湖北省血吸虫病流行区初中生血吸虫病检查情况及其影响因素

目的 了解湖北省血吸虫病流行区初中学生血吸虫病检查情况,分析其影响因素,为初中生血吸虫病防治策略提供参考依据。方法 将湖北省血吸虫疫区分为传播控制区和疫情控制区,随机整群抽取3 204 名初中生进行问卷调查。结果 中学生血吸虫病检查率为62.5%;年龄、疫区类型、血防知识水平、血吸虫病害怕程度以及接受学校、血防工作人员健康教育频次不同的中学生血吸虫病检查率不同,差异有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）;多因素Logistic回归显示疫区类型、血防知识水平和接受学校、血防工作人员健康教育是中学生参与血吸虫病检查的影响因素。结论 湖北省血吸虫病流行区初中学生血吸虫病检查率较低,在传播控制区开展健康教育,特别是血防工作人员健康教育可能是提高中学生血吸虫病检查率的有效途径。     

武汉市血吸虫病传播阻断区小学生血吸虫病防治知信行调查

目的 了解武汉市血吸虫病传播阻断区4～5年级学生血吸虫病防治相关知识、态度及卫生行为现状,为开展有针对性的学校血吸虫病健康教育工作提供依据。方法 2021年11月,采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,从武汉市2个血吸虫病传播阻断区中抽取1115名4～5年级学生开展血吸虫病防治相关知识、态度及卫生行为问卷调查。结果 4～5年级学生的血吸虫病防治相关知识总体知晓率、态度持有率和卫生行为形成率分别为55.92%、92.01%、90.10%。女生的血吸虫病防治相关卫生行为形成率为92.67%,高于男生的87.93%(P<0.05);城市学生的血吸虫病防治相关知识知晓率、态度持有率和卫生行为形成率分别为56.91%、93.03%和91.30%,高于农村学生的47.30%、83.18%和79.71%,以上差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。不同年级学生的血吸虫病防治相关知识知晓率、态度持有率和卫生行为形成率差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 武汉市血吸虫病传播阻断区4～5年级学生血吸虫病防治相关知识总体知晓率偏低,有必要在学校开设血吸虫病健康教育相关课程,尤其应加强农村学校的血吸...     

湖北省洪涝灾害后血吸虫病传播风险预测分析

目的评估2021年湖北省洪涝灾害后血吸虫病传播的潜在风险,为相应地区血吸虫病防控提供科学依据。方法收集2014—2020湖北省内各血吸虫病流行县(市、区)钉螺分布、人群及家畜血吸虫感染等疫情资料,以及相应水域警戒水位、实际水情等数据。以2014—2020年累计血吸虫病粪检阳性人数和阳性牛数、2020年钉螺分布面积、2021年5月1日至8月31日水位等数据为风险等级评估指标,以各流行县(市、区)为单位计算相应的风险指标累加值,从而综合评估各区域洪涝灾害后血吸虫病的传播风险等级。结果 2021年湖北省洪涝灾害发生后,湖北省基于粪检阳性人数单项风险指标的血吸虫病传播高风险流行县(市、区)2个;基于综合风险指标的4级血吸虫病传播风险流行县(市、区)2个。结论 2021年汛后湖北省血吸虫病整体以中低流行风险为主,汉江流域的仙桃市和汉川市是受洪涝灾害影响最严重的两个血吸虫病流行市。洪涝灾害会增加血吸虫病的传播和流行风险,应加强汛后血吸虫病的监测与防控,最大限度地控制疾病传播的危害。     

一例急性血吸虫病误诊分析

在血吸虫病传播阻断地区和传播控制地区,近年来发现有散在的急性血吸虫病病例,因种种原因而误诊,成宁市血防所于2007年10月收治了一例急性血吸虫病误诊的患者,现报道如下。     

浙江省血吸虫病防治历程和展望

浙江省曾是全国血吸虫病重度流行省份之一,经过50多年的积极防治,全省于1987年达到血吸虫病传播控制标准,1995年达到血吸虫病传播阻断标准,1996年转入监测巩固阶段,血防工作取得举世瞩目的成就.     

血吸虫病传播阻断后干预分析

随着经济的发展,流动人口逐年增多,给巩固血吸虫病防治成果增加了新的问题和难度。为寻求传播阻断地区血吸虫病管理与监测的有效方法,2007-2008年我们在慈溪市开展了血吸虫病传播阻断后的干预研究。     

流动人口血吸虫病监测方法的评价

日本血吸虫病是一种严重危害我国人民健康、影响经济发展的人畜共患传染病。我国血吸虫病流行区分布于长江流域及其以南的江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、福建、上海、湖南、湖北、广东、广西、云南和四川12个省（自治区、直辖市）。建国初期，全国估计有患者1200余万例，病牛120万头，钉螺面积148亿m^2。经过几十年的血吸虫病防治（简称血防）工作，取得了很大的成效，截止2005年底，在全国435个疫区县（市、区）中，已有264个县达到了血吸虫病传播阻断标准，66个县达到了血吸虫病传播控制标准。由于社会经济发展等诸多因素的影响，现阶段血吸虫病疫情普遍出现回升，而且也时刻威胁着血吸虫病传播阻断地区。     

中小学生血吸虫病健康教育策略

血吸虫病是乙类传染病,我国湖南省、湖北省、安徽省、江西省、四川省等12个省份曾经是血吸虫病的多发区。我国防治血吸虫的工作通过多年努力,花费了大量的人力和物力,血吸虫病疫情得到较好的控制。近年来,在新感染血吸虫病群体中,中小学生的感染人数占了较大比例。加强中小学生对血吸虫病的认知和防范意识是控制血吸虫病传染的重要一环。本文从血吸虫病的传染原理和传播途径出发,提示该传染病的严重性,并提出若干种健康教育策略。     

间接血球凝集试验检测流动人口血吸虫病抗体

浙江省曾经是血吸虫病流行区。长兴县虽已达到血吸虫病传播阻断标准，但随着市场经济开放，来自和往返血吸虫病疫区人员务工和流动频繁，以及县部分乡镇仍有残存钉螺，因此流行隐患依然存在。按照国家疾病预防控制中心《血吸虫病传播阻断地区流动监测点实施方案》要求，于2006年在做好常住居民病情监测基础上，开展了流动人口血吸虫病监测工作。     

血吸虫病流行要素的遥感监测方法研究进展

目前,血吸虫病的传播预测和控制研究已成为地方性疾病流行性研究的重点之一。由于血吸虫病的生长和传播有着特定的环境和流行要素,这使得研究人员对血吸虫病的控制可以通过对其流行要素的研究来实现,实现血吸虫病的监测和控制则需要建立血吸虫病流行要素的监测体系。近年来,空间信息技术的发展则为血吸虫病流行要素的监测提供了快速、可靠的途径。 1.血吸虫病流行要素研究:人们对血吸虫病流行要素的研究主要基于调查统计的方法获得,早在20世纪30年代中     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.