Transoesophageal echocardiographic monitoring during paediatric cardiac surgery: obtainable information and feasibility in 532 children

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) performed by the anaesthesiologists would be beneficial for monitoring purposes during paediatric cardiac surgery. We present the results for the first 5 years in 532 consecutive children. METHODS: The probe was successfully inserted in 99% of cases and remained in the oesophagus for 211 min on average (range 10-555 min). RESULTS: Insignificant valve leak, single- or biventricular failure and volume depletion were the most common new findings due to TOE. Changes in inotropic strategy and volume replacement were the most frequent interventions. In 45% of the cases, new information was disclosed and, in a total of 8% of cases, decisive information was provided. Except for tracheal extubation in one child who was uneventfully reintubated, no severe complications were identified. CONCLUSIONS: These data stress the safety and ease of performing TOE in children undergoing cardiac surgery. There is evidence for benefit from TOE findings to potentially enhance the therapeutic basis.     

Relationship of fat embolism to haemodynamic and echocardiographic changes during cemented arthroplasty

Purpose

Pressurisation of the medullary cavity during cemented arthroplasty causes “intravasation” of marrow fat. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the amount of pulmonary intravascular fat and the haemodynamic and echocardiographic changes.

Methods

Anaesthetised mongrel dogs (n = 16) underwent bilateral cemented arthroplasty (BCA) to create a large embolie load. Haemodynamic measurements included blood pressure (BP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), right atrial pressure and cardiac output as well as transoesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) assessment of right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) areas. Using quantitative morphometry on postmortem lung specimens, the proportion of lung tissue occluded by fat was measured.

Results

Mean BP decreased within one minute of BCA, coinciding with the appearance of echogenic material in the RV The RV area increased by 56% (P < 0.05) and LV area decreased by 34% (P < 0.05) while PAP increased from 15 ± 3 mmHg to 39 ± 10 mmHg within one minute (P < 0.001). The PAP remained elevated throughout the study (30 min). Stroke volume decreased in 14/15 dogs, yet cardiac output was maintained by increased heart rate. There was a curvilinear relationship (r=0.87) between the maximum increase in PAP and the proportion of lung occupied by fat.

Conclusion

In this model, stroke volume decreased within one minute of BCA when fat embolism accompanied prosthesis insertion. The TEE detected an increased RV area and reduced LV area associated with decreased stroke volume. The maintenance of cardiac output after intraoperative fat embolism depends primarily on the ability to increase heart rate.     

Transoesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular function during transvenous defibrillator implantation

Background: Intraoperative testing and defibrillation threshold determination may jeopardise patients, scheduled for implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The purpose of this study was the assessment of the influence of consecutive defibrillation attempts on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function by means of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Methods: Eighteen patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias that were resistant to antiarrhythmic drugs were monitored with TEE before, during and after implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator. Left ventricular fractional area contraction as a measure of ejection fraction was assessed before and after each defibrillation attempt. Transmitral and right upper pulmonary venous flow parameters were evaluated before and after the whole implantation procedure. Results: Adequate data were available in 14 patients during 4 consecutive attempts. No major alterations were observed in heart rate or fractional area contraction, measured at 30 s and 3 min after defibrillation. Overall, the ratio of early-to-late transmitral filling decreased significantly after the implantation procedure (from 0.91±0.12 to 0.82±0.14; P<0.05). Systolic pulmonary venous flow velocity decreased from 0.49±0.11 to 0.41±0.10 m/s (P=0.04); this decrease was observed in both groups. A significant increase of the atrial contraction wave (from 0.25±0.06 to 0.34±0.07 m/s; P<0.03) was seen. Subdividing patients related to their preoperative ejection fraction, a significant decrease of the early-to-late transmitral filling of the LV was revealed in patients with ejection fraction less than 35% (group 1). Also, a significantly lower systolic fraction of the pulmonary venous flow after ICD implantation in conjunction with a significantly longer diastolic flow time was shown in this patient group in comparison with patients with a preoperative ejection fraction of more than 35% (group 2). Conclusion: Defibrillation threshold testing of the ICD system changes LV inflow characteristics and impedes diastolic function of the left ventricle and may thus precipitate heart failure by this mechanism. No deleterious effects of threshold testing were observed with respect to fractional area contraction nor any deterioration of LV function was found in a clinically significant amount due to consecutive defibrillation attempts.     

无创性血流动力学检查在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在腹腔镜胆囊切除术围手术期股静脉血流动力学检测中的作用及意义。方法采用二维灰阶超声、彩色多普勒血流显像及脉冲多普勒超声技术相结合,对28例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者围手术期及手术期间股静脉横截面积、流速及流量的变化进行测定。结果(1)与术前麻醉状态(BASELINE期)相比,单纯给予气腹(PP期)后,股静脉横截面积由(0.72±0.31)cm2增至(1.08±0.31)cm2(P=0.004),流速由(14.23±11.96)cm/s降至(5.50±2.63)cm/s(P=0.017),流量由(596.49±477.95)ml/min降至(340.41±166.14)ml/min(P=0.018);与PP期相比较,气腹及头高脚低位(PP和RT期)时,股静脉横截面积增大[(1.32±0.14)cm2,P=0.039]、流速降低[(4.40±1.75)cm/s,P=0.034],流量[(346.69±142.66)ml/min,P=0.067]则未见明显降低;与BASELINE期相比,手术后(PO期)股静脉横截面积恢复至术前状态[(0.86±0.15)cm2,P=0.222],股静脉流速[(11.35±8.02)cm/s,P=0.412]、流量[(566.94±348.55)ml/min,P=0.840]也基本得以恢复。(2)彩色多普勒血流结合脉冲多普勒的检测结果显示,28例患者中21例可见股静脉内的血流停滞,其中15例出现返流现象。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中由于气腹和头高脚低位体位(reverse Trendelenburg position,RT)的双重作用,股静脉内血流缓慢,甚至会出现短暂的血流停滞、返流等现象,因此,腹腔镜手术围手术期可应用彩色多普勒超声检查以利早期检出下肢深静脉血栓性病变。     

Cardiorespiratory changes during laparoscopic fundoplication in children

The results of a prospective assessment of cardiorespiratory changes related to anaesthesia and laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication are described in 25 children aged 1.2 to 14.3 years, weighing 9.0 to 64.0 kg. Respiratory disease or oesophagitis were present in 68% cases. During balanced inhalational anaesthesia, hypotension or bradycardia occurred prior to peritoneal insufflation in three cases of reverse Trendelenburg position. During surgery, intra-abdominal pressure was in the 6–10 mmHg range. Transiently, two patients were hypotensive while ten were hypertensive. PETCO₂ gradually increased but only two patients required increased minute ventilation. One bronchial intubation episode developed. Airway complications were related to isoflurane administration. Postoperatively, transient hypoxia (25% cases) was observed during the first 3 h. Analgesia duration was in the 40–1440 min range. Hospital stay was 5.6 ± 1.5 days (mean ± SD). Laparoscopic paediatric fundoplication is safe when hypovolaemia and postoperative hypoxia are prevented.     

Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of hemodynamic function during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in healthy patients

Background: This study aimed by means of transesophageal echocardiography, to evaluate hemodynamic changes induced by pneumoperitoneum in patients with normal cardiac performance. Methods: In this study, 11 ASA I–II patients (mean age, 39 years) with normal cardiac performance undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were evaluated. A 5-MHz transesophageal biplane phased-array transducer connected to an echocardiographer was inserted after induction of anesthesia. Data were collected at three different times: before insufflation (T1), 10 min after insufflation (T2), and 5 min after desufflation (T3). At these same times, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO₂), and peak airway pressure were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: End-systolic and end-diastolic diameters of the left ventricle, contractility, and performance parameters did not change significantly. Conversely, at insufflation, color Doppler area of the mitral backflow increased significantly (p < 0.05) when already present or showed up abruptly (T1: 0.22 ± 0.28 cm²; T2: 1.28 ± 1.02 cm²; T3: 0.49 ± 0.53 cm²). Conclusions: Such an event is not interpreted as a mitral insufficiency. It is possibly the result of a ``contrast effect' caused by the absorption of CO₂ microbubbles in the blood. Received: 12 April 1998/Accepted: 23 June 1999     

Cardiocirculatory changes during videolaparoscopy in children: an echocardiographic study

We examined cardiovascular changes associated with intra-abdominal insufflation in 20 children (mean age 6.1+/-4.7 years, ASA physical status I or II) undergoing laparoscopic surgery with general anaesthesia using echocardiography with a transthoracic approach. Intra-abdominal pressure never exceeded 10 mmHg. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, endtidal CO2, peak, and mean airway pressure increased during intra-abdominal insufflation (P < 0.001). Pneumoperitoneum was associated with increases (P<0.001) in left ventricular enddiastolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume and left ventricular endsystolic meridional wall stress. In addition, before, during and after intra-abdominal insufflation, left ventricular fractional shortening and left ventricular ejection fraction, underwent slight, insignificant changes. Pneumoperitoneum in children has a major impact on cardiac volumes and function, mainly through the effect on ventricular load conditions. The sharp increase in intra-abdominal pressure affects both preload and afterload, while systolic cardiac performance remains unchanged.     

Horseshoe kidney injury during laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy

apd: 20 October 2000     

自制静脉止血带在儿童腹腔镜疝修补手术中的应用

目的探讨自制静脉止血带在儿童腹腔镜疝修补手术中的应用价值及护理经验。 方法选择2017年1月至2018年12月,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院行儿童腹腔镜疝修补手术224例患儿的临床资料。将2017年1至12月行手术治疗的115例患儿设置为对照组,使用传统圆形止血带进行静脉穿刺。2018年1至12月行手术治疗的109例患儿设置为观察组,使用自制静脉止血带进行静脉穿刺。比较2组穿刺疼痛度及穿刺成功率。 结果观察组在减轻静脉穿刺疼痛度,提高静脉穿刺成功率方面与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论自制止血带的应用可以减轻儿童腹腔镜疝修补手术静脉穿刺疼痛度提高静脉输液成功率。     

Use of impedance cardiography to monitor haemodynamic changes during laparoscopy in children

METHODS: Haemodynamic changes were measured noninvasively using impedance cardiography (ICG) in 30 ASA I children during laparoscopic varicocelectomy under general anaesthesia. After induction and intubation, mechanical ventilation was started, then pneumoperitoneum (PP) was created. During the course of anaesthesia, values of endtidal CO2 pressue (PECO2), peak inspiratory airway pressure (PIP), heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac index (CI) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) were recorded at 1 min intervals. We analysed four periods: T1, before induction; T2, after induction; T3, during PP; T4, after desufflation of PP until awake. RESULTS: After induction of anaesthesia a significant reduction of HR, MABP and CI was recorded. Creating PP together with the use of a 15 degrees head down tilt resulted in a further drop in CI, mainly caused by the reduction of SVI, and an elevation of MABP and SVRI. We measured a 25% total decrease of CI. CONCLUSION: Our patients tolerated this significant reduction of cardiac output well. We have demonstrated that ICG can be used to track the haemodynamic changes caused by PP in children, and suggest that this type of monitoring is useful in this group of age during laparoscopy.     

Simultaneous laparoscopic prosthetic mesh inguinal herniorrhaphy during transperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

Concurrent repair of inguinal hernias during open radical retropubic prostatectomy is well described and commonly practiced. With the advent of the laparoscopic approach to radical prostatectomy, the possibility of concurrent laparoscopic hernia repair merits investigation. We present a case of simultaneous prosthetic mesh onlay hernia repair for bilateral inguinal hernias during laparoscopic transperitoneal radical prostatectomy.     

两种麻醉方式对小儿腹腔镜疝修补术围术期应激反应的影响(随机对照研究)

目的：比较两种麻醉方法对小儿腹腔镜疝修补术（1aparoscopic herniorrhaphy，LH）应激反应的影响。方法：ASAI～Ⅱ级择期行LH息儿60例，年龄1～5岁，随机分为骶麻复合丙泊酚静脉全麻组（C组）和气管内插管全麻组（G组）各30例。检测术中不同时点血浆皮质醇（Cor）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺素（E）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）水平，并观察平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）的变化，检测动脉血气，记录术后恢复情况及麻醉费用。结果：C组气腹后各时点Cor、NE、E、ACHT水平与气腹前的差异无显著性（P〉0．05），G组气腹后上述各指标显著高于气腹前（P〈0．05），且显著高于C组同时点（P〈0．05）。与气腹前比较，C组气腹后MAP及HR变化差异无显著性（P〉0．05），G组显著升高（P〈0．05），两组息儿气腹30min后PaCO：均显著增加（P〈0．05），停气腹后恢复至气腹前水平。C组麻醉苏醒时间明显快于G组[（14，7±4．9）minvs（22．1±5．4）min，t=-5．583，P=0．000]；C组术后镇痛需求率显著低于G组（5／30vs13／30，x^2=5．079，P=0．024），术后恶心、呕吐发生率差异无显著性（6／30vs11／30 ,x^2=2．052，P=0．152）；C组麻醉费用比G组明显减少[（599±62）元vs（1964±238）元，t=-30．504，P=0．000]。结论：骶麻复合丙泊酚静脉全麻可有效抑制小儿LH围术期的应激反应且经济安全，患儿术毕苏醒质量改善。     

Transoesophageal acoustic quantification for evaluation of cardiac function during laparoscopic surgery

Pneumoperitoneum may be poorly tolerated in patients with marginal cardiopulmonary function. Transoesophageal echocardiography is a relatively non-invasive technique that can track changes in left ventricular cavity area using acoustic quantification and has been found to provide a reliable, real-time estimation of left ventricular function. We evaluated mid-papillary fractional area change during pneumoperitoneum in 17 healthy adult patients (group 1) and 17 with hypertension and/or ischaemic heart disease (group 2) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Peritoneal insufflation led to significant (p < 0.01) decreases in fractional area change and an increase in mean blood pressure. There was no significant change in heart rate. Patients with cardiovascular disease who had a > 30% decrease in fractional area change following carbon dioxide insufflation (group 2B) were given an intravenous infusion of glyceryl trinitrate. In groups 1 and 2A, fractional area change improved slightly with head-up tilt and continued to improve over the course of surgery. Glyceryl trinitrate led to a significant increase in fractional area change and a decrease in mean blood pressure back to baseline values. We conclude that peritoneal insufflation of carbon dioxide results in a significant increase in cardiac workload that is well tolerated in patients with no cardiovascular disease. Coexisting cardiovascular disease can result in even more pronounced impairment of cardiac function, which may not be predictable by clinical assessment or adequately determined by routine monitoring. We recommend the use of transoesophageal acoustic quantification as a monitor in these patients and the administration of glyceryl trinitrate to ameliorate myocardial stress.     

Prosthetic reinforcement of posterior cruroplasty during laparoscopic hiatal herniorrhaphy

Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux after Nissen fundoplication may occur if the wrap herniates into the thorax. In an attempt to prevent recurrent hiatal hernia we employed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) mesh reinforcement of posterior cruroplasty during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and hiatal herniorrhaphy. Three patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux and a large (≥8 cm) hiatal defect underwent laparoscopic posterior cruroplasty and Nissen fundoplication. The cruroplasty was reinforced with a PTFE onlay. No perioperative complications occurred, and in follow-up (≤11 months) the patients are doing well. When repairing a large defect of the esophageal hiatus during fundoplication, the surgeon may consider reinforcement of the repair with PTFE mesh. Received: 5 March 1996/Accepted: 3 June 1996