Carbon dioxide cystometry and postural changes in patients with multiple sclerosis

Ninety-one subjects with multiple sclerosis were evaluated by carbon dioxide cystometry in the supine, sitting, and standing positions, and by water cystometry in the supine position. Detrusor responses in supine studies were characterized as normal, hyperreflexic, or areflexic. Carbon dioxide and water cystometry were without difference in determining types of detrusor responses. Positional changes (particularly standing) resulted in reassessing of normal supine bladder responses as hyperreflexic. Hyperreflexia was aggravated with sitting and standing. Positional changes did not demonstrate conversion of areflexia to hyperreflexia. The relatively small proportion of dyssynergic sphincter responses probably represents a population of patients with early stage multiple sclerosis. Carbon dioxide cystometry, with positional changes, is relatively safe, easily performed, and an accurate method of evaluating detrusor response in patients with multiple sclerosis who have a changing clinical course or unresponsiveness to treatment.     

Detrusor pressure in cystometry compared to physiological filling in patients with a reflex urinary bladder after spinal cord injury

The maximum detrusor pressure and the duration of detrusor contractions in 10-50 ml/min fill cystometry were compared to the corresponding measurements during 12 hours of physiological filling, in 18 patients with a reflex urinary bladder after spinal cord injury. In four consecutive cystometries with 10 min intervals the intraindividual variation of the maximum detrusor pressure and the duration of detrusor contractions were similar to the variation during physiological filling. The mean pressure values in cystometries of each patient correlated well with the mean values in registration during physiological filling. In cystometry, there was no significant difference between mean values in 50 ml/min filling compared to 10 ml/min filling nor between mean values in first and second cystometries compared to third and fourth cystometries. Thus, mean values from a series of 10 ml/min or 50 ml/min fill cystometries appear to be as useful as registrations during physiological filling to describe the mean maximum detrusor pressure and the mean duration of contractions in a patient with a spinal reflex bladder.     

Traces: making sense of urodynamics testing--Part 6: Evaluation of bladder filling/ storage: bladder wall compliance and the detrusor leak point pressure

This article defines the concept of bladder wall compliance, discusses various means of measuring or assessing compliance, and reviews its clinical relevance. Based on existing evidence, low bladder wall compliance is attributable to increased detrusor muscle tone during bladder filling or changes in the viscoelastic properties of the bladder wall that impede the bladder wall's ability to stretch. While one can identify the individual components that compromise compliance, the filling CMG is only able to detect whole bladder wall compliance (for example, the combined effects of increased detrusor muscle tone and compromised viscoelastic properties of the bladder wall). From a clinical perspective, whole bladder wall compliance is divided into two categories: normal and low. Low bladder wall compliance is clinically relevant because of its potential to produce upper urinary tract distress, and there is increased risk for febrile urinary tract infections, ureterohydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, renal scarring, compromised urinary tract function, and urinary incontinence because of its direct influence on the bladder outlet. It may produce pain and pressure in the patient with preserved sensations of bladder filling. Low bladder wall compliance is associated with a variety of clinically relevant disorders, including neurogenic bladder dysfunction, pelvic irradiation, interstitial cystitis, and radical prostatectomy.     

Continuous and stepwise cystometry through suprapubic catheters—effect of infusion pattern and infusion rate on the cystometrogram of the normal human bladder

Summary. Continuous cystometry at two filling rates (50 and 100 ml min^-1) and stepwise cystometry (successive rapid volume infusions followed by bladder wall relaxation) were performed in 12 healthy subjects. Suprapubic catheters were used for infusion and recording of perivesical and intravesical pressures. The continuous cystometrograms obtained at filling rates of 50 and 100 ml min^-1, respectively, did not differ with respect to desire to void, transmural pressure increase or bladder capacity. Stepwise cystometry allowed the bladders to be filled to a slightly larger volume than during continuous cystometry, but with comparatively lower transmural pressures only at very large distension of the bladder. There was considerable inter-individual variation in transmural pressure at both continuous and stepwise cystometry. Stepwise cystometry did not appear to provide any important additional information about pressure-volume relationship in the normal human bladder than could be obtained at routine clinical cystometry.     

Botulinum toxin type A injections for treating neurogenic detrusor overactivity combined with low-compliance bladder in patients with spinal cord lesions

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for treating neurogenic detrusor overactivity in patients with spinal cord lesions, including those with abnormally low bladder compliance. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, before-after trial (9-mo follow-up). SETTING: Hospitalized care. PARTICIPANTS: Ten patients with high detrusor contraction pressure and/or poor response to oxyphencyclimine with incontinence selected as a consecutive sample. INTERVENTION: BTX-A (Botox; 300U) was injected into the detrusor muscle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Urinary continence, functional bladder capacity, bladder compliance, detrusor contraction pressure, and volume at first reflex voiding. Measurements were taken before and 6, 16, and 36 weeks posttreatment. RESULTS: Six weeks after treatment, complete continence was restored in 7 patients without oxyphencyclimine. Mean functional bladder capacity (P=.008), compliance (P=.012), and reflex volume (P=.045) significantly increased, whereas maximal detrusor contraction pressure significantly decreased (P<.001). Urodynamic variables remained significantly improved at 16 weeks, but values were returning toward baseline levels by 36 weeks. The procedure was generally uneventful, without any serious side effects. CONCLUSIONS: BTX-A injections are an effective, well-tolerated treatment for neurogenic detrusor overactivity in patients with spinal cord lesions, even in patients with abnormally low bladder compliance. Patients may require repeat injections after 16 weeks to remain continent.     

高压氧联合电针八髎穴对脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者尿动力学的影响

目的：分析高压氧（HBO）联合电针八髎穴治疗对脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者尿动力学的影响。方法：将60例脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者,按随机数字表法分成对照组20例、电针组20例、联合组20例,各组均接受常规膀胱功能训练,电针组增加电针治疗,联合组增加电针治疗及高压氧治疗,分别于治疗前和治疗8周后通过尿流动力学检查及排尿日记评价3组患者的膀胱功能,并进行统计学分析。结果：治疗前3组患者的充盈期逼尿肌压(Pdet)、膀胱顺应性（BC）、最大尿流率(Qmax)、残余尿量（RV）组间差异均无统计学意义。治疗8周后,3组患者BC及Qmax明显高于治疗前(均P＜0.05),Pdet及RV明显低于治疗前(均P＜0.05)。治疗后组间比较,电针组及联合组患者BC及Qmax明显高于对照组(均P＜0.05),Pdet及RV显著低于对照组(均P＜0.05);联合组BC及Qmax明显高于电针组(均P＜0.05),Pdet及RV显著低于电针组(均P＜0.05)。治疗后,3组患者日平均排尿次数、日平均尿失禁次数均明显少于治疗前(均P＜0.05),日平均单次尿量、下尿路症状（LUTS）评分均明显高于治疗前(均P＜0.05)。治疗后组间比较,电针组及联合组日平均排尿次数、日平均尿失禁次数均明显少于对照组(均P＜0.05),日平均单次尿量、LUTS评分均明显高于对照组(均P＜0.05);联合组日平均排尿次数、日平均尿失禁次数均明显少于电针组(均P＜0.05),日平均单次尿量、LUTS评分均明显高于电针组(均P＜0.05)。结论：高压氧联合电针八髎穴治疗能有效改善脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者尿动力学及排尿功能,提高生存质量,该方法值得临床推广。     

Association of bladder trabeculation and neurogenic bladder with spinal cord injury

ObjectiveTo compare clinical findings and urodynamic parameters according to trabeculation grade and analyze their correlations with trabeculation severity in neurogenic bladder caused by suprasacral spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed of neurogenic bladder caused by SCI. Bladder trabeculation grade was compared with SCI-related clinical parameters and bladder-related urodynamic parameters.ResultsIn SCI patients, factors such as disease duration, bladder capacity, detrusor pressure, peak detrusor pressure values, and compliance were significantly different between different grades of bladder trabeculation, while neurological level of injury, completeness, and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia had no clear relationship with bladder trabeculation grade. In the correlation analysis, vesicoureteral reflux was moderately correlated with trabeculation grade (correlation coefficient 0.433), while the correlation coefficients of disease duration, involuntary detrusor contraction, and bladder filling volume were between 0.3 and 0.4.ConclusionBladder trabeculation with suprasacral-type neurogenic bladder was graded. Although disease duration was positively correlated with bladder trabeculation grade, differences in the neurological level of injury or American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale score were not observed. Bladder volume, peak detrusor pressure, compliance, reflex volume, and vesicoureteral reflux also showed significant differences according to trabeculation grade. Vesicoureteral reflux was moderately correlated with trabeculation grade.     

膀胱尿压测定评定系统在糖尿病神经源性膀胱护理中的应用

目的：观察膀胱尿压测定评定系统在糖尿病神经源性膀胱（ DNB ）护理中的应用效果。方法选择住院治疗的糖尿病神经源性膀胱患者50例,应用膀胱尿压测定评定系统了解膀胱压力容量变化、膀胱安全容量和最大容量、逼尿肌起始活动状态,括约肌状态、逼尿肌/括约肌协同能力,据此制订护理方案并实施,比较干预前后膀胱残余尿量及排尿功能变化。结果本组患者中尿失禁9例,尿潴留40例;膀胱训练后膀胱残余尿量＞200 ml患者从20例降至5例,中重度排尿功能障碍患者从22例降至7例,训练前后比较差异有统计学意义（U值分别为4．73,5．51;P＜0．01）。低顺应性小容量膀胱1例,转外科手术治疗。结论膀胱尿压测定评定系统用于糖尿病神经源性膀胱护理安全可行,可减少膀胱残余尿量,改善排尿功能。     

Detrusor and blood pressure responses to dorsal penile nerve stimulation during hyperreflexic contraction of the bladder in patients with cervical cord injury

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immediate effect of dorsal penile nerve (DPN) stimulation on detrusor pressure (P(det)) and blood pressure during hyperreflexic contractions of the bladder in patients with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Blood pressure and P(det) monitoring during cystometry with and without DPN stimulation. SETTING: Urodynamic laboratory in a university hospital in Korea. PARTICIPANTS: Eight men (age range, 20-55y) with cervical SCI that was incurred from 4 months to 10 years before this study. INTERVENTION: During water cystometry, blood pressure was monitored with an intra-arterial catheter introduced percutaneously into the radial artery and was recorded simultaneously with the P(det). Blood pressure was also measured manually with an electronic blood pressure cuff. Electric stimulation was applied to the DPN by using surface electrodes each time a bladder contraction was detected. Stimulation intensity was twice the threshold of the pudendal-anal reflex. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: P(det), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. RESULTS: As P(det) increased, the blood pressure increased in all cases. All the reflex contractions of the bladder were effectively suppressed by DPN stimulation, and as the P(det) decreased during stimulation, radial arterial pressure also decreased immediately and significantly. CONCLUSIONS: DPN stimulation can decrease P(det) and the increased blood pressure associated with it.     

早期电针联合体表神经电刺激治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的疗效观察

目的观察早期电针联合体表神经电刺激治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的疗效。 方法采用随机数字表法将40例脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱患者分为对照组及观察组,每组20例。对照组患者给予体表神经电刺激治疗,观察组患者在体表神经电刺激基础上辅以电针治疗。于治疗前、治疗2个月后通过尿流动力学检查评价2组患者膀胱排尿情况,并将所得数据进行统计学分析。 结果治疗前2组患者最大膀胱容量、充盈期逼尿肌压力、最大尿道闭合压、最大尿流率和残余尿量等指标组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),经治疗2个月后发现观察组患者最大膀胱容量［(369.2±76.5)ml］、最大尿道闭合压［(75.4±10.5)cmH2O］和最大尿流率［(12.3±3.3)ml/s］均明显高于对照组水平,而充盈期逼尿肌压力［(21.8±5.7)cmH2O］、残余尿量［(85.4±41.8)ml］均明显低于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论电针联合体表神经电刺激早期治疗可显著改善脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱患者膀胱功能,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

Blood pressure response to detrusor pressure elevation in patients with a reflex urinary bladder after a cervical or high thoracic spinal cord injury.

In 12 patients with a reflex urinary bladder after a cervical or high thoracic spinal cord injury, blood pressure was measured every 30 s during cystometry. Four consecutive cystometries were performed by means of suprapubical catheters and 50 ml/min filling rate. The aim was to improve the methodological basis for cystometrical studies of paroxysmal hypertension and its treatment. In each cystometry there was an elevation of the systolic (20-60 mmHg) and the diastolic (15-55 mmHg) blood pressure. The maximum blood pressure always occurred during the emptying phase and always in close relation to the peak of the detrusor pressure. The amplitude of the blood pressure response varied intraindividually, but did not change in any particular direction during the series of cystometries. Thus, a cystometrical method which stimulates the detrusor in a physiological way is sufficient to give the typical uninhibited blood pressure reaction in most patients with a reflex bladder and a spinal reflex vasomotor function after a high level spinal cord injury. The blood pressure reaction obtained with this method is probably representative for the daily reaction during physiological reflex emptying of the bladder. To describe the maximum blood pressure reaction, it has to be measured during a well defined emptying phase and close to the occurrence of the maximum detrusor pressure. Since repetition of cystometry did not change the blood pressure response, this cystometrical method is useful for evaluation of pharmacological intervention.     

脑桥上神经损伤导致膀胱尿道功能障碍的影像尿动力学特点研究

目的探讨脑桥上神经损伤所致膀胱尿道功能障碍的影像尿动力学改变。方法回顾性分析2004年2月至2009年5月65例行影像尿动力学检查的脑桥上神经损伤患者的资料,包括临床表现、诊断、排尿方式、超声、尿流率、残余尿、充盈期膀胱压力容积测定、排尿期压力流率测定和影像学结果,并与骶上脊髓损伤患者进行比较。结果65例患者中,逼尿肌过度活动占61.5%、反射正常占24.6%、无反射占13.9%、逼尿肌-尿道外括约肌协同失调(DSD)占6.2%、输尿管返流占4.61%。脑桥上不同神经损伤类型尿动力表现无明显差异;与骶上脊髓损伤比较,DSD、输尿管返流、上尿路积水发生率少见,反射正常比例较高。结论脑桥上神经损伤所致膀胱尿道功能障碍的主要尿动力学特点是逼尿肌过度活动伴括约肌协同正常,较少出现DSD、输尿管返流、上尿路积水等并发症。     

基于Cajal间质细胞探讨电针对逼尿肌反射亢进型神经源性膀胱大鼠的作用机制

目的:观察经电针治疗后的逼尿肌反射亢进型神经源性膀胱大鼠的膀胱功能变化,并基于Cajal间质细胞(ICC)探索该治疗方法的作用机制。方法:健康成年雌性SD大鼠40只,按照随机数字表法分为对照组、假手术组、模型组、电针组每组各10只。假手术组在T10水平只暴露脊髓,不离断;模型组、电针组大鼠在T10水平完全横断脊髓制作神经源性膀胱大鼠模型。待大鼠渡过脊休克期后,电针组给予电针次髎穴治疗,1次/d,连续14天。电针14天后测尿流动力学,观察各组大鼠膀胱功能的变化;然后处死大鼠,蛋白质印迹法检测膀胱组织C-kit蛋白的表达;免疫荧光分析ICC数量变化。结果:模型组和电针组膀胱最大容量及膀胱顺应性较对照组和假手术组降低(P0.05),膀胱基础压力和漏尿点压力较之增加(P0.05);电针组的膀胱最大容量、膀胱顺应性较模型组增加(P0.05),膀胱基础压与漏点压较之降低(P0.05);模型组和电针组膀胱C-kit蛋白表达较对照组和假手术组升高(P0.01),ICC数量增加(P0.01);与模型组比较,电针组膀胱C-kit蛋白表达降低(P0.01),ICC数量减少(P0.01)。结论:电针次髎穴对逼尿肌反射亢进型神经源性膀胱有显著疗效,其机制之一可能为通过抑制Ckit表达,减少ICC数量,从而减少膀胱逼尿肌无抑制收缩。     

电针配合盆底肌电生物反馈治疗对脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的疗效观察

目的:观察电针配合盆底肌电生物反馈治疗对脊髓损伤所致神经源性膀胱患者膀胱功能的临床疗效。方法:将38例脊髓损伤伴膀胱功能障碍患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组19例。对照组患者在饮水计划的基础上实施清洁间歇导尿,并给予盆底肌电生物反馈治疗;观察组在对照组治疗的基础上给予电针治疗。治疗前后分别采用排尿日记、尿流动力学检查评估患者膀胱功能。结果:治疗后排尿日记指标比较,2组每次排尿量较治疗前明显增多(P0.05)、膀胱残余尿量较治疗前明显减少(P0.05)。观察组24h尿失禁次数较治疗前明显减少(P0.01)。治疗后,观察组24h尿失禁次数、膀胱残余尿量均较对照组明显减少(P0.01),每次排尿量较对照组改善增加(P0.05)。治疗后尿流动力学指标比较,2组最大膀胱容积较治疗前均明显提高(P0.05),观察组充盈期逼尿肌压力及逼尿肌漏尿点压均较治疗前及对照组治疗后明显降低(P0.05)。结论:电针配合盆底肌电生物反馈疗法治疗脊髓损伤所致神经源性膀胱患者具有协同疗效,能提高膀胱排尿功能、降低膀胱输尿管返流风险。     

Efficacy of repeat injections of botulinum A toxin to the detrusor in neurogenic bladder overactivity]

PURPOSE: Toxin injections are an effective treatment for neurogenic detrusor overactivity. The efficacy of repeat injections is not well documented. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of repeat injections of toxin A to the detrusor in patients with neurogenic overactive bladders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who had received 300-UI injections of Botox(R) were retrospectively studied. The clinical data included continence, duration of the absence of incontinence, changes in anticholinergic dosage or pad use and patient satisfaction. Urodynamic data analyzed were maximal cystometric capacity, bladder contraction and detrusor pressure during contraction. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS-DISCUSSION: Data for 42 patients (30 men, 12 women) were analysed. Pathologic features were trauma to the spinal cord, multiple sclerosis or varied causes of myelopathy. Patients received 1 to 6 injections of Botox(R). The mean duration of efficacy was 6 months. Efficacy did not differ among successive injections. Anticholinergic drugs were discontinued in 43% of patients and pad use in 48%. A total of 80% of the patients were satisfied with the treatment. Bladder contraction disappeared in 70% of patients. The mean maximal cystometric capacity increase was 144 ml. CONCLUSION: Clinical and urodynamic data show that repeat injection of toxins to the detrusor remains an effective therapy for neurogenic bladder overactivity. Efficacy for continence is maintained during successive injections.     

Current treatments for patients with stress urinary incontinence

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has been defined as the complaint of involuntary leakage of urine on effort, exertion, sneezing or coughing (Abrams et al, 2002). It becomes known as urodynamically proven stress incontinence (USI) when filling cystometry (a test of bladder function) shows a rise in intra-abdominal pressure, without a detrusor muscle (bladder muscle) contraction, causing urine loss via the urethra.     

回肠浆肌层补片膀胱扩大术治疗反射亢进型神经原性尿失禁的疗效随访

背景神经原性尿失禁手术治疗方法多样,疗效不一,探讨手术治疗神经原性尿失禁的效果,以求证其有效性.目的评价去粘膜回肠浆肌层补片膀胱扩大术治疗反射亢进型神经原性尿失禁疗效,为改良手术提出建议.设计以患者为研究对象的回顾性病例分析.单位一所大学医院的小儿外科.对象对郑州大学第一附属医院小儿外科自1998-04/2004-01手术治疗的68例神经原性尿失禁患者进行随访,所有患者术前均确诊为神经原性尿失禁,随访资料完整者共38例.方法对38例反射亢进型神经原性膀胱患者随访4～69个月,平均17.2个月.患者年龄4～17岁,38例患者行去粘膜回肠浆肌层补片膀胱扩大术,34例盆底肌松弛者同时行双侧髂腰肌盆底加强术.主要观察指标观察手术前后症状、膀胱顺应性、最大膀胱容量和相对安全膀胱容量.结果30例(79%)尿失禁症状改善(控尿时间＞1 h);尿动力学检查示所有行回肠去浆肌层膀胱扩大术患者术后均为腹压排尿,尿流动力学检查均未发现在排尿期有主动的逼尿肌收缩;术后顺应性增加(27.43±24.78)mL/kPa(P＜0.01),最大膀胱容量较术前增加(122.18±79.99)mL(P＜0.01),相对安全膀胱容量较术前增加(98.63±86.78)mL(P＜0.01).未发现有上尿路功能受损加重情况.结论去粘膜回肠浆肌层补片膀胱扩大术可保护上尿路功能,是有效治疗神经原性膀胱的一种方法.     

Modulation of urinary bladder function with thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with spinal cord injuries during the spinal shock phase

Injury to the spinal cord is associated with large increases in plasma beta-endorphin immunoreactivity. To investigate the effect on vesical function of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 13 patients with spinal injury were studied during the spinal shock phase. In seven of them (Group A), after basal cystometry together with anal sphincter electromyography (EMG), 1 mg of TRH was administered intravenously as a bolus dose, followed by 1 mg infused over 5 minutes. After the administration of the bolus dose of TRH, cystometry + EMG was repeated (Study I). These seven cases received TRH 1 mg intravenously 12 hourly for the next three days. On day 4, after basal cystometry + EMG, TRH was administered as above and the urodynamic study was repeated (Study II). Detrusor pressure (Pdct) with bladder filled to 800 ml (or upto tolerance) and bladder compliance were noted. Six cases underwent study I alone and received normal saline instead of TRH (Group B). After TRH in group A, the mean (+/- SE) Pdct increased by 10 +/- 3 cm H2O (p less than 0.05) in study I and by 10 +/- 3 cm H2O (p less than 0.05) in study II whereas the mean compliance decreased by 37 +/- 20 ml/cm H2O (NS) in study I and by 44 +/- 18 ml/cm H2O (p less than 0.05) in study II. In group B, the mean Pdct decreased by 1 +/- 2 cm H2O (NS) and the mean compliance increased by 1 +/- 2 ml/cm H2O (NS) in the post-normal saline study. These results show that TRH may improve bladder function in patients with injury-induced spinal shock by increasing detrusor pressure and by decreasing bladder compliance.     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗一例脊髓损伤患者尿动力学指标的变化

【目的】探讨自体骨髓干细胞移植对脊髓损伤患者神经源性膀胱的治疗效果。【方法】对1例脊髓损伤患者在伤后2周开始,给予自体骨髓于细胞移植治疗,检测治疗前后尿动力学指标。【结果】患者治疗2周后最大尿道压及尿道闭合压力明显升高,膀胱容量增大,治疗后4个月时患者膀胱感觉恢复,可诱发出逼尿肌自主收缩,最大压力达2．9kPa。【结论】在脊髓损伤后早期、规律的按疗程给予自体骨髓干细胞移植可有效的改善神经源性膀胱排尿功能障碍的症状。     

骶3 神经电针治疗脊髓损伤后逼尿肌反射亢进的临床效果

目的观察骶3 神经根电针治疗脊髓损伤后逼尿肌反射亢进的疗效。方法采用骶3 神经根电针治疗脊髓损伤后逼尿肌反射亢进的患者32 例,观察治疗前和治疗8 周后的排尿日记、尿动力学检查和生活质量评分。结果治疗后,患者排尿次数、漏尿次数、充盈末期逼尿肌压减少(P<0.05),残余尿量无明显改变(P>0.05),排尿量、最大膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、生活质量评分较治疗前改善(P<0.05)。结论骶3 神经根电针治疗脊髓损伤后逼尿肌反射亢进疗效满意。