医疗保险制度试点的回顾与思考

镇江自１９９５年初试行医疗保险制度以来，试点医院的运行出现了一些新的机制特征，面临着一组新的经济矛盾，主要是制度变迁、宏观经济环境、历史存量、微观管理滞后以及对医院的性质、地位和作用缺乏合理的认识等因素导致。解决新问题的关键在于：一是合理界定医院的性质、地位和作用，二是确定新的“三位一体”的改革思路，三是运用系统论的整体观、目的观、相关观制定医院发展策略     

医疗保险对医院管理的影响

实行职工医疗保险制度改革后，医院功能将有所拓展，医院投入和补偿机制将面临宏观调整，医院管理、监督和控制将得到强化，医院竞争机制和配套制度将发生深刻变化。因此，实行职工医疗保险制度改革后，医院的管理模式和管理重点也将随之发生变革。医院应转变观念，调整经营方向，规范内部管理，抓住关键指标，控制医疗成本，优化资源配置，提高资源效率，发展自动化、网络化的医院信息管理系统，以及建立客观新型的评估体系等，主动适应医疗保险制度改革的需要。     

论社会医疗保险与医疗卫生事业的协调发展

医疗制度改革与医疗卫生事业有密切联系，表现为：①两者均以保障职工健康服务为根本宗旨，具有目的的一致性；②医疗保险在资金上保障医疗需求，医疗服务从技术上保障医疗需求，具有功能的统一性；③医疗保险提供经费补偿，医院通过医疗服务获得经济补偿，具有资源的互补性。为此，医疗保险与医疗卫生事业必须协调发展。实施社会医疗保险制度，有利于医疗卫生事业稳定、健康、协调发展。表现为：①实行社会医疗保险后，被保险人责、权、利统一，原过度的医疗需求被抑制，原抑制的需求获释放，有利于区域医疗卫生规划合理化；②实施社会医疗保险，建立了强制性的筹资机制和与工资同步的增长机制，有利于医疗卫生事业稳定合理的资金投入；③实行社会医疗保险，可改变医疗服务垄断市场的地位，有利于推进医院经营管理；④实行社会医疗保险，采用医疗保险与卫生行政管理结合模式，有利于卫生行政管理职能转变。     

谈医院改革趋势

由于我国经济体制的转轨，经济增长方式的转换，正在带动、辐射、影响并制约着医院的建设和发展，医院改革将朝着以下趋势深化：一是在区域卫生发展规划指导下建设医院；二是开展社区服务是医院服务保障模式改革的大趋势；三是医院体制改革将寻求实现政府计划与市场调节的最佳结合；四是社会医疗保险制度改革将对医院带来重大影响；五是深化和完善补偿机制与价值体系改革仍是医院的重要课题；六是加大法规建设力度形成依法治院的新格局。     

医疗保险制度改革给国有医院带来的机遇和挑战

医疗保险制度改革给国有医院增添了改革的动力，促使国有医院加强内涵建设，提高服务质量，降低医疗成本；医疗保险制度改革也强化了群众的医疗消费意识，增加了对医疗消费的投入，使国有医院获得新的、稳定的补偿途径，给国有医院带来一定的发展机遇。但医疗保险制度改革使医疗市场在一定时期内缩小，医院之间的竞争更加激烈，国有医院的发展受到抑制，有的甚至出现生存危机；国有医院补偿不足的情况将在一定时期内存在，医患纠纷将在一定时期内增加，经营管理难度加大，这些都给国有医院带来了严峻的挑战。     

适应医疗保险 深化医院改革

城镇职工医疗保险制度改革给医院改革的深化注人了新的活力。怎样以医疗保险制度改革为契机，抓住机遇、转变观念，主动适应，在改革中求生存、求发展，是医院面临的重大课题。     

医院要适应医疗保险制度改革

介绍了海南经济特区城镇从业人员医疗保险制度改革的情况;论述了医疗保险制度的建立给医院带来 新的挑战以及医院适应医疗保险制度改革的对策。     

社会医疗保障体制改革与医院管理

公费医疗的成绩不容否认，但其弊端也日显突出，主要有支付公费医疗费用缺乏稳定的经费来源；现有管理制度缺乏对供需双方的有力控制；公费医疗改革措施受财政包干体制的制约难以有效地实施。改革现有公费医疗制度为社会医疗保险势在必行。社会医疗保险制度的出台将给医院和医院管理者提出新的挑战，医院管理者必须转变现有的经营方式，走＂成本效益型＂的经营服务模式。为实施社会医疗保障制度的改革，必须合理地解决医院经费的补偿及医务人员技术劳务的补偿问题。应借鉴发达国家和地区转变医疗保健服务模式的经验，探索符合我国国情，行之有效的医疗服务体系的改革模式。     

国有医院如何应对医疗保险制度改革

医疗保险制度改革给国有医院带来严峻的挑战，也给国有医院增添了改革的动力．促使国有医院加强内涵建设，提高服务质量，降低医疗成本，增加医疗收入，减少医疗纠纷。国有医院在医疗保险制度改革中应采取如下应对措施：树立竞争意识，加强对医保知识的培训，增强竞争能力：健全经营管理机制，适应医改市场变化的需要；加强内涵建设，走可持续发展之路；以患者为中心。开展优质服务活动。     

浅析医疗保险制度改革对医院管理的影响

随着医疗保险制度改革的实施，医院逐渐成为一个经济实体面向市场，市场因素开始从医疗业务背后凸现出来，医院管理已经从单纯的医疗管理逐渐发展为一种经营管理。药品收支两条线改革、WTO的加入、医疗保险制度的改革给医院带来了严峻的挑战，同时也带来了新的发展机遇．作为新时期的医院管理者，     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.