吸烟与肺组织DNA加合物形成关系的研究

目的探讨吸烟与人肺组织ＤＮＡ加合物含量的关系以及在肺癌患者与非肺癌患者之间、男女性之间有无差别。方法提取同期住院原发肺癌患者与非肺癌患者（男各１９例，女各１８例）手术切除正常肺组织ＤＮＡ，采用３２Ｐ后标记方法测定ＤＮＡ加合物含量。结果吸烟可明显地引起肺组织ＤＮＡ加合物含量增高。如果控制吸烟因素，男女之间，非肺癌患者与肺癌患者之间的肺组织ＤＮＡ加合物水平差异无统计学意义。结论人体中ＤＮＡ加合物水平与生物学效应之间的关系尚需积累更多的资料加以阐明     

塞曼原子吸收法测定北京市区成人血、发、脏器痕量铬的研究

塞曼原子吸收法测定北京市区成人血、发、脏器痕量铬的研究北京医科大学公共卫生学院王耐芬，陈清，王晓燕前言本工作根据卫生部重点科技项目＂人体１０种微量元素基础值＂的研究专题协作计划而进行的。建立了健康成人血、发、脏器（心、肝、肾、肺肌肉、骨）的痕量铬测定...     

北京市成人血,发和脏器硒参照值研究

１９９０～１９９１年在北京采集中学教师血清２０４份、发样２０２份及急死成人的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肌肉及骨骼样７２份，以２，３－二胺基萘荧光法测定硒。采用血清、人发及小牛肝标准参考物按质量保证原则进行检测。提出北京成人上述生物材料中硒的参照值。初步评价北京成人硒的营养状态。讨论以血清硒推算膳食硒摄入量的方法及人体生物检测估算全身总硒量的方法。     

氟离子选择电极测定氟作业工人发氟值

氟离子选择电极测定氟作业工人发氟值张光明，田秋霖，张达生，袁君娉人发中氟的含量能显示出一段时间内人体氟蓄积的情况，且取样简单，容易收集与保存，因此，将人发作为“活体组织材料”应用到环境监测中有实用意义。我们采用氟离子选择电极测定某化肥厂氟作业工人的发...     

食盐中碘的溴邻苯三酚红褪色光度测定法

碘是人体生长发育、新陈代谢不可缺少的重要元素，人体摄入的碘量过多或过少都会引起各种疾病。我国在食盐中加碘是防止碘缺乏病最有效、最主要、最经济和最简单的方法。吸光光度法测定微量碘的常用方法有淀粉-碘蓝法和萃取光度法，也有用催化光度法。为了解决标准方法中步骤烦琐、终点不易观察、灵敏度及准确度低等不足。笔者目前以碘酸钾形式加入的碘盐，提出了用碘酸根氧化溴邻苯三酚红褪色吸光光度法测定碘盐中的碘。     

北京成人血、发、脏器微量元素铬的参照值研究初报

１９９０～１９９１年采集北京市区中学教师金血及头发各２０７份，突然死亡成人心、肝、脾、肺、肾及肌肉５８份样品。采用人发（ＧＢＷ１９１０１）及小牛肝（ＳＲＭ１５７７）为标准参考物质，用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪（ＰＥ－５１００）测试上述样品的含铬量。讨论了人体体液、组织及脏器铬参照值及其意义，初步评价北京成人铬的营养状态．     

部分人体内210Pb和210Po的浓度及所致内照射剂量

估算人体内照射剂量最准确的方法莫过于直接测定人体内各组织和器官中核素的比活度。但是由于人体样品取样困难,分析繁杂,我国人体内放射性核素的数据较少。本文使用~(209)Po示踪α谱法分析了若干中国人骨、人肺和肌肉中~(210)Pb和~(210)Po的浓度并进行了剂量估算。一、取样和分析方法1.取样全部人体组织和器官样品采自     

格氏法快速测定人发碘

测定人发碘对了解人体碘代谢状况有重要参考价值。作者在前段工作基础上〔１、２〕，参照有关文献〔３〕，提出用氧瓶燃烧法处理发样后，以碘电极格氏作图法测其碘含量，并用微机处理测试数据，既保证了碘电极测试的灵敏度，又解决了格氏的繁琐计算问题。该法克服了国内目...     

碘

<正>碘(iodine)是人体必需微量元素之一,是合成甲状腺激素的主要原料。正常成人体内含碘约20～50mg,其中70%～80%存在于甲状腺组织中,骨骼肌、肺、卵巢、肾、淋巴结、肝、睾丸和脑等组织中也有分布。     

离子色谱法测定人发中铜和锌

人体中微量元素的含量可直接影响人的生理状况。人发中微量元素可反映人体微量元素含量的水平。测定人发中微量元素多用原子吸收法或分光光度法。本文用国产离子色谱仪同时测定人发中铜、锌。实验结果表明,方法简便,铜、锌获得满意的分离和测定。对于铜、锌含量低的发样,经富集柱富集,能获得满意的结果。     

Tissue distribution of perfluorinated compounds in farmed freshwater fish and human exposure by consumption

In the present study, the levels of 14 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were analyzed in the blood, liver, muscle, brain, and eggs of popular farmed freshwater fish from Beijing. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant compound in all samples, with the highest concentration at 70.7 ng/g wet weight. The highest mean levels of PFOS in all tissues were observed in bighead (1.48-22.5 ng/g wet wt) and the lowest in tilapia (0.260-1.63 ng/g wet wt). In addition, perfluoroundecanoic acid was the second dominant PFC in blood, liver, muscle, and eggs, with the highest concentration at 19.2 ng/g wet weight. However, perfluorodecanoic acid levels (less than the limit of detection [LOD] to 0.963 ng/g wet wt) were similar to or slightly higher than perfluoroundecanoic acid levels (相似文献   

The Effect of Dietary Arsenic Additions on the Distribution of Selenium and Iodine in Eggs and Tissues of Laying Hens

The aim of the work was to determine the short-term effect (19 days) of dietary As additions (30 g As/g in the form As₂O₃) on the Se and I concentrations in eggs and tissues of 49-week-old Rhode Island Red laying hens. Se and I concentrations were determined in eggs collected from the 8^th to the 10^th and from the 17^th to the 19^th days of the experiment. After 19 days, blood was collected by anterior heart puncture, and after slaughter the liver, kidney, lung, muscle (musculus pectoralis superficialis) and feathers were collected. Se and I concentrations were determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis and the results expressed on a dry matter basis. In the control and the exposed group, the highest Se concentrations were found in kidney, followed by liver, blood, lung, muscle, and feathers. In the control group the highest I concentration was found in feathers, followed by kidney, blood, lungs, liver, and muscle. In the trial group, the order was almost the same, except that blood concentration was lower than in liver. As₂O₃ added to the feed significantly increased the Se concentration in the lung (p = 0.0216), I concentration in muscle (p = 0.0112) and significantly decreased I concentration in blood (p = 0.0371). It had no effect on the concentrations of Se and I in egg yolk and white.     

Nondestructive pollution exposure assessment in the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus): III. Hair as an indicator of endogenous organochlorine compound concentrations

Concentrations of organochlorine persistent pollutants were investigated in tissues of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Road kills and carcasses from wildlife rescue centers were used to characterize organochlorine compound tissue distribution and tissue profile dissimilarities (hair, liver, kidney, muscle, and adipose tissue). The most important contaminants were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), and DDTs, with median concentrations of 75, 5.1, and 1.4 ng/g liver wet weight, respectively. Median levels for the remaining compounds-hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and octachlorostyrene-were less than 0.5 ng/g liver wet weight. Compared to results with other mammalian wildlife, the present results indicate that hedgehogs may accumulate considerable concentrations of organochlorine compounds. Polychlorinated biphenyls and HCB preferably accumulated in liver and muscle tissue. Concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were highest in muscle tissue and hair, respectively. Octachlorostyrene and CHL levels were predominant in liver. The observed positive relationships between concentrations in hair and internal tissues for PCBs, DDTs, HCB, HCHs, and CHLs (0.49 < r < 0.91) and for several individual PCB, DDT, and CHL compounds (0.31 < r < 0.76) indicate the usefulness of hair as a biomonitoring tool of organochlorine compounds. Multivariate profile analyses revealed a higher dominance of less-persistent compounds (p,p'-DDT, alpha-HCH, and PCBs 95, 101, and 149) in hair compared to internal tissues. The present study demonstrates the suitability of hedgehog hair as a nondestructive biomonitoring tool regarding pollution with organochlorine compounds and the promising role of the hedgehog as a mammalian indicator species of pollution in terrestrial environments.     

The effect of low doses of dietary cadmium oxide on the disposition of trace elements (zinc,copper, iron), hematological parameters,and liver function in rats

The Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations in selected organs, tissues and in the excreta of male Wistar rats, exposed to dietary CdO (2.80 and 7.15 ppm) for 40 and 60 days, were investigated. Concomitantly hematological values and serum enzyme activities were recorded. Zn levels of spleen, kidney, testes, muscle and feces were not affected by the Cd treatment. After 40 days of Cd exposure, the Zn concentration in the hair decreased, while the Zn level of the lung slightly increased. During the feeding trial, Cd produced an increase of liver Zn by about 24%. Femur Zn decreased and Zn in urine increased after 60 days of exposure to 7.15 ppm Cd. Except in hair and urine, the Cu concentration in all organs and tissues investigated remained unchanged. Hair Cu levels decreased after 40 days of Cd exposure but increased after 60 days. At this time, elevated Cu concentration in urine was recorded. After exposure to 7.15 ppm Cd, the Fe content of the lung, liver, spleen, testes, muscle, femur and blood decreased significantly. After 60 days on the 7.15 ppm diet, highest reductions (30%–60%) of Fe content were recorded in the lung, liver, and spleen. Similar to Zn and Cu, the Fe concentration in urine increased at that time. No changes were found in the Fe content of hair, kidney, and feces. In spite of a disturbed Fe metabolism, an anaemic response of Cd-treated rats was not observed. Hematocrit and hemoglobin remained unchanged and the number of red blood cells slightly increased after 40 days of Cd exposure. While the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase was not affected by dietary Cd, the activities of serum-GOT and serum-GPT increased after exposure to 7.15 ppm Cd indicating disturbed hepatic functions.     

Effect of iodine source and dose on growth and iodine content in tissue and plasma thyroid hormones in fattening pigs

Purpose

The aim of the present feeding trial with iodine was to assess pigs’ growth performance and carcass characteristics, the iodine accumulation in tissues, and their influences on the thyroid hormones in plasma.

Methods

Eighty pigs (33–115?kg body weight) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments: a control group (150?μg I/kg), two potassium iodide [KI] groups (4,000 and 10,000?μg I/kg), and two potassium iodate [KIO₃] groups (4,000 and 10,000?μg I/kg). Iodine concentration was determined in thyroid gland, liver, kidney, muscle, fat, and skin by ICP-MS. Furthermore, thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃) in plasma were evaluated.

Results

High dietary iodine tended to have a negative effect on younger animals' growth (average daily gain, ADG). However, during the entire growth period, the growth performance and carcass characteristics were not influenced by iodine dosages or sources. Irrespective of iodine source, higher iodine doses of diets affected higher iodine stores in all tested tissues except for abdominal fat. Thus, iodine supplementation with 10,000?μg I/kg feed significantly increased iodine content in thyroid gland (+122%), liver (+260%), kidney (+522%), muscle (+131%), and skin (+321%) compared to the control group. However, there was no significance of thyroid hormones in plasma.

Conclusions

As a result, pork and fat of pigs showed only low iodine accumulation even in the high-iodine groups. Thus, there should be no risk of an iodine excess in human nutrition and animal health, and the EU-upper level for iodine in pig feed can be maintained.     

Species and Organ Dependence of PCB Contamination in Fish, Foxes, Roe Deer, and Humans

According to previous experimental results, PCBs are deposited in muscle fat in animals and in humans, although they also reach the brain, the liver, and the lungs. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of the so-called “indicator PCBs” (PCB nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180), as described by the German ordinance for maximum concentrations of contaminants in foodstuffs, in muscle tissue, liver, and brain of four different species: fish, fox, roe deer, and humans, all exposed to PCBs directly in their environment. Potential target organs for the accumulation of these congeners were also to be identified. Furthermore, the organs or tissues were to be identified in which PCBs are accumulated, and unusual patterns of accumulation or breakdown of particular PCBs, for example the “dioxin-like PCBs” (coplanar PCBs) determined. For humans, the lungs were also included in these studies. Statistical comparison of PCB concentrations in samples from wild animals and humans showed that in spite of its relatively high fat concentration, brain tissue in all of the species examined (with the exception of fish) appeared to be better protected against accumulation of PCB than liver or muscle tissue. This protection may be the result of the blood-brain barrier, as witnessed by the relatively uniform concentration of PCBs throughout the various organs of fish, since the blood-brain barrier of fish is considerably less efficient than that of mammals. No peculiarities were found in regard to distribution of the coplanar PCBs over the other congeners in this study. This applies to the brain and other organs or tissues of the four species that were examined. Accumulations of PCBs and coplanar PCBs in the liver were only found in fox and roe deer. In contrast, humans were found to have accumulations of the high-chlorinated biphenyls studied here as well as PCB no. 118 in muscle tissue fat and not in the liver. Unexpectedly, low-chlorinated biphenyls were found to accumulate in the human lung. The results of this study show that the lung represents a target organ for the accumulation of potentially metabolically activated low-chlorinated biphenyls, indicating that the possible biological effects of PCBs on the lungs will need to receive more attention in the future. Received: 16 January 1998/Accepted: 27 May 1998     

同体儿童血、发铅浓度及同位素比值研究

目的探讨儿童血、发铅同位素比值的指纹特征,为寻找人体可蓄积性铅源做数据积累。方法随机抽取北京城市和农村儿童各14名,男女各半,用ICP-MS测定其血样及发样的铅浓度及同位素比值。结果城市和农村儿童的血铅同位素比值不同,而发铅同位素比值则无显著性差异;发铅同位素比值与血铅同位素比值有显著性差异,即同体血、发铅指纹存在差异现象。结论北京市城乡两地的血铅污染程度近似,但铅源不完全相同;人体不同组织器官对不同铅同位素可能具有选择性蓄积。     

Persistence of vanadium compounds in lungs after intratracheal instillation in rats

Translocation and tissue distribution of two different forms of vanadium compounds, orthovanadate (soluble) and vanadium pentoxide (less soluble), were investigated. Groups of randomly selected rats were injected intratracheally with radiolabeled vanadium (48V) compounds and the animals were sacrificed at 1, 7 and 28 days after treatment. Blood, lungs and other major organs and tissues, namely liver, kidney, spleen, heart, testes, brain, muscle, and bone were sampled and the vanadium contents determined by gamma spectrometry. The less soluble form of vanadium (vanadium pentoxide) was eliminated from the lungs at a slow but exponentially linear rate, whereas the soluble form was translocated rapidly from this organ and exhibited a non-linear decline. Compared to the less soluble form, significantly less vanadium was retained in lungs 7 and 28 days after intratracheal instillation of vanadate. One day after treatment significantly higher concentrations (approximately 4 times) of vanadium after orthovanadate were observed in liver, kidney, spleen and bone compared to the pentoxide. However, tissue residues at 7 and 28 days indicated that both forms of vanadium were rapidly eliminated, except from bone and lungs. Results suggest a prolonged retention of less soluble forms of vanadium and possible health effects following repeated occupational exposure.     

Effects of varying dietary iodine supplementation levels as iodide or iodate on thyroid status as well as mRNA expression and enzyme activity of antioxidative enzymes in tissues of grower/finisher pigs

Purpose

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of high dietary iodine supply and different iodine sources on thyroid status and oxidative stress in target tissues of the thyroid hormones in fattening pigs.

Methods

Eighty castrates (body weight: 33.3 ± 0.4 kg) were randomly allotted into five different treatments: The control diet contained 150 μg I/kg as KI, the other feeding groups were supplemented with 4,000 μg I/kg (as KI and KIO₃) and 10,000 μg I/kg (as KI and KIO₃), respectively. The mRNA expression levels of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and key antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn SOD, CAT, GPx) were analyzed in thyroid gland, liver, kidney, muscle, and adipose tissue sampled during slaughter. Furthermore, antioxidant enzyme activities and the effect on lipid peroxidation (MDA) were determined in liver and muscle.

Results

In thyroid gland, a significant downregulation of NIS and Cu/Zn SOD mRNA expression was observed in high-iodine groups. In liver, a source effect on the mRNA expression of Cu/Zn SOD between KI and KIO₃ at 4,000 μg I/kg was shown. In contrast, not SOD but GPx activity was affected by iodine source with strongest downregulation in high KIO₃ group. In muscle, GPx activity was affected by both iodine source and dose, showing stronger downregulation in KI groups. In kidney and adipose tissue, oxidative stress parameters showed no or only unsystematic changes. However, variation in iodine supply had no effect on MDA concentrations.

Conclusions

NIS expression was significantly decreased with increased iodine supplementation, which is to ensure the thyroid gland function. However, the alleviating effect of iodine supplementation observed in antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression and activity did not reflect on the lipid peroxide level.     

Cadmium accumulation in rat organs after extended oral administration with low concentrations of cadmium oxide

Rats were exposed to dietary cadmium oxide (CdO) (2.80 and 7.15 ppm Cd) for 60 days. Between days 20 and 36 of the feeding experiment, only 7.15 ppm Cd significantly reduced body weight, while an improved food utilization was recorded at both dietary Cd concentrations between days 36 and 50. After 40 and 60 days of exposure, Cd concentrations of selected organs and tissues and the excreta were recorded by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Compared to the control animals, Cd levels of hair, bone (femur), blood, and testes did not increase. Soft tissues (liver, kidney, lung, and spleen) displayed significantly elevated Cd concentrations after 40 and 60 days in both dosage groups. An increased level of Cd in muscle was observed in one group only (7.15 ppm, day 40). Maximum Cd levels were 11.6 ppm in liver and 9.75 ppm in kidney on a dry weight basis, reflecting a 68- and 50-fold accumulation of the metal compared to the controls. Only absolute weights of lung and liver decreased slightly in the higher dosage group, while relative weights of all organs investigated were not affected by Cd. The ratios in fecal Cd levels between control and CdO-treated animals partly reflected the Cd concentration ratio between the respective diets. No increase in the urinary Cd level was found during the feeding trial. The significance of Cd accumulation in organs, tissues, and excreta and their value as indicators for CdO exposure are discussed.