340例垂体腺瘤显微手术治疗的经验

目的:为了总结垂体腺瘤显微手术治疗的经验,回顾性分析了10年来施行手术的340例病例。方法:234例经颅切除肿瘤,106例经蝶切除肿瘤。结果:经颅手术术后无一例复发,手术死亡2例(0.8％):经蝶切除肿瘤者。术后复发3例(2.8％),其中2例经开顿切除肿瘤,1例放疗治愈,手术死亡2例(1.9％)。结论:作者认为,经项切除肿瘤术野宽阔,有利于肿瘤全切:经蝶入路损伤小,但术野狭小,适合于鞍内肿瘤及年老体弱者。     

颅咽管瘤手术治疗策略

目的探讨颅咽管瘤的临床特点和手术治疗经验。方法回顾性分析186例颅咽管瘤的临床资料。根据肿瘤部位分为4种类型:鞍内型、鞍上脑室外型、脑室型和复杂型。手术采用额下入路36例,前纵裂入路12例,翼点入路115例,经胼胝体-脑室入路20例,经蝶窦入路3例。结果 肿瘤全切除156例(83.9%),次全切除14例(7.5%),部分切除16例(8.6%)。术后出现尿崩症89例,其中暂时性尿崩症62例;视力恶化30例;手术死亡4例(2.1%)。术后随访3个月~5年,肿瘤复发18例;GOS预后评分:5分150例,4分23例,3分5例,2分4例,1分4例。结论根据颅咽管瘤的部位和生长方式选择合适的手术入路是颅咽管瘤手术成功的关键。     

垂体腺瘤经蝶术后早期继发急性视功能减退的原因及其防治（附11例分析）

目的探讨经蝶切除垂体腺瘤术后早期继发急性视功能恶化的原因，并提出防治措施。方法分析经蝶手术切除垂体腺瘤术后11例早期继发急性视功能恶化病例的临床资料。本组均为1999年以前的病例。病人均在术后3d内继发急性视功能恶化，根据视功能恶化的原因，再次行经颅手术5例，经蝶手术1例，脑室外引流1例，保守治疗4例。结果治疗后视功能恢复良好6例，3例视神经损伤者、1例鞍内填塞过紧者及1例鞍内血肿者恢复欠佳。结论术后早期继发急性视功能恶化的原因是在视神经和视交叉受到垂体腺瘤压迫而导致血运变差的基础上，与继发鞍内血肿、手术时直接损伤、急性视交叉缺血、鞍内填塞过紧等因素有关。该并发症可以避免。一旦出现，应尽早明确病因，予以相应处理。     

额下经蝶入路显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤20例报告

目的　报告２０ 例鞍区肿瘤采用额下经蝶入路显微手术的体会, 确立一种手术方法,评价其利弊。方法　额部骨瓣开颅后, 先切除肿瘤的鞍上部分, 而后磨除鞍结节、蝶骨平台及蝶鞍前壁骨质, 显露并切除鞍内及蝶窦内肿瘤。结果　全切１８ 例, 近全切除２ 例。脑脊液鼻漏３ 例, 无颅内感染及死亡。结论　该入路适于一期手术全切除鞍内及鞍上的肿瘤, 尤其适于肿瘤侵入蝶窦内并且合并视交叉前置的患者, 值得重视和推广。     

Intrasellar cysticercosis: a systematic review

The objective of this study was to review patients with intrasellar cysticercosis to outline the features of this form of neurocysticercosis. A MEDLINE and manual search of patients with intrasellar cysticercosis were done. Abstracted data included clinical manifestations, neuroimaging findings, therapy, and outcome. Twenty-three patients were reviewed. Ophthalmological disturbances, including diminution of visual acuity and visual field defects following a chiasmatic pattern, were recorded in 67 % of cases. Endocrine abnormalities were found in 56 % of patients (panhypopituitarism, hyperprolactinemia, diabetes insipidus, and isolated hypothyroidism). In addition, some patients complained of seizures or chronic headaches. Neuroimaging studies showed lesions confined to the sellar region in 47 % of cases. The remaining patients also had subarachnoid cysts associated or not with hydrocephalus, parenchymal brain cysts, or parenchymal brain calcifications. Thirteen patients underwent surgical resection of the sellar cyst through a craniotomy in nine cases and by the transsphenoidal approach in four. Visual acuity or visual field defects improved in only two of these patients. Five patients were treated with cysticidal drugs without improvement. Intrasellar cysticercosis is rare and probably under-recognized. Clinical manifestations resemble those caused by pituitary tumors, cysts, or other granulomatous lesions. Neuroimaging findings are of more value when intrasellar cysts are associated with other forms of neurocysticercosis, such as basal subarachnoid cysts or hydrocephalus. Prompt surgical resection is mandatory to reduce the risk of permanent loss of visual function. There seems to be no role for cysticidal drug therapy in these cases.     

内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术

目的探讨内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤的方法、疗效和并发症。方法回顾性分析2002年6月至2005年8月,在我院神经外科接受内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除术的66例垂体腺瘤的临床资料。男性32例,女性34例,年龄在18岁到73岁,平均44岁。其中微腺瘤11例,大腺瘤55例;无功能腺瘤46例,泌乳素腺瘤13例,生长激素腺瘤7例。结果全切除49例,近全切除12例,大部切除5例。微腺瘤全切除10例,近全切除1例;鞍内大腺瘤全切除23例,近全切除4例;鞍内和鞍上大腺瘤全切除16例,近全切除4例,大部切除3例;侵及海绵窦的5例大腺瘤3例近全切除,2例大部切除。所有病例中,术后有28例尿崩症,5例垂体前叶功能低下,1例颅内感染和1例鼻窦炎。结论内镜下切除垂体腺瘤是一种安全、有效和并发症少的治疗方法,尤其适合治疗微小腺瘤和局限于鞍内和蝶窦的垂体腺瘤。     

Transsphenoidal removal of intrasellar pilocytic astrocytoma

A 26-year-old man with a sellar pilocytic astrocytoma had a recurrent non-enhancing mass located in the sellar/suprasellar region visible on MRI. Due to tumor progression and worsening vision, the mass was completely resected through a transsphenoidal approach. Postoperatively, the patient’s vision improved and imaging showed complete removal of the tumor and optic pathway decompression. Pilocytic astrocytomas originating in suprasellar structures can intrude into the sella, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of intrasellar tumors. The transsphenoidal approach can be effective for resecting such tumors.     

Pathogenesis of non-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

15 consecutive patients with non-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea were studied. 13 operations were performed on 10 patients. In 8 transcranial operations, an assumed defect in the anterior fossa was plugged with muscle, but only 3 operations were successful. In 4 operations, either transcranial or transsphenoidal, the sella was packed with muscle and rhinorrhea ceased immediately.
Based on radiological and operative findings, 3 groups of patients appeared (1) 9 patients had pathology related to the pituitary gland or the sella turcica: enlarged sella, empty sella, pituitary tumour, intrasellar cyst or erosion of the sellar osseous border. (2) 2 patients had rhinorrhea from extrasellar origin. (3) In 4 patients no abnormality could be found.
Prior to the rhinorrhea, 6 patients (5 from group 1 and 1 from group 3) had experienced episodes of neurological symptoms, compatible with a pituitary apoplexy.
It is suggested that non-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in most cases is the result of a spontaneous necrosis in a pituitary adenoma, which has caused sellar bony erosion.     

Quistes aracnoideos intraselares. Presentación de 2 casos y revisión bibliográfica

Intrasellar arachnoid cysts are an uncommon pathology, with only a few cases reported in scientific literature. Their physiopathology is still unknown, with different hypothesis about their development. Differential diagnosis with other cystic sellar lesions is difficult. We report two cases of two intrasellar arachnoid cysts that were treated surgically using transsphenoidal approach and present a review of the literature.     

垂体瘤与原发性闭经

目的分析垂体泌乳素腺瘤性原发性闭经的临床特点并评价其治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1995～2000年收治的5例垂体泌乳素腺瘤引起的原发性闭经患者的临床资料。结果根据肿瘤类型及生长方向分别行经颅或经蝶入路手术,5例垂体瘤次全切除3例(侵蚀型),全切除2例(局限型)。所有患者视力障碍均明显改善,血清PRL水平有不同程度下降,但只有1例患者在术后辅以溴隐亭治疗时有药物依赖性月经。结论此型垂体泌乳素腺瘤侵袭性强,手术治愈率低,术后辅以溴隐亭治疗可提高疗效,增加治愈机会。     

A case of intrasellar craniopharyngioma with the symptoms of pituitary apoplexy]

Craniopharyngiomas account approximately for 2.5% of all intracranial neoplasms. They statistically most often arise in Japanese people (8%) and in children (9%). Despite their typical localization in suprasellar region and their close neighbourhood, 10-20% of them occupy intrasellar space, but only very few grow up as intrasellar cysts. Such localization predisposes to hypothalamus-pituitary-axis dysfunction more often, than other localizations. The symptoms of pituitary apoplexy caused by sudden, intrinsic haemorrhage of intrasellar craniopharyngioma are very rare, because the tumour grows very slowly and its vascular supply is usually poor. A very rare localization, extremely atypical course of disease, interesting intraoperative observations and good results of transsphenoidal tumour removal prompted the authors to present this case report.     

经蝶入路显微手术治疗原发性空蝶鞍综合征(附16例报道)

目的 报道16例合并有各种症状和体征的原发性空蝶鞍综合征（primary empty sella syndrome,PESS）患者的手术治疗。方法 16例病人均于术前经影像学检查确诊为PESS,经蝶入路于显微镜下行蝶鞍内一硬膜下脂肪、肌肉、筋膜等填塞、鞍底垫高术。结果 手术消除了陷人鞍内的扩大的视交叉池,解除了鞍内脑脊液对垂体及其周围结构的搏动性压迫和侵蚀,其症状改善明显。结论 经蝶人路显微手术治疗原发性空蝶鞍综合征是一种安全、疗效肯定的方法。同时对原发性空蝶鞍综合征的病因、形成机制、临床表现、诊断和手术适应证及治疗方法也进行了探讨。     

荧屏监视下经鼻蝶窦穿刺治疗鞍内囊性肿瘤

目的探讨鞍内囊性肿瘤的微创疗法及其效果、优缺点及适应证。方法对14例鞍内囊性肿瘤(11例颅咽管瘤,2例复发性垂体腺瘤,1例性质不明)病人在X-线监视下和神经导航监测下进行经鼻蝶窦穿刺抽吸术。结果本组均获得满意疗效,术中、术后未出现严重并发症,术后辅以放疗,经3个月～7年随访,2例症状复发,再次穿刺治疗后好转。结论经鼻蝶窦穿刺治疗鞍内囊性肿瘤操作简便,快捷,创伤小,并发症少,经济,可多次施行。     

垂体腺瘤的三维重建及形态特性分析

目的 通过对垂体腺瘤进行三维影像重建,探讨肿瘤形态特征及相关因素.方法 连续收集直径大于10mm的垂体腺瘤58例,其中经鼻蝶窦入路手术52例,经翼点入路手术6例;根据患者术前MRI表现,对其向蝶鞍周围扩展的程度进行分级,并运用虚拟现实技术对肿瘤进行三维模型重建及形态分类.结果 所有患者均重建了肿瘤、颈内动脉及脑组织结构.垂体腺瘤三维模型分为鞍内型（13.8％）、鞍上型（20.7％）、鞍下型（17.2％）和分叶型（48.3％）.鞍内型腺瘤均为功能型,而鞍上型、鞍下型、分叶型腺瘤中,功能型分别占75％、60％和60.7％.不同形态的肿瘤,其间质地、囊变、鞍底硬脑膜是否存在侵袭,均无统计学差异.结论 虚拟现实技术重建的垂体大腺瘤三维模型,能简单、直观地反映肿瘤与毗邻结构的空间关系,三维模型半数呈分叶状,腺瘤形态与其质地、囊变及侵袭性均无明显关系.     

Need for intrasellar packing in sellar reconstruction of transsphenoidal surgery: Less is more?

BACKGROUND: This study investigated patients with pituitary macroadenomas who received transsphenoidal surgery using two different sellar reconstruction methods, to determine the need for intrasellar packing. METHODS: The authors reviewed 53 patients with pituitary macroadenomas at a single institution between January 1999 and November 2002. On tumour removal, the group 1 patients underwent traditional sellar reconstruction (intrasellar and sphenoid sinus packing), while the group 2 patients did not undergo intrasellar packing. RESULTS: The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of complications. There was no mortality; notably, no delayed empty sella syndrome occurred in the group 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Simplified reconstruction of the sella floor using only sphenoid bone without intrasellar packing is thought to be safe and effective. This technique obviates the need for a second surgical incision, risk of overpacking, complications associated with packing material and interference on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging.     

经蝶入路显微切除大和巨大型垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨大和巨大型垂体腺瘤较理想的手术治疗原则。方法 所有病例采用经唇下蝶窦入路显微镜下肿瘤切除术。结果 30例肿瘤手术全切除26例,4例肿瘤因侵袭入鞍膈上和/或海绵窦内而行大部分切除,其中1例经额术后再二期经鼻蝶入路显微切除鞍内和蝶窦内肿瘤。结论 多数大和巨大垂体腺瘤可选择经鼻蝶入路全切。     

大型垂体瘤不同手术入路治疗的比较研究

本文回顾性比较106例大型垂体瘤的开颅和经蝶手术治疗的比较。开颅组58例,经蝶组48例。开颅组肿瘤次全切除9例,大部切除48例,部分切除1例;经蝶组全切除35例,大部切除12例,部分切除1例。开颅组术后视力好转率71%,无变化12例,恶化3例。手术后偏盲好转率67%;经蝶组手术后视力好转率77%,无变化者11例,无1例恶化。手术后偏盲好转率93%。开颅组20例有额叶挫伤,其中1例并发脑内血肿,死亡4例。作者认为垂体腺瘤不长向鞍旁、海绵窦、前颅窝底和脚间池和肿瘤不呈瓶颈样生长者,都应优先考虑经蝶窦入路手术。     

A cse of Rathke''s cleft cyst presenting with diabetes insipidus

Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs) are considered to arise from the remnants of Rathke's pouch, an invagination of the stomodeum. They classically described as benign epithelium lined intrasellar cysts containing mucoid material, and also found in 2–33% of routine autopsy series. The most common presenting symptoms are visual impairment, hypothalamic dysfunction, hypopituitarism and headache. Diabetes insipidus has been described in patients with RCC. Very few cases presented with only diabetes insipidus in adults. To our knowledge, our patient is the first case of RCC presenting with only diabetes insipidus in childhood. A 9-year-old girl presented with diabetes insipidus. The physical, neurological and endocrinological examinations were normal, except for diabetes insipidus. Magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed a hyperintense lesion with supra sellar extension in the posterior pituitary both on T1 and T2 weighted images. Subtotal excision of RCC was performed via transsphenoidal surgery. However, diabetes insipidus persisted after the surgery.     

Intrasellar epidermoid cyst]

We report a rare case of intrasellar epidermoid cyst. A 61-year-old man presented with complaints of the disturbance of consciousness and general fatigability. His laboratory data showed panhypopituitarism and MRI revealed the cystic tumor located at the intrasellar region. Tumor was removed by transsphenoidal approach and histological examination of the surgical specimen showed that the cyst wall was composed of the stratified squamous epithelium with keratohyaline granules.     

经鼻蝶显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤（附122例报告）

目的 探讨垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路的指征和术中应注意的问题。方法 分析１２２例垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶显微外治疗的情况。结果 微腺瘤３２例，全切为３１例（９７％）。大腺瘤７５例，全切５１例（６８％），其中鞍上２０￣３０ｍｍ２２例，全切８例（３６％）。巨大型腺瘤鞍上超过３０ｍｍ１２例，仅４例全切。结论 垂体瘤鞍上部分超过２０ｍｍ经蝶手术不易全切，超过３０ｍｍ应采用经额入路。视力极差宜先经鼻蝶再经额两期手术。