女性肺癌的遗传流行病学研究

通过对１７６个女性肺癌先证者核心家系和１９４个女性对照的核心家系资料分析。发现女性肺癌先证者的一级亲属（父母、同胞）患肺癌的危险性是对照一级亲属（父母、同胞）的１．６７倍，且差异具有显著性。其中女性亲属患肺癌的危险性显著高于对照的女性亲属，ＯＲ值为２．８１（Ｐ＜０．０１）。女性肺癌的遗传度为２０．５４％，遗传因素是女性肺癌的重要危险因素。女性肺癌先证者的女性亲属对肺癌的遗传易感性比男性亲属高。这些结果有助于全面阐明云南省宣威县女性肺癌高发的原因。     

肺癌患者亲属对癌症有易感性的研究

分析了３７０例肺癌先证者的核心家系和３７０个对照的核心家系资料，发现肺癌先证者的亲属（父母、同胞）患癌症的危险性明显高于对照的亲属（父母、同胞），前乾是后者的２．０７倍（Ｐ〈０．０１）。其中患癌的危险性是对照亲属的１．８５倍，患其它癌症的危险性是３．７８倍，差别均具有高度显著性统计学意义，表明了宣威肺癌患者的亲属不仅对肺癌的易感性增高，而且对其它癌症的易感性也较高。这些结果都支持了肺癌患者的家系亲属对癌症具有遗传易感性的假设。     

肺癌危险因素的家系分析

通过宣威县３７０对核心家系（肺癌病例的核心家系及对照的核心家系）的分析，表明即使调整了主要环境因素（燃烟煤史及吸烟史）和ＣＯＰＤ史的混杂作用，病例的核心家系亲属（父母、同胞）患肺癌的危险性显著高于对照的核心家系，尤其是女性亲属。说明人群对肺癌的遗传易感性高可能是宣威肺癌高发的重要危害因素。     

肺癌患者亲属对癌症具有易感性的研究

分析了３７０例肺癌先证者的核心家系和３０个对照的核心家系资料，发现肺癌先证者的亲属（父母，同胞）患癌症的危险性明显高于对照的亲属（父母，同胞）前者是后者的２．０７倍（Ｐ〈０．０１）。其中患肺癌的危险性是亲属的１．８５倍，患其它癌症的危险性是３．７８倍，差别均具有高度显著性统计学意义，表明了宣城威肺癌患者的亲属不仅对肺癌的易感性增高，而且对其它癌症的易感性也较高，这些结果都支持了肺癌患者的家系亲属对     

宣威肺癌的遗传流行病学研究

分析了宣威肺癌高发区的３７０对核心家系的资料。结果表明；肺癌的发生具有家族聚集性，肺癌先证者的亲属患肺癌的危险性增加，是配偶家系亲属的１．８５倍。女性亲属是配偶家系女性亲属的２．６４倍。肺癌的遗传属于多基因遗传，其分离比为０．１５，其遗传度为２４．６％，肺癌先证者的亲属对肺癌的易感性比配偶的亲属高。遗传因素是肺癌的危险因素，但不是宣威肺癌高发的主要危险因素。     

男性肺癌的遗传流行病学研究

为深入研究宣威县男性肺癌的病因，探讨遗传因素的作用，分析了１９４例男性肺癌先证者的核心家系和１７６例男性对照的核心家系资料。结果发现，肺癌先证者的亲属（父母、同胞）患肺癌的危险性是对照组的１．７８倍，且差异有显著性。其中，父母及女性亲属患肺癌的危险性分别是对照组的２．９０倍和２．４３倍，差异均有显著性意义。肺癌的遗传度为２４．６８％。女性对肺癌的遗传易患性比男性高，遗传因素是肺癌的重要危险因素。     

支气管哮喘遗传流行病学的初步分析

利用遗传流行病学的理论与方法，对６４１个核心家系完整资料分析的结果表明，父母患哮喘是其子女患哮喘的重要因素，患哮喘的危险性比父母均不患哮喘家系的子女增加４．０～８．０倍，这种差别具有高度显著性意义。父母对子女患哮喘危险性的影响呈现显著的线性趋势（Ｐ＜０．０１）。显示了哮喘的发病具有家族聚集性。同时分析了父母患哮喘的儿子与女儿患哮喘危险性，没有发现两者间的显著性差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）。本研究没有发现父母的气道反应性与其子女的气道反应性有显著相关性。本文初步研究结果提示哮喘发病过程中，遗传因素起着重要的作用。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病家族聚集性的流行病学研究

目的　探讨家族遗传因素在Ⅱ型糖尿病发生发展中的作用。方法　采用遗传流行病学病例对照研究方法，对常州市３５０ 个家系（１８４ 个Ⅱ型糖尿病先证家系和１６６ 个对照家系） 进行了Ⅱ型糖尿病的遗传流行病学研究。结果　病例组一级亲属总的患病率为３．４７ ％ ，与对照组的１ ．０３ ％ 相比，差异有非常显著性（χ２ ＝ １７ ．６６ ，Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ；无论其父母、同胞或子女，均以病例亲属的患病率显著高于对照； Ⅱ型糖尿病家族中实际发病数超过其二项分布的理论概率范围，即Ⅱ型糖尿病的分布呈明显的家族聚集性； 单因素和多因素ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ 回归模型拟合也提示，家族史仍是Ⅱ型糖尿病的最主要危险因素。结论　遗传因素在Ⅱ型糖尿病发病中占有重要地位     

淮安地区食管癌遗传流行病学研究

[目的]了解遗传因素在淮安地区食管癌发病中的作用及食管癌的遗传模式.[方法]采用以人群为基础的病例对照家系研究,收集97对淮安当地原发性食管癌患者及其对照的家系资料,调查这些家系所有一级亲属的肿瘤发病率;应用多因素非条件Logistic回归估计食管癌家族史的发病风险,Li-Mantel-Gart法计算食管癌的分离比,Penrose法估计遗传模式,Falconer法计算遗传度.[结果]淮安地区食管癌先证者与对照的食管癌家族史差异有统计学意义,先证者家系的一级亲属食管癌患病风险显著高于对照家系,其同胞分离比为0.026(95%CI:0.0003～0.028),Ⅰ级亲属食管癌的遗传度为(24.769±7.038)%.[结论]淮安地区食管癌具有明显的家族聚集性,遗传因素在淮安地区食管癌病因中占一定比重,其遗传模式呈现多基因遗传方式.     

2型糖尿病遗传病因的流行病学研究

对３６３例２型糖尿病先证者家系及２９１例人群对照家系进行了以人群为基础的遗传流行病学病例－对照研究。结果显著的：糖尿病先证者一级亲属（父母、同胞、子女）的累积发病率为３．９４％,对照组一级亲属１．０９％,相对危险度（ＲＲ）为３．６２,差异有非常显著性意义（χ２＝３６．５４,Ｐ＜０．００１）;无论男性或女性一级亲属,先证者组的累积发病率均非常显著地高于人群对照组;诊断时年龄＜５５岁先证者的一级亲属,其糖尿病累积发病率和相对危险度均显著高于诊断年龄＞５５岁组。二项分布显示先证者一级亲属中２型糖尿病的分布呈明显的家庭聚集性,先证者一级亲属的遗传度为４０．４％（男性４２．６％,女性３８．６％）;２型糖尿病在同胞中的分离比为０．０３２,显著低于０．２５,不符合单基因遗传的特征。     

Familial aggregation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: use of the loglinear model to analyze intermediate environmental and genetic risk factors

To examine the contribution of environmental and genetic risk factors to familial aggregation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 325 first-degree (1d) relatives and 56 spouses of 150 COPD patients were compared with 222 1d relatives and 49 spouses of 107 nonpulmonary patient controls for the prevalence of two clinical outcomes: 1) airways obstruction (AO; 1-sec forced expiratory volume less than 68% of forced vital capacity) and 2) chronic bronchitis (CB; cough and sputum for 3+ months per year for 2+ years). The loglinear model was used to study direct and indirect (ie, those mediated by other risk factors) components of familial aggregation. Three risk factors were found to be independently associated with CB and/or AO: alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ allele), personal cigarette smoking, and parental cigarette smoking. Because 1d relatives of COPD patients were more likely to have a PiZ allele, be heavy smokers (1+ packs per day), and be exposed to parental smoking than 1d relatives of controls, these three factors also constitute indirect components of familial aggregation. However, after controlling for the three factors, 1d relatives of COPD patients were more likely to have AO and CB than 1d relatives of controls (direct component). This direct component might have a genetic basis, because no such association was found when spouses instead of 1d relatives were compared. Thus, both shared environmental factors (personal and passive smoking) and shared genetic factors (alpha 1-antitrypsin and a possible direct genetic component) contribute to familial aggregation in COPD. The loglinear model provides a useful tool for analyzing familial aggregation in diseases of multifactorial etiology.     

Increased familial risk for non-lung cancer among relatives of lung cancer patients

Reports of two or more anatomically distinct cancer types clustering in families suggest the possible existence of a susceptibility-to-cancer gene. To determine whether a genetic predisposition accounts for such familial aggregation, a retrospective case-control study was conducted in 1976-1979 of 337 southern Louisiana families in each of which a deceased lung cancer patient was used as the proband. A comparison of first-degree relatives of proband families with spouse (control) families revealed a significantly greater overall risk of cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, p less than 0.0001) in the proband group. Using logistic regression techniques to control for the confounding effects of age, sex, cigarette smoking, and occupational/industrial exposures, relatives of lung cancer probands maintained an increased risk of non-lung cancer (p less than 0.05). The crude odds ratio of a proband family having one family member with cancer was 1.67 compared with control families. Proband families were 2.16 times more likely to have two other family members with cancer. For three cancers and four or more cancers, the risk increased to 3.66 and 5.04, respectively. Each risk estimate was significant at the 0.01 level. The most striking differences in cancer prevalence between proband and control families were noted for cancer of the nasal cavity/sinus, mid-ear, and larynx (OR = 4.6); trachea, bronchus and lung (OR = 3.0); skin (OR = 2.8); and uterus, placenta, ovary, and other female organs (OR = 2.1). These data support the hypothesis of a genetic susceptibility to cancer in families with lung cancer.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病的家庭聚集性研究

目的　通过对Ⅱ型糖尿病家庭聚集性的分析,探讨遗传因素在糖尿病患者一级亲属成员发病中所起的作用及其相对危险度。方法　采用以人群为基础的遗传流行病学病例对照研究方法,对３６３ 例Ⅱ型糖尿病先证者家系及２９１ 例人群对照家系进行了调查。结果　先证者家系一级亲属糖尿病的患病率为３ ．９４ ％ ,对照组一级亲属为１ ．０９ ％ ,相对危险度为３ ．６２ ,各组血缘亲属的相对危险度均在３ ．０ 以上;糖尿病先证者诊断时年龄越轻,其一级亲属的糖尿病患病率和相对危险度越高,其家系内发生多例糖尿病病例的可能性越大。结论　Ⅱ型糖尿病具有明显的家庭聚集倾向,其一级亲属对糖尿病的遗传易感性较高,是糖尿病预防和控制的重点人群。     

林州市食管癌家族聚集性分析

目的：研究林州市食管癌家族聚集性及遗传因素在食管癌发生中的作用。方法 采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究资料,调查了１１８例食管癌新发病例及１６８例对照的Ⅰ,Ⅱ级亲属食管癌患病情况,比较病例对照各级亲属食管癌发生率。用Ｆａｌｃｏｎｅｒ法计算遗传度。结果 病例及对照亲属食管癌患病率比较表明,血缘关系越近,亲属食管癌发生率越高。Ⅰ、Ⅱ级亲属相对危险度（ＲＲ）分别为３．１５（２．１５￣４．６１）和１．８７（     

Familial factors associated with malignant gliomas

Family histories of male patients with histologically confirmed malignant gliomas were compared to family histories of controls (wives). Included were 77 case families with 892 relatives and 77 control families with 719 relatives. Cases had significantly more siblings than controls (P = 0.02), although cases were not preferentially the oldest or the youngest sibs. Odds ratios of two or more were found for mental retardation, Parkinson's disease, and meningitis for the relatives of cases versus controls, but none were statistically significant. The excesses of Parkinson's disease and meningitis were explained by the family of one particularly interesting case containing three relatives with meningitis and two relatives with Parkinson's disease. Noteworthy age-adjusted odds ratios for cancer among relatives of cases compared to relatives of controls were 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-2.3) for cancer of any site, 2.4 (95% CI = 0.8-6.1) for breast cancer, and 4.0 (95% CI = 0.6-10.7) for lung cancer. Only the odds ratio for cancer of any site was statistically significant. Overall, 6 of 77 (8%) of cases came from families that included two or more relatives with breast or lung cancer in addition to the proband with malignant glioma. These three cancer sites may form familial clusters worthy of further evaluation in future studies by pedigree and genetic linkage analyses.     

Familial aggregation in the night eating syndrome

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the extent to which the night eating syndrome (NES) affects first-degree relatives of NES and control probands. METHOD: NES participants and controls were assessed with the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), the Night Eating Syndrome History and Inventory (NESHI), 10 day sleep and food records, the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I), and a Family History Questionnaire (FHQ) to assess the presence of NES among first-degree relatives. A proband predictive model, using logistic regression analyses and the generalized estimating equation to control for correlation among observations within families was used to assess familial aggregation. RESULTS: The odds of an NES proband having an affected first-degree relative were significantly greater than that of a control proband (odds ratio=4.9, p<.001). A number of covariates were included in the model: proband body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), proband gender, proband age, proband ethnicity, first-degree relative gender, relationship to proband (i.e., mother, father, or sibling), and the interaction between relationship to proband and proband status (night eater or control); none was statistically significant (p>.05). CONCLUSION: The study showed a strong aggregation of NES in families.     

Familial aggregation of ischemic stroke in young women: the Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke occurs infrequently in young adults. While a familial basis for older onset stroke is well established, the extent of familial clustering in young-onset stroke is unknown. To address this issue, we compared the frequency of stroke in relatives of stroke cases to that in relatives of controls across different ages and by stroke subtype. METHODS: Through a population-based case-control study of stroke, we identified 487 women aged 15-49 years with ischemic stroke and 615 women without stroke matched by age and geographic region. Family history of stroke was collected for 5,749 relatives (parents and siblings) of case and control probands by standardized interview. RESULTS: Strokes were reported in 149 relatives of case patients and 119 relatives of controls. Siblings of stroke case patients had more than four times the risk of stroke compared to siblings of controls (OR, 4.17; 95% CI, 1.9-8.8) and mothers of stroke case patients had twice the risk of stroke compared to mothers of control subjects (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.4-3.0). The association between stroke in probands and family history of stroke was strongest among women aged 15-24 years (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 0.4-15.1), and diminished with increasing proband age (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.8-3.3 among women 25-34 years and OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9 among women 35-49 years; P<0.0001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that young-onset stroke aggregates in families and that the magnitude of aggregation increases with decreasing proband age.     

Males with anorexia nervosa: a controlled study of eating disorders in first-degree relatives

OBJECTIVE: To compare lifetime rates of full and partial anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in first-degree relatives of males with anorexia nervosa and in relatives of never-ill comparison subjects. METHODS: Rates of eating disorders were obtained for 747 relatives of 210 probands from personal structured clinical interviews and family history. Best-estimate diagnoses were determined blind to proband diagnosis and pedigree status. RESULTS: Full and partial syndromes of anorexia nervosa aggregated in female relatives of ill probands. For the full syndrome of anorexia nervosa, the crude relative risk was 20.3 among female relatives and for partial syndrome anorexia nervosa, the crude relative risk was 3.3. In contrast, bulimia nervosa was relatively uncommon among relatives of ill probands. CONCLUSION: Although anorexia nervosa in males is exceedingly rare, there is a pattern of familial aggregation that is highly similar to that observed in recent family studies of affected females. On the basis of these findings, there is no evidence that familial-genetic factors distinguish the occurrence of anorexia nervosa in the two sexes.     

儿童意外伤害及事故倾性的家族聚集性分析

目的:探讨意外伤害及事故倾性的家族聚集性,为将来阐明遗传因素在其中的作用提供初步线索。方法:以事故倾性儿童为先证者,采用病例对照研究方法研究579个核心家系(291个先证家系和288个对照家系),分析意外伤害及事故倾性的家族聚集性。结果:病例组有36.4%核心家系至少有一名成员发生过伤害,高于对照组9.0%,差异有统计学意义。病例组的父、母、同胞伤害发生率均高于对照组(差异有显著性)。但病例组与对照组一级亲属的事故倾性发生率无显著性差异。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,父、母、同胞发生伤害都是儿童事故倾性的危险因素,儿童喜欢冒险、不能集中精力也和事故倾性有关联。结论:意外伤害存在家族聚集性,遗传因素可能在其中发挥一定作用。没有发现事故倾性具有家族聚集性。