Observations on a New Concept for Correction of the Nasolabial Fold in Rhytidectomy

Correction of the nasolabial fold has been the challenge constantly faced by the plastic surgeon since the start of attempts at facial rejuvenation. In this paper we intend to show observations which were made in a quite different method of approach to the correction of this challenging anatomic detail. It consists of taking the subcutaneous tissue which forms the nasolabial fold, underneath the same fold, following the law of gravity, without touching or dissecting the superficial aponeurotic muscular system (SMAS) and without using any other artifice which could make it difficult to observe this different procedure. The technique was used on 15 patients who requested facial rhytidectomy.     

Facial Rejuvenation with SMASectomy and FAME Using Vertical Vectors

The quest for better results in the midface after a face lift has led to the repositioning of a structure called the malar fat pad. Finger-assisted malar elevation (FAME) consists of detaching the malar fat pad from the underlying SMAS, which allows for the elevation of this structure. Two hundred five patients (189 females and 16 males) from January 2002 to August 2007 underwent a facial rejuvenation procedure comprising short-scar rhytidoplasty, SMASectomy, and FAME, with or without a simultaneous endobrow, blepharoplasty, and lipofilling. The midface fixation technique consisted of a stitch from the malar fat pad and SMAS flap to the periosteum at the zygomatic arch which was performed in every case. Elevation of the midface and improvement of the nasolabial fold and the mandible contour were obtained in all cases. Facial aging should be evaluated as a global process instead of a segmented one. Aging occurs in every structure of the face in different ways, depending on the vector of descent, thereby treatment must be individualized. We have observed improvement of the midface when using the FAME procedure in a rhytidoplasty with SMASectomy with deep fixation.     

除皱术解剖学研究及临床应用

目的 以解剖学研究为基础寻找一种操作简单、安全、效果持久的除皱术式。方法 对6具新鲜尸体进行头面颈部逐层解剖，观察鼻唇沟旁脂肪分布特点及皮肤限制韧带分布，结合临床观察对其功能进行评价。结果面部老化时皮肤、皮下组织、SMAS均出现松弛，但松弛程度不同，各层组织需分别提升；鼻唇沟旁脂肪组织肥厚，有较大活动度，皮下分离不必超过咬肌前缘；面部老化后皮肤限制韧带变得松弛，只需双重折叠缝合面部SMAS便可矫正其松弛。临床应用局限性皮下分离，结合SMAS双重折叠缝合，进行100例除皱术，效果满意，无严重并发症。结论 局限性皮下分离，结合SMAS双重折叠缝合的除皱术是一种简单、安全、效果持久的除皱术式。     

鼻唇沟除皱术的局部解剖学与临床应用研究

目的提高鼻唇沟除皱手术效果。方法对１０例成人尸体２０侧鼻唇沟局部解剖及组织切片研究，发现鼻唇沟形成机理，改进手术方法。结果提出表情肌长期反复运动使得皮肤—皮下组织与ＳＭＡＳ—表情肌之间产生剪切应力及向下相对位移，鼻唇沟部位上下两种质地、结构密度相差较大的组织之间产生相对运动，形成了鼻唇沟及鼻唇沟脊。采用新手术方法为１３例患者进行鼻唇沟除皱手术，获得较好的近期及远期效果。结论鼻唇沟除皱手术须在ＳＭＡＳ表面、皮下组织深面正确层次中进行，切断ＳＭＡＳ与表情肌及上唇的联系，解剖复位颧颊部组织，重建颧弓韧带。     

Treatment of the Aging Face Using the “Round-lifting” Technique

Background: Characteristics of the aging face include not only senescence and flaccidity of the skin, but also sagging of deeper tissues, especially in the fascial and fatty layers. Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the different surgical approaches to the aging face, specifically the techniques available for correction of the prominent nasolabial fold, which is a significant sign of facial aging. Methods: Through a total of 7446 cases in more than 40 years of experience in the surgical correction of the aging face, the senior author has emphasized the importance of the repositioning of the skin and the facial soft tissues. After appropriate treatment of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and the malar fat pad has been completed, adequate placement of the skin flaps is done by rotation, as described in the round-lifting technique, rather than by direct traction. The anatomic basis of this correction is discussed. Results: Traction of the SMAS was found to soften the appearance of the nasolabial fold to varying degrees, but other complementary procedures such as collagen injection or fat grafting often were necessary to achieve a more satisfactory correction. Durability of nasolabial fold correction with simple SMAS traction varied with each individual and his or her unique aging process. Simple traction of the SMAS did not include treatment of the fascial fatty layer. The senior author has included the treatment of the fascial fatty layer in his standard rhytidectomy over the last 2 years, with improved aesthetic results. Again, long-term correction by this technique is related to the aging process, and the final result was deemed superior to treatment of the SMAS alone. Direct excision of the nasolabial fold was performed in patients ranging from 35 to 60 years of age who had extremely prominent folds. In these very select cases, the results were considered satisfactory to both the surgeon and patient, with correction of the fold and acceptable scars. Conclusions: There is as yet no ideal solution for the surgical correction of the naso-labial fold component of the aging face. However, all of the techniques described are considered safe and have precise indications. It should be stressed to the patient that the nasolabial fold is part of the anatomy of the face and that the goal of treatment is to soften the appearance of the fold, not to eliminate it completely.     

鼻唇沟除皱术局部解剖学与临床应用研究

目的 提高鼻唇沟除皱手术效果。方法 对１０例成人尸体２０侧鼻唇沟局部解剖及组织切片研究,发现鼻唇沟形成机理,改进手术方法。结果 提出表情肌长期反复运动使得皮肤－皮下组织与ＳＭＡＳ－表情肌之间产生剪切就力及向下相对位移,鼻唇沟部位上下两种质地、结构密度相差较大的组织之间产生相对运动,形成了鼻唇沟及鼻唇沟脊。采用新手术方法为１３例患者进行鼻唇沟除皱手术,获得较好的近期及远期效果。结论 鼻唇沟除皱手术须     

鼻唇沟除皱术的局部解剖学与临床应用研究

目的提高鼻唇沟除皱手术效果。方法对10例成人尸体20侧鼻唇沟局部解剖及组织切片研究,发现鼻唇沟形成机理,改进手术方法。结果提出表情肌长期反复运动使得皮肤—皮下组织与 SMAS—表情肌之间产生剪切应力及向下相对位移,鼻唇沟部位上下两种质地、结构密度相差较大的组织之间产生相对运动,形成了鼻唇沟及鼻唇沟脊。采用新手术方法为13例患者进行鼻唇沟除皱手术,获得较好的近期及远期效果。结论鼻唇沟除皱手术须在 SMAS 表面、皮下组织深面正确层次中进行,切断 SMAS 与表情肌及上唇的联系,解剖复位颧颊部组织,重建颧弓韧带。     

聚焦射频技术在面部年轻化中的应用

目的 观察一种新的射频技术——聚焦射频技术在面部年轻化中的应用效果。方法 2015年10月至2016年2月,20名面部皮肤松弛患者接受聚焦射频治疗,分别在治疗前及治疗后3个月(3次)进行面部标准化照片拍摄,并测量双侧鼻唇沟长度和双侧鼻唇沟夹角。结果 治疗前与治疗后3个月比较,两侧鼻唇沟长度均显著变短(P0.05)。结论 聚焦射频能有效改善面部皮肤松弛,尤其可显著改善鼻唇沟长度。     

The subcutaneous fat compartments in relation to aesthetically important facial folds and rhytides

The ideal treatment of the nasolabial fold, the tear trough, the labiomandibular fold and the mentolabial sulcus is still discussed controversially. The detailed topographical anatomy of the fat compartments may clarify the anatomy of facial folds and may offer valuable information for choosing the adequate treatment modality. Nine non-fixed cadaver heads in the age range between 72 and 89 years (five female and four male) were investigated. Computed tomographic scans were performed after injection of a radiographic contrast medium directly into the fat compartments surrounding prominent facial folds. The data were analysed after multiplanar image reconstruction. The fat compartments surrounding the facial folds could be defined in each subject. Different arrangement patterns of the fat compartments around the facial rhytides were found. The nasolabial fold, the tear trough and the labiomandibular fold represent an anatomical border between adjacent fat compartments. By contrast, the glabellar fold and the labiomental sulcus have no direct relation to the boundaries of facial fat. Deep fat, underlying a facial rhytide, was identified underneath the nasolabial crease and the labiomental sulcus. In conclusion, an improvement by a compartment-specific volume augmentation of the nasolabial fold, the tear trough and the labiomandibular fold is limited by existing boundaries that extend into the skin. In the area of the nasolabial fold and the mentolabial sulcus, deep fat exists which can be used for augmentation and subsequent elevation of the folds. The treatment of the tear trough deformity appears anatomically the most challenging area since the superficial and deep fat compartments are separated by an osseo-cutaneous barrier, the orbicularis retaining ligament. In severe cases, a surgical treatment should be considered. By contrast, the glabellar fold shows the most simple anatomical architecture. The fold lies above one subcutaneous fat compartment that can be used for augmentation.     

Autologous superficial musculoaponeurotic system graft as implantable filler in nasolabial fold correction

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) graft implantation can improve the appearance of the nasolabial fold. METHODS: Single-blinded cohort study in a private facial plastic surgery practice. Treatment and control patients were selected from those presenting for aesthetic surgery. All patients underwent rhytidectomy with SMAS imbrication by a single surgeon. In addition, treatment patients underwent subcutaneous implantation of excised SMAS strips to the nasolabial fold. Treatment and control patients were matched for any other simultaneous procedures known to affect appearance of the nasolabial folds. Preoperative and postoperative photographs were graded by 3 blinded observers using the Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale to evaluate the nasolabial fold. Postoperative photographs were evaluated approximately 3 months and again 1 year after the procedure. RESULTS: Compared with controls, there was a significant difference in the nasolabial folds of patients undergoing SMAS implantation at the 3-month postoperative evaluation (P = .03; chi(2) = 4.696). This benefit was lost when the results were evaluated 1 year after the procedure (P = .88; chi(2) = 0.0212). CONCLUSION: Superficial musculoaponeurotic system implantation to the nasolabial folds offers modest temporary improvement to this area in patients undergoing rhytidectomy with SMAS imbrication.     

自体脂肪结合富血小板血浆注射应用于面部年轻化中的效果分析

目的:探究自体脂肪结合富血小板血浆(Platelet-rich plasma,PRP)注射在面部年轻化中的应用效果。方法:选取2017年1月-2018年10月在笔者医院进行面部年轻化治疗的92例就医者,根据手术方法分为自体脂肪组(46例)和联合组(46例)。所有患者均给予自体脂肪颗粒进行治疗,联合组患者则加用PRP注射进行治疗。观测并比较两组就医者的面部VISIA皮肤检测结果、皮肤老化程度、鼻唇沟皱纹严重程度分级(Wrinkle severity rating scale,WSRS)、满意度及术后3个月脂肪存活率。结果:治疗后,联合组与自体脂肪组纹理比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但联合组的皱纹、斑点和毛孔改善程度上显著优于自体脂肪组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后3个月,两组就医者的皮肤老化程度以及鼻唇沟WSRS评分均显著下降,且联合组的皮肤老化程度以及鼻唇沟WSRS评分显著低于自体脂肪组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后3个月,联合组就医者和医师满意度及脂肪存活率均高于自体脂肪组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:自体脂肪结合PRP注射在面部年轻化治疗中效果显著,可显著改善就医者的皮肤老化症状,提高术后满意度以及脂肪存活率,值得临床推广与应用。     

颧脂肪垫悬吊技术辅以SMAS折叠的中面部除皱术

目的：出于中面部提升简单化的趋势,介绍一种颧脂肪垫提升和SMAS移位的除皱技术。以期改善颧下区域空虚、鼻唇沟加深等中面部老化的问题。方法：采用一种中面部年轻化方法,行颊部耳前SMAS折叠,同时将下垂的颧脂垫缝线悬吊于耳前筋膜,使老化中面部维持长期的提升效果。结果：2006～2010年,在52例面部除皱术中运用该技术,中面部提升效果维持时间长,恢复期短,无面神经损伤等严重并发症出现。结论：皮下层的安全剥离避免了面神经分支的损伤。颧脂肪垫悬吊技术辅以SMAS折叠术,避免了较长的恢复期和深层剥离可能导致的损伤。这种方法可作为独立的中面部手术在局麻下实施,操作简单、安全、效果持久。     

现代面部除皱术的面神经解剖学研究

目的明确ＳＭＡＳ与面神经的关系。方法对１２具（２４侧）成人尸头行大体解剖观察。结果ＳＭＡＳ分布于面中部,向前逐渐变薄,于口角水平外侧有小范围的“洞区”。面神经出腮腺后,并非在ＳＭＡＳ深面,而是在咬肌筋膜深面走行。面神经额支在颧弓以下０５ｃｍ区域穿出深筋膜,跨过颧弓。在颊脂肪垫区,大部分面神经分支走行在垫内,小部分分支形成面神经丛,分布于其表面。在颧大肌表面上１／３恒定有一颧支跨过,支配眼轮匝肌下外侧９例（占３７５％）;颧大、小肌及眼轮匝肌８例（占３３３％）;颧大、小肌７例（占２９２％）。结论面部多层次剥离除皱术应在颧弓以下０５ｃｍ区域行ＳＭＡＳ下剥离,至面中部时,应注意保护颧大肌表面上１／３段的面神经颧支,只在颧大肌中下２／３段区域进行剥离,向内掀起颧脂肪垫;或通过下睑缘皮肤切口,向下掀起眼轮匝肌（注意保护位于颧大肌上１／３段的面神经颧支）,与经耳前ＳＭＡＳ下剥离腔隙连通,如上操作可避免面神经损伤。     

The RSVP Facelift: A Highly Vascular Flap Permitting Safe, Simultaneous, Comprehensive Facial Rejuvenation in One Operative Setting

This study describes our effort to develop a reliably safe method for combining currently available treatment modalities in an effort to obtain comprehensive facial rejuvenation in one operative setting. Detailed evaluation of 101 available consecutive patients, their per- and postoperative photos and charts was undertaken. Five groups of patients were studied: (1) traditional facelift with wide subcutaneous undermining and SMAS plication. (2) Similar traditional facelift with regional laser resurfacing. (3) RSVP (rejuvenation with sparing of vascular perforators) facelift. Subcutaneous undermining stops 3 cm lateral to the nasolabial fold to preserve the rich angular/facial arterial supply and venous drainage, still permitting lateral SMASectomy or SMAS plication. Subcutaneous neck undermining is discontinuous, the posterior dissection being limited to that which is necessary for identification of the posterior edge of the platysma and its plication to the mastoid and SCM muscle. The anterior dissection is limited to that necessary for anterior platysmal repair leaving intact a vertical subcutaneous non-undermined zone 4–6 cm in width, preserving the submental perforating artery. If indicated, gentle liposuction with a fine cannula is performed through this area. (4) RSVP facelift and regional laser resurfacing. (5) RSVP facelift with total facial laser resurfacing. Mean follow-up was 13.6 months, minimum 6 months. There were no additional major complications associated with the addition of laser resurfacing or fat grafting to the RSVP group. The patients with laser resurfacing were pleased with their result, and estimated that their apparent age had been reduced by a mean of 10.4 years, compared with 6.6 years for the non-lased group. We conclude that the RSVP flap is a hardy, vascular flap permitting simultaneous laser resurfacing, fat grafting, and other adjunctive procedures without significant fear of flap loss.     

现代面中除皱术的面神经解剖学研究

目的 明确ＳＭＡＳ与面神经的关系。方法 对１２具（２４例）成人尸头行大体解剖观察。结果 ＳＭＡＳ分布于面中部,向前逐渐变薄,于口角水平外侧水小范围的“洞区”。面神经出腮腺后,并非在ＳＭＡＳ深面。而是在咬肌筋膜深面走行。面神经额支在颧弓以下０．５ｃｍ区域穿出深筋膜,跨过颧弓。在颊脂肪垫区,大部分神经分支走行在垫内,小部分分支形成面神经丛,分布于其表面。在颧大肌表面上１／３恒定有一颧支跨过,支配眼轮匝     

小切口面部除皱术联合自体脂肪面部填充应用在面部年轻化手术中的效果

探讨面部年轻化治疗中应用自体脂肪面部填充联合小切口面部除皱术的效果。方法 选取 2018年2月-2023年2月于本院行面部年轻化治疗的30例患者为研究对象，依据治疗方法不同分为单独组和 联合组，各15例。单独组采用小切口面部除皱术治疗，联合组采用自体脂肪面部填充联合小切口面部除皱 术治疗，比较两组面部定量指标、下颌缘、鼻唇沟形态评分、面部皮肤检测指标、临床疗效、美容满意度 及并发症发生情况。结果 联合组治疗后双侧颧点间距、瞳孔垂线和鼻唇沟交点到瞳孔点距离、瞳孔垂线 与口裂线和鼻底线在下颌轮廓交点弧度均小于单独组（P ＜0.05）；联合组治疗后下颌缘形态、鼻唇沟形 态评分均低于单独组（P＜0.05）；联合组治疗后弹性、水分评分高于单独组，斑点、油脂评分低于单独组 （P＜0.05）；联合组治疗优良率为93.33%，高于单独组的80.00%（P＜0.05）；联合组美容满意度评分均高 于单独组（P ＜0.05）；两组并发症发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。结论 小切口面部除皱术 联合自体脂肪面部填充的面部年轻化治疗效果优于单独小切口面部除皱术，可改善面部定量指标和面部皮 肤检测指标，优化下颌缘、鼻唇沟形态，且不会增加不良反应发生风险，患者满意度较高。     

Rejuvenation of the midface

Mid-face rejuvenation has long been a difficult area for aesthetic facial surgeons. In this article the author reviews the techniques currently available and examines in-depth two techniques that he feels are noteworthy for their efficacy in improving mid-face aging. One of these techniques is the "SMAS division mid-face lift" which targets aging of the mid-face associated with a deep nasolabial fold. The other technique is known as a "SOOF lift blepharoplasty" and helps to improve aging of the lower lid associated with a tear trough deformity. Facial aesthetic surgeons should gain a better appreciation of the approaches available for improving this challenging area after digesting the contents of this review article.     

Deep vertical lift and its development regarding the central facial area and lower two-thirds of the neck. Our technique

Deep vertical facelift, that we have developed over the last eight years, presented certain weak points in the central facial zone and lower two-thirds of the neck. Ageing of the central facial zone is associated with two main sings: skeletization of the orbit and accentuation of the nasolabial fold. These two elements are due to ptosis of the submalar fat. The obvious solution is to restore the position of this fat. We present a rapid and effective solution. In the lower two-thirds of the neck, in the presence of marked ptosis, we now opt for extensive deep vertical facelift with retroauricular dissection. The skin of the neck in front of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle is not dissected, but the SMAS is extensively dissected over the mandibular angle continuous with the facial dissection as fat as the lower part of the neck.     

容量提升理论指导下的鼻唇沟填充技术

目的探讨一种能够同时解决皮肤松垂和容量流失问题的鼻唇沟填充技术，力求恢复年轻时中面部软组织的分布特征，达到自然流畅的年轻化效果。方法采用点状注射法进行深内侧脂肪室的填充，形成深部支撑提升；以扇状注射法进行白唇真皮深层的填充，补充鼻唇沟内下方的缺失。在美学颧突点到鼻唇沟的垂线上进行多层次的连续线状注射，补充中面部的容量流失，重塑中面部年轻化曲线，拉升鼻唇沟外上方的皮肤松垂。结果本组共418例患者，其中412例患者的老化鼻唇沟得到明显改善，使面部呈现年轻化效果；6例患者的老化鼻唇沟得到一定程度改善，效果基本满意。37例患者在治疗后出现局部皮下淤血、青紫，于10d内消失。最佳效果维持时间6—12个月。结论恢复年轻时面部软组织分布特征的填充术，是一种针对面部老化后解剖学改变特点的注射填充技术，能够有效地恢复自然年轻态的鼻唇沟，并在一定程度上可达到面中部提升的效果。     

鼻唇沟区域解剖学研究

目的 对颌面整形美容外科提供形态学依据。方法 对20例成人新鲜尸头行10％福尔马林血管灌注固定后，在手术放大镜下进行形态学观测。结果 ①首次对少数国人与鼻唇沟区域相关的各表情肌逐块进行长、宽、厚的显微解剖测量。②测得鼻唇沟内侧脂肪厚度为1．3mm，外侧为4．5mm。③鼻唇沟内侧真皮层有肌纤维附着，外侧也有稀少肌束附着。④面部有浅肌肉宰不但存在腱膜，还由筋膜、肌肉、腱膜共同构成一个立体网状结构。结论 进一步证实了有关SMAS中央腱的理论假说。