大EVR的适应证。     

胸腹主动脉瘤的治疗

<正>胸腹主动脉瘤(thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm,TAAA)是一种累及降主动脉及腹主动脉的动脉瘤样变,因其死亡率高及手术难度大而成为血管外科治疗难点之一,其与降主动脉瘤和腹主动脉瘤主要区别为TAAA累及内脏动脉,手术治疗需要胸腹联合切口,介入手术也不能简单使用直型覆膜支架治疗,因而,治疗的手术方式及技巧与降主动脉瘤和腹主动脉瘤截然不同。TAAA自然病程死亡率高,传统的治疗方式为开放手术。而杂交手术,开窗支架、分支型支架及多层裸支架等介入治疗方法的应用使更微创的方式治疗TAAA成为可能。     

主动脉腔内支架植入术后的螺旋CT血管成像评价

目的研究螺旋CT血管成像对主动脉腔内支架植入术后的评价意义。方法34例主动脉疾病患者（主动脉夹层16例、腹主动脉瘤18例）腔内支架植入术后行螺旋CT血管成像检查（其中多层螺旋CT检查21例，亚秒级螺旋CT检查13例），以容积再现（vR）、表面遮盖显示（SSD）、多平面重组（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）多种方式重建。对支架植入术后（支架的通畅、位置、形态，血栓的大小，术后合并症等）情况进行观察、评估。结果34例患者支架植入术后支架段主动脉均通畅，1例支架变形并右侧髂内动脉闭塞；33例支架外血栓形成，1例支架内血栓形成；8例术后假腔缩小，7例腹主动脉瘤者术后瘤体缩小；5例合并内漏。结论螺旋CT血管成像作为一种方便、快捷、无创的检查方法能够较客观地评价主动脉支架植入术后情况，在主动脉支架植入术随访中起着非常重要的作用。     

胸腹主动脉瘤腔内介入治疗的护理

胸腹主动脉瘤是一类凶险的血管疾病,处理难度较大,是心胸外科和血管外科医生面临的一个挑战.传统的开放手术方式采用胸腹联合切口,以多分叉人造血管进行主动脉置换并重建内脏动脉,具有较高的术后并发症和死亡率.随着血管腔内技术的发展,出现了以杂交手术和开窗支架为代表的处理胸腹主动脉瘤的新技术.杂交手术是在主动脉瘤覆膜支架隔绝前采用开腹手术以人造血管重建内脏动脉,将内脏动脉开口移位于腹主动脉远端或一侧髂动脉,获得足够的覆膜支架的远端锚定区,然后用覆膜支架隔绝全部动脉瘤,避免了传统手术需要开胸、体外循环,且较长血管阻断时间和巨大创伤的缺点,降低了术后并发症.开窗支架技术根据患者的情况定制个体化的覆膜支架,隔绝主动脉瘤的同时采用血管腔内技术重建内脏动脉,属于完全血管腔内介入技术,但是因为需要定制支架,所以此项技术只能在较少的中心开展.     

一期杂交手术治疗弓部和胸腹段主动脉病变

目的 总结单中心手术结合微创的杂交技术,同期治疗弓部、胸腹段主动脉病变的经验.方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2008年5月在澳门仁伯爵综合医院应用杂交技术,同期治疗主动脉病变5例的临床资料.其中胸降主动脉瘤累及半弓合并夹层1例,弓降主动脉瘤1例,DebarkeyⅢ型急性主动脉夹层1例,累及双侧髂总、髂内动脉的肾下腹主动脉瘤2例.弓部近端锚定区分类,ZAP 0区2例,ZAP 2区1例.弓降主动脉瘤正中开胸行升主动脉至双侧颈总人工血管搭桥+左颈总动脉至左锁骨下动脉搭桥术,同期导管室血管造影(digital seduction angiogram,DSA)下经股动脉释放Zenith覆膜支架.Debakey Ⅲ型夹层行左颈总至左锁骨下动脉搭桥后释放覆膜支架封闭破口.对于累及双侧髂内动脉的腹主动脉瘤,预先髂内、外动脉搭桥后释放腹主动脉分叉支架.结果 手术5例均获成功,术后即刻造影和随访CTA无内漏发生,随访期2～10个月.出血量约200～600 ml之间,均未输血.1例弓部杂交术后相继发生成人呼吸窘迫综合征(adult respiratory distresssyndrome,ARDS),及急性左心衰,经积极治疗后痊愈.1例术后因心肌梗塞死亡.2例弓部杂交治疗病例各颈动脉阻断时间均小于10 min,均无神经并发症或者轻微神经症状.另1例腹主动脉瘤患者杂交术后恢复正常,无并发症.结论 应用手术结合微创这一新型杂交技术治疗胸腹各段主动脉病变,有利于减少外科创伤和体外循环等所带来的血流动力学改变.     

中国医科大学附属第一医院心脏外科成功施行全主动脉置换手术一例

2014年9月2日,中国医科大学附属第一医院心脏外科主任谷天祥教授在心脏外科副主任修宗谊教授、麻醉科主任马虹教授以及手术室的全力配合下,成功施行一期全主动脉置换手术一例。患者,男,22岁,为慢性胸腹主动脉瘤合并A型主动脉夹层,病变起于升主动脉,累及主动脉弓,降主动脉和胸腹主动脉全程,假腔巨大,真腔显著受压,升主动脉直径5.6 cm,降主动脉直径达到5.4 cm,夹层累及右冠状动脉、无名动脉、左颈总动脉、左锁骨下动脉、肋间动脉、双肾动脉、腹腔干以及肠系膜上动脉等。患者随时可能因动脉瘤破裂出现猝死。     

应用一体式分叉支架型人工血管腔内治疗腹主动脉瘤42例

目的总结应用一体式分又支架型人工血管治疗腹主动脉瘤初步经验。方法本组42例，其中腹主动脉瘤39例，腹主动脉假性动脉瘤1例，Ⅲ型夹层动脉瘤1例，降主动脉瘤合并腹主动脉瘤1例。除均在腹主动脉放置一体式分又支架型人工血管外，1例降主动脉瘤合并腹主动脉瘤者共放置5枚支架型人工血管，其中4枚直型支架用于隔绝降主动脉瘤；1例Ⅲ型夹层动脉瘤者，降主动脉近侧破口用直型支架型人工血管封堵；1例因一侧髂外动脉闭塞需先经腹膜外切口行人工血管搭桥后才能放置一体式分叉支架。结果平均手术时间50min。1例死亡，8例附加近侧短的覆膜支架，1例附加远侧Cuff，1例近侧和远侧均加Cuff。8例术后有少量内漏，1周后内漏均消失。5例封堵了双侧髂内动脉，20例封堵了单侧髂内动脉，但均未导致臀肌坏死或疼痛等并发症。2例瘤颈与瘤体呈90度角也获得成功。结论一体式分又支架型人工血管可以达到隔绝腹主动脉瘤的作用，且操作更快捷。     

杂交手术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤

目的:回顾近8年我院使用杂交技术(腹腔内脏动脉去分支加主动脉瘤腔内修复)治疗胸腹主动脉瘤的病例,总结随访结果并分析并发症发生原因。方法:对2007年8月至2015年3月我院以杂交手术治疗的13例胸腹主动脉瘤病人的临床资料进行回顾性研究。手术方法为一期先行腹腔内脏动脉去分支手术,二期行腔内修复术。结果:13例胸腹主动脉瘤病人Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型3例,Ⅳ型5例,马凡综合征A型夹层全弓置换术后2例。一期行内脏动脉去分支手术,其中以升主动脉为流入道行腹腔内脏动脉顺行去分支5例,以髂动脉或腹主动脉下段为流入道行腹腔内脏动脉逆行去分支8例。二期行胸腹主动脉瘤覆膜支架腔内修复术。病例无截瘫发生。围手术期1例死于弥漫性血管内凝血;因肾动脉人工血管闭塞,术后肾功能不全需长期血透1例。结论:杂交技术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤创造了良好的支架移植物锚定区,并完整保留了内脏动脉的血供,是一种有效的治疗方法。但去分支手术创伤较大,仍有术后发生凝血功能障碍、慢性肾功能不全的风险。尤其在瘤体巨大时肾动脉的显露及重建困难。     

多层螺旋CT血管造影在主动脉夹层和主动脉瘤病的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)在主动脉夹层和主动脉瘤诊断的价值.方法:回顾性分析经DSA或手术证实120例主动脉夹层或主动脉瘤病人的16层螺旋CT平扫和血管造影原始资料.特原始数据传输至adw4.2工作站行后处理,重建方法包括遮盖客积重建(SVR)、多平面重建(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、曲面重建(CPR)、仿真内窥镜(CTVE)等各种后处理技术重建.结果:主动脉夹层79例,主动脉瘤23例,主动脉瘤合并动脉夹层18例.结论:MSCTA能明确诊断主动脉夹层和主动脉瘤病.     

分期介入治疗主动脉缩窄合并右锁骨下动脉瘤1例

主动脉缩窄(CoA)是指主动脉局限狭窄,管腔缩小,造成血流量减少.主动脉缩窄可以单独出现,也可以合并二叶式主动脉瓣、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、大动脉转位等病变.主动脉狭窄合并右锁骨下动脉瘤非常罕见,本文报导一例主动脉缩窄合并右锁骨下动脉及降主动脉瘤,一期应用定制的Armada 35球囊扩张导管及覆膜支架治疗主动脉狭窄,...     

腔内修复主动脉弓动脉瘤或夹层动脉瘤14例

目的探讨腔内修复主动脉弓动脉瘤或夹层动脉瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年6月至2004年8月腔内修复主动脉弓动脉瘤或夹层动脉瘤14例的临床资料。其中,DebakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层动脉瘤(aorticdissectionaneurysm, ADA)12例,动脉瘤2例。8例ADA直接行腔内修复,覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口;另4例ADA和2例动脉瘤接受辅助性右左颈总动脉、左颈总左锁骨下动脉旁路联合腔内修复。结果14例均取得技术成功。1例动脉瘤患者腔内修复术后并发缺血性脑卒中死亡。生存的13例围手术期和随访期间(1 ~14个月,平均11个月)无神经系统或肢体缺血性并发症。3个月CT证实所有ADA患者原发破口封闭。存活动脉瘤患者术后1个月CT显示瘤腔内血栓形成。结论腔内修复主动脉弓动脉瘤或夹层动脉瘤是安全、有效的。     

Demonstration of the Adamkiewicz Artery by Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography Analysed with the Open-Source Software OsiriX

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of the Adamkiewicz artery (AKA) detection by multidetector computed tomography (CT) data analysis without the need of a dedicated workstation, using low-cost hardware and the freeware OsiriX.MethodsCT scans of 67 patients undergoing a thoracic or thoraco-abdominal aortic procedure between April 2006 and August 2008 were evaluated with respect to detection rate and AKA level and side using the OsiriX software version 3.2 on Mac OS X computer and compared to results obtained by standard workstation analysis, in a fully blinded analysis. The results were also compared with data compiled from a review of the English-language literature on this topic.Results(1) AKA identification showed a substantial agreement of 85.07% between the methods (k = 0.636). (2) The comparison of AKA level showed a substantial agreement (weighted k = 0.661), with consensus in 70.14%. (3) From the literature review, we found that recognition of the AKA was achieved in 466 of 555 cases (83.96%). (4) In 384 (83.3%) cases the AKA originated from a left intercostal artery. (5) The proposed method and literature-compiled data showed a similar AKA level distribution.ConclusionsNoninvasive AKA location with open-source software and low-cost hardware is feasible. The OsiriX software allows to effectively navigate through CT data not only to study the aorta, but also to detect the AKA, as in the case of the standard method and the literature data. Its availability and ease of use may contribute to make identification of the AKA part of the routine evaluation of CT scans in patients with aortic disease, even where dedicated workstations are not available, with potential benefits for planning therapeutic procedures.     

Descending or Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Without Intercostal Vessel Reconstruction Using Contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Report of Two Cases

Two high-risk patients underwent a graft replacement for descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms without the reconstruction of any intercostal and lumbar arteries. The first patient was an 81-year-old woman with asthma and renal dysfunction who was diagnosed to have a descending thoracic aortic aneurysm extending from the Th8 to Th12 level. Contrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) demonstrated the Adamkiewicz artery to originate from the left second lumbar artery. The second patient was a 59-year-old man with left ventricular dysfunction due to aortic and mitral stenoses who was diagnosed to have a Crawford type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. Contrast MRA showed the Adamkiewicz artery to originate from the left ninth intercostal artery. In general, the reestablishment of the spinal cord's blood supply, whenever possible, is generally considered to be necessary in such patients to prevent spinal cord injury. However, the reimplantation of intercostal vessels is the most complex aspect of this surgical modality, and therefore, it may cause a substantial increase in the cardiopulmonary bypass time. However, at least in some cases, such as the two cases presented herein, the use of contrast MRA was found to reduce the risk in surgery for descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms by eliminating the need for any intraoperative management of the intercostal and lumbar arteries. Received: April 6, 2001 / Accepted: September 11, 2001     

Evaluation of spinal cord ischemia in endovascular stent graft repair and surgical operation of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms

Between October 1996 and June 2003, endovascular stent graft repair was performed in 87 patients with descending thoracic aortic aneurysms, graft replacement was performed in 24 patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, and endovascular stent graft repair with concomitant surgical bypass of abdominal visceral arteries was performed in 3 patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. The retrievable stent graft was inserted and evoked spinal cord potential were monitored in order to predict spinal cord ischemia for stent graft repair. There was no paraplegia or hospital death, although 3 patients had paraparesis in stent graft repair. Two of the 3 patients with paraparesis made a full neurologic recovery. There were no cases of paraplegia or paraparesis in surgical operations with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. The concomitant surgical procedure was a good technique for patients in whom cardiopulmonary bypass could not be used. Our results of stent graft repair and surgical operation for descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms were acceptable. The retrievable stent graft was useful for prediction of spinal cord ischemia before endovascular stent graft repair of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm.     

降主动脉瘤的腔内移植物治疗

目的 探讨腔内移植物治疗降主动脉瘤的可行性。方法 12例降主动脉瘤接受了血管腔内技术治疗,包括5例真性动脉瘤、6例Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤及1例假性动脉瘤。13枚支架型血管在局部（n=2)或全身麻醉（n=10)下经一侧股动脉切开安装在病变部位。结果 腔内技术成功率100％。无瘤体破裂、截瘫、脏器及肢体缺血等并发症。早期并发症：3例早期内漏血。CT及MRA随访1－30个月：5例真性动脉瘤4例被完全旷置,1例内漏转化为持续性。6例Stanford B型夹层入口4例一期封堵满意,2例少量内漏血自愈,4例假腔内完全血栓形成2,例部分形成。1例假性动脉瘤效果满意。结论 腔内移植物治疗降主动脉瘤是一种安全、可靠、实用的新方法。但其远期治疗效果有待继续观察,尤其是夹层动脉瘤的腔内治疗具有更多的不确定性。     

Preoperative demonstration of the Adamkiewicz artery by magnetic resonance angiography in patients with descending or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Investigating the possibility of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to visualize the Adamkiewicz artery of as a preoperative study of thoracic aortic aneurysms. METHODS: From February 1998 to March 1999, 26 consecutive patients who had aneurysms of the thoracoabdominal or descending aorta underwent preoperative MRA to visualize the Adamkiewicz artery. Mean age was 60.5+/-11.5 years. Fifteen patients had non-dissecting aneurysm and 11 had aortic dissections. Nineteen patients underwent replacement of the aneurysms, four patients underwent endovascular stent-graft repair, and three patients were discharged without treatment of aneurysm. MRA was performed on a 1.5-T system (Magnetom, Siemens) and data acquisition was repeated two times following injection of gadolinium-DTPA. Source images were reconstructed with multiplanar reconstruction and maximum intensity projection. Criteria for the Adamkiewicz artery of were that the artery ascends from the dorsal branch of the intercostal or lumbar artery to the anterior mid-sagital surface of the spinal cord in the early phase. RESULTS: The Adamkiewicz arteries were demonstrated in 18 patients (69%). These arteries were originated from the left intercostal or lumbar arteries in 13 (72.2%) patients and from the right in 5 (27.8%) and from the Th8 branch in three, Th9 in seven, Th10 in two, Th11 in four, and L1 in two. All patients had graft replacement of the aorta using a partial bypass. All intercostal or lumber arteries, which were visualized as the origin of the Adamkiewicz artery, were reattached to the grafts. No spinal cord injury occurred. CONCLUSION: Preoperative detection the Adamkiewicz artery was possible by MRA and was very useful to reduce the incidence of ischemic injury of the spinal cord during surgery of the thoracoabdominal or descending aorta.     

Extraanatomical revascularization of the artery of Adamkiewicz: anatomical study

Spinal cord ischemia is a major cause of complications after operative and endovascular treatment of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Prior revascularization of the intercostal artery (IA) giving rise to the artery of Adamkiewicz (AA) using an artery of the thoracic wall would preserve circulation in the AA and allow obstruction of the IA at its origin. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of revascularization of the IA giving rise to the AA using three thoracic wall arteries, i.e., lateral thoracic artery, thoracodorsal artery, and descending scapular artery. A total of 16 specimens from 8 cadavers (6 men and 2 women) were prepared. The length and diameter of the thoracic wall arteries were measured to ascertain the feasibility of revascularization of the IA giving rise to the AA. In addition, 12 preoperative spinal cord arteriograms were studied. We found that revascularization of the IA giving rise to the AA using thoracic wall arteries is feasible. This technique could be used to prevent spinal cord complications after treatment of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.     

Paraplegia after endovascular repair of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence and aetiology of paraplegia secondary to endovascular repair of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta (TEVAR). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in the patients treated at our facility between March 1997 and April 2007. During this interval, 173 patients (163 men; median age: 62 years) underwent endovascular repair of the thoracic aorta. Indications for treatment were thoracic aortic aneurysms in 36 patients, thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms in 33 patients, type B dissections in 43 patients, type A dissections in 5 patients, penetrating aortic ulcers in 31 patients, traumatic aortic transections in 9 patients, post-traumatic aortic aneurysms in 5 patients, aortobronchial fistulas in 8 patients, aortic patch ruptures in 2 patients, and an anastomotic aortic aneurysm in 1 patient. 101 procedures (58%) were conducted as emergency interventions while 72 were elective. Device design and implant strategy were chosen on the basis of an evaluation of morphology from a computed tomographic scan. Clinical assessment and imaging of the aorta (CT or magnetic resonance imaging) during follow up were performed prior to discharge, at 6 and 12 months, and then annually. RESULTS: A primary technical success was achieved in 170 patients (98%). The overall 30-day mortality rate was 9.2%. Length of follow-up ranged from 1 to 96 months, with a mean of 52 months. Paraplegia or paraparesis developed in 3 patients (1.7%). Two of these patients had a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm and the third a chronic expanding type B dissection, being treated with hybrid procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular repair of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta is associated with a relatively low risk for postoperative paraplegia or paraparesis. Patients requiring long segment aortic coverage, and with prior aortic replacement are especially at risk.     

Transoesophageal Echocardiogram Identifying the Source of Endoleak After Combined Open/Endovascular Repair of a Type 3 Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Open repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The introduction of endovascular repair has reduced both the morbidity and mortality. However, endovascular stent repair can be complicated by endoleaks. We report here the successful treatment of a type 2 endoleak following endovascular repair of a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, using transesophageal echocardiography to assist in the localization of the thoracic endoleak.     

When is safe to cover the left subclavian and celiac arteries. Part II: celiac artery

Endovascular repair of thoracic and thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms became apparent as an alternative to open repair. When the distal landing zone proximal to celiac artery is inadequate, a traditional open surgical approach with thoracoabdominal aortic replacement concomitant with visceral and renal bypasses is necessary. Alternatively, either an abdominal hybrid procedure with debranching of the visceral vessels with subsequent thoracic stent graft placement or complete endovascular aneurysm exclusion with branched stent grafts is required. Extending the distal landing zone might be possible by covering the celiac artery origin. In this article, the authors review the anatomy of the celiac artery (SA) and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and consequences of CA coverage as scenery for a discussion of the ramifications of CA coverage during endovascular thoracic aortic repair (TEVAR). Summarizing the currently available literature, we will demonstrate the feasibility of covering the celiac artery based on a diagnostic algorism.