大剂量肾上腺素对于儿童心肺复苏的Meta分析

目的评价大剂量肾上腺素对比标准剂量肾上腺素用于儿童心肺复苏的疗效。方法计算机检索Medline（1966至2006年）、Embase（1974至2006年）、Cochrane图书馆2006年第三期、中国生物医学文献光盘数据库（CBM）（1998至2006年）、中文学术期刊全文数据库（1994至2006年）。按纳入排除标准纳入合格的随机对照研究并对其进行质量评价,Meta分析采用Rev Man4．2．7软件进行。结果共纳入4篇研究包括360例,Meta分析结果表明大剂量肾上腺素与标准剂量的肾上腺素相比用于儿童的心肺复苏在自主循环恢复、24h存活率、出院存活率、神经系统后遗症方面无统计学意义,其RR值和95％CI分别为1．28（0．93,1．77）、1．40（0．43,4．55）、1．78（0．42,7．50）、0．72（0．43,1．19）。结论儿童在进行同等心肺复苏条件下,尚不能认为大剂量的肾上腺素可以增加自主循环恢复率、24h存活率、出院存活率和减少神经系统后遗症。     

孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的 评价孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘的疗效和安全性。方法 计算机检索中国知网、万方、维普、PubMed、EMbase、BioMedCenral数据库等,纳入孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘的随机对照试验,对符合纳入标准的临床研究进行资料提取和质量评价,采用RevMan5.3软件对纳入文献进行质量评价和Meta分析。结果 共纳入11篇中文文献,合计受试者1097例。Meta分析结果显示：观察组 （孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德吸入）的总有效率及肺功能指标第一秒用力呼气容积 （FEV1）、第一秒用力呼气容积百分比 （FEV1%）、呼气流量峰值 （PEF）明显高于对照组 （单用布地奈德吸入） （P < 0.01）;观察组的复发率明显低于对照组 （P < 0.01）;不良反应发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义。结论 孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德吸入治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘临床治疗效果明显,且不增加不良反应的发生。     

氯雷他定治疗儿童哮喘的疗效与安全性评价

目的：评价新一代抗组胺药物氯雷他定治疗儿童哮喘的疗效和安全性,为儿童哮喘的治疗提供临床依据。方法：采用计算机及手工检索方式检索PubMed、MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrance、CNKI、CBMdisc等数据库（1990年1月至2010年12月）。对文献质量进行内部真实性评价,并按Cochrane协作网推荐的方法进行系统评价和分析。结果：检索到文献179篇,最终纳入11篇随机对照研究,共有317例哮喘儿童,其中氯雷他定治疗组159例,安慰剂治疗组（对照组）158例。所有纳入文献质量为B级。Meta分析的结果表明,治疗后氯雷他定组的临床评分、4周和8周的一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、8周的呼吸流速峰值（PEFR）均明显优于对照组（P<0.01）,差异均有统计学意义。而氯雷他定组乏力和心动过速及心悸的发生比率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论：采用氯雷他定治疗儿童哮喘安全有效,值得在临床进行推广。     

运动康复训练对支气管哮喘儿童运动能力和生活质量干预效果的系统评价

目的 系统评价运动康复训练对支气管哮喘儿童运动能力和生活质量的干预效果。 方法 检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、EBSCO、中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库等数据库从建库至2021年2月关于运动康复训练对支气管哮喘儿童影响的随机对照试验。采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。 结果 共纳入14项研究,共计990例受试者。Meta分析结果显示：（1）运动康复组运动能力优于常规治疗组：6 min步行试验的步行距离（MD=108.13,P<0.01）、自我疲劳感觉值（MD=-2.16,P<0.001）、峰值功率（MD=0.94,P=0.001）均显著优于常规治疗组;（2）在儿科哮喘生活质量问卷中,运动康复组生活质量总评分（SMD=1.28,P=0.0002）显著高于常规治疗组,活动受限评分（SMD=1.38,P=0.0002）、症状评分（SMD=1.02,P<0.001）、情感功能评分（SMD=0.86,P<0.001）均显著高于常规治疗组。 结论 运动康复训练对支气管哮喘儿童运动能力和生活质量具有一定的改善作用,但受纳入研究数量和质量的限制,作为指导临床应用还需进一步研究和验证。     

益生菌对小儿胃肠疾病治疗效果的循证评价

对益生菌治疗小儿胃肠疾病的疗效进行循证评价.使用相关的检索词检索MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane laboratory数据库至2006年12月,获取发表的关于益生菌治疗小儿胃肠疾病的系统评价及随机对照研究,用循证医学的方法分别对益生菌防治小儿急性感染性腹泻、抗生素相关性腹泻、医院相关性腹泻、坏死性小肠结肠炎、肠易激综合征、功能性便秘及幽门螺杆菌感染方面的疗效进行评价.现有的证据显示益生菌在治疗小儿急性感染性腹泻是有效的;使用益生菌能减少小儿抗生素相关性腹泻的发生;在治疗小儿坏死性小肠结肠炎及幽门螺杆菌感染时,使用益生菌有一定疗效,但使用应谨慎;而在防治小儿医院相关性腹泻、肠易激综合征及功能性便秘上,尚无证据显示使用益生菌有效.     

口服抗生素治疗儿童社区获得性肺炎的循证依据

目的 对口服抗生素治疗小儿非严重肺炎的疗效进行循证评价.方法 使用相关检索词对MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane laboratory数据库进行检索,获得口服抗生素治疗小儿非严重肺炎的系统评价及随机对照试验,用循证医学的方法对口服抗生素治疗小儿非严重肺炎的疗效进行评价.结果 口服抗生素治疗小儿非严重肺炎与静脉使用抗生素疗效差异无统计学意义.结论 口服抗生素治疗小儿非严重肺炎是有效的.     

糖皮质激素对过敏性紫癜患儿肾损害预防作用的Meta分析

目的评价糖皮质激素对过敏性紫癜患儿肾损害的预防作用。方法检索Coehrane图书馆、MEDUNE、EMBASE、CBM等资料库,收集有关糖皮质激素对过敏性紫癜患儿肾损害预防作用的随机对照研究后进行Meta分析。结果3个随机对照研究符合纳入标准。显示治疗组肾损害的发生率为7．0％（11／158）,对照组肾损害的发生率为19．9％（30／151）（RR=0．35,95％CI：0．19～0．65）;治疗组未出现明显的不良反应。结论过敏性紫癜患儿早期接受泼尼松治疗可显著减少肾脏损害的发生,且无明显不良反应。但本项分析的试验数较少,且存在研究结果方向的不一致,故仍需要进行大样本、前瞻性、随机对照研究来进一步明确。目前建议糖皮质激素应有选择地早期应用于存在肾脏受累危险因素的高危患儿,以预防肾脏损害。     

临床路径应用于小儿支气管肺炎疗效的Meta分析

目的系统评价临床路径应用于小儿支气管肺炎的疗效。方法计算机检索PubMed、CochraneLibrary、Webof Knowledge、万方、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库、中国知网期刊全文数据库,所有数据库均检索至2014年3月。查找临床路径应用于d,JL支气管肺炎的随机对照试验,使用RevMan5．2软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入6个研究,患儿共24559例,临床路径组12269例,传统治疗组12290例。Meta分析结果显示,通过临床路径管理,不仅缩短了支气管肺炎患儿住院天数[MD=-1．21,95％CI（-1．95,-0．48）,P=0．001],而且还降低了住院总费用[SMD=-3．68,95％CI（-5．04,-2．32）,P〈0．0001],减少抗生素使用天数[MD=-1．20,95％CI（-1．51,-0．89）,P〈0．00001],进一步提高了患儿的治愈率[OR=1．67,95％CI（1．03,2．77）,P=0．04]和患者满意度[OR=6．12,95％C1（3．12,12．04）,P〈0．00001]。结论临床路径应用于d,JL支气管肺炎管理,效果明显优于传统治疗流程,具有可行性和实用价值。     

内服补肾类中药治疗小儿遗尿症的系统评价

目的评价内服补肾类中药治疗小儿遗尿症的有效性和安全性,为临床研究提供循证参考。方法检索内服补肾类中药治疗小儿遗尿症的临床研究文献,对符合纳入标准的研究文献进行质量评价和资料提取。数据采用Cochrane协作网提供的专用软件Revman4.2进行Meta分析和系统评价,对不能进行Meta分析的数据进行描述性分析,客观评价内服补肾类中药治疗小儿遗尿症的疗效。结果检出符合纳入标准的文献8篇。纳入文献质量7篇为C级,1篇为B级,Jadad评分为1分的6篇,2分的1篇,4分的1篇。Meta分析结果显示:补肾类中药和行为疗法相结合,则治愈率优于西医组,而好转率两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);单纯用补肾类中药,治愈率和好转率均与西医组差异无统计意义(P>0.05)。结论单纯内服补肾类中药治疗小儿遗尿症疗效不肯定,而与行为疗法相结合治愈率优于西医组;所纳入研究的文献质量不高,为C级和B级证据,有待高质量大样本、多中心的随机对照研究的进一步证实。     

系统评价挤压脐带对新生儿的影响

目的系统评价挤压脐带（UCM）对新生儿的影响。方法检索Cochrane图书馆、Pub Med、EMBASE、万方数据库、中国期刊全文数据库和中国维普数据库,检索时间均从1990年1月起至2013年4月,对同质资料进行Meta分析。结果共纳入5项研究（372例）。UCM与过早脐带结扎（ECC）／立即脐带结扎（ICC）相比,新生儿出生时血红蛋白水平（MD=2．08,95％CI：1．65—2．52）和6周时血红蛋白水平（MD=1．10,95％口：0．73～1．47）升高,出生时红细胞比积（MD=4．69,95％CI：2．87～6．51）和平均动脉压（MD=5．81,95％CI：4．17～7．45）升高,低血压的发生风险（OR=0．22,95％CI：0．06—0．86）、扩容药物的使用（OR=0．17,95％CI：0．06—0．47）、颅内出血发生率（OR=0．41,95％CI：0．18～0．94）均降低,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;UCM与延迟脐带结扎（DCC）相比,新生儿出生时红细胞比积差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。UCM对新生儿出生后最高血清总胆红素水平、红细胞增多症、坏死性小肠结肠炎、早产儿视网膜病变、脑白质软化发生率和新生儿死亡率的影响均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论UCM可以提高新生儿出生后的血红蛋白水平,减少新生儿出生后低血压和颅内出血的发生,有可能成为一项安全的改善新生儿预后的临床方法;但目前纳入研究样本量偏少,缺乏长期的随访评估研究,因而有必要进一步开展高质量、大样本随机对照试验评价其作用和安全性。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.