创伤性浮肩的手术修复与重建

目的 探讨创伤性浮肩手术修复与重建的效果.方法 对16例浮肩损伤行切开复位重建钢板内固定术.其中锁骨横行骨折1例,斜行骨折6例,粉碎性骨折9例;肩胛骨骨折Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型4例,Ⅳ型6例,Ⅴ型2例.合并伤:肋骨骨折伴血气胸6例,创伤性湿肺2例,颅脑损伤2例,肝脾破裂2例,臂丛神经损伤1例.伤后至手术时间3～21 d,平均7 d.结果 随访15例,随访时间6～28个月,平均11个月.全部获得骨性愈合,无感染,无钢板及螺钉松动和断裂.根据Herscvici等功能评价标准,肩关节功能恢复优11例,良3例,可1例,优良率93%.结论 创伤性浮肩的手术修复与重建,最大限度地恢复了肩关节及周边的解剖结构和稳定性,缩短肩关节制动及固定时间,有利于肩关节功能恢复,减少并发症的发生.     

War injuries of the extremities: twelve-year follow-up data

BACKGROUND: More than 75% of all injuries in modern wars are injuries of the extremities, usually with highly contaminated wounds and major soft tissue destruction. In this review, we present the late functional results for 35 of 41 wounded patients who sustained solitary war injuries of the extremities with open fractures. METHODS: During a 6-month period from August 1991 to February 1992, of a total of 1,050 injured patients, 49 wounded patients with isolated open fractures of the extremities were treated in General Hospital Nova Gradiska (Nova Gradiska, Croatia). The mean age was 34 years (range, 17-85 years); 44 wounded patients (90%) were male and 37 (76%) were soldiers. With primary amputations for 8 (16%) of 49 injured patients, external fixation was performed for 27 wounded patients (66%); primary internal fixation was applied for eight wounded patients (19.5%). After 12 years, 35 (85%) of the injured patients were available for evaluation concerning (a) fractured bone nonunion, (b) osteomyelitis, (c) late amputation, (d) nerve palsy, and (e) function. RESULTS: Osteomyelitis occurred for five patients (12%), only one with primary external fixation. In two cases of delayed conversion of external fixation to internal fixation, osteomyelitis occurred, requiring external fixator restoration. This has been no recurrence of osteomyelitis in the past 5 years and, after 12 years, more than three-fourths of wounded patients showed no or mild reduction of function of related proximal and distal joints. According to Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living scores, grade B was found for only two wounded patients, with grade A for the others. CONCLUSION: The application of external fixation is the first and definitive choice of treatment for war-related open fractures of extremities, producing good late functional results. Conversion of external fixation to internal fixation leads to osteomyelitis, demanding another operation and application of secondary external fixation.     

锁骨钩锁定钢板系统治疗锁骨远端NeerⅡ型骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨应用锁骨钩锁定钢板系统治疗锁骨远端NeerⅡ型骨折的临床效果。方法 2010年3月~2013年4月,采用切开复位锁骨钩锁定钢板系统内固定治疗锁骨远端NeerⅡ型骨折患者20例,男性12例,女性8例;年龄18~65岁,平均38岁。道路交通伤8例,跌伤12例,均为急性损伤。术后采用日本骨科协会(JOA)肩部疾患评分标准进行疗效分析。结果术后患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,无术后早期并发症发生。20例患者均获9~36个月随访,平均17.4个月。根据JOA肩部疾患疗效评分标准,JOA总平均分为94.1分,疼痛评分为26.0分,功能评分为18.8分,活动范围评分为26.5分。X线检查示锁骨骨折于术后3~6个月愈合,平均3.9个月,未发现骨折不愈合病例。结论应用锁骨钩锁定钢板系统治疗锁骨远端NeerⅡ型骨折固定可靠,能早期行功能锻炼,术中应保护肩袖和肩锁关节周围组织减少损伤,骨折愈合后内固定需尽早取出。     

外固定复位器在复杂胫骨平台骨折中的应用

目的观察外固定复位器在治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的作用。方法采用外固定器复位有限微创双切口内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折30例。结果30例均获随访,随访时间为14~30个月,平均20个月,切口均一期愈合,未发生骨折不愈合,按照Lysholm评分标准,优良率为93.33%。结论外固定器复位有限切开内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折复位容易,手术时间短,对膝关节软组织创伤小,固定牢靠能早期进行功能锻炼,是复杂胫骨平台骨折较为理想的治疗方法。     

Performance of military tasks after clavicle plating

Management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in the military, a largely shoulder-bearing population, is controversial. We aimed to report the military-relevant functional outcomes after plate fixation. We performed a nested cross-sectional analysis of active duty service members enrolled in an ongoing multicenter, randomized trial on clavicle plating. For this analysis, we included subjects with 26 months follow-up. Outcome measures included radiographic appearance, physical examination, a military-specific questionnaire, and validated shoulder surveys. Mean follow-up for 28 clavicle fractures was 13 months. Union rate by 12 weeks was 93% (26/28). There was one case of soft tissue irritation requiring hardware removal. At latest follow-up, 75% of patients were satisfied; 68% had mild/no pain; 79% had full range of motion; 75% could perform push-ups; and 21% have deployed. For the majority of active duty personnel, rapid healing, return to military-specific tasks, and satisfaction with outcome are possible after plate fixation of clavicle fractures. However, approximately 25% report some functional limitations at 1 year.     

双钢板内固定治疗锁骨近端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨采用双钢板内固定术治疗锁骨近端粉碎性骨折的方法及临床疗效。方法 2011年2月-2012年11月采用切开复位锁骨近端双钢板内固定治疗13例锁骨近端粉碎性骨折患者,其中男性5例,女性8例;年龄42-72岁,平均57.7岁。致伤原因：道路交通伤6例,运动伤4例,坠落伤3例。均为闭合性骨折,受伤至手术时间为12-72h,平均为48h。术前行锁骨正轴位X线片以及CT三维重建扫描检查,以了解骨折的损伤类型、受累范围以及有无合并同侧肩胛骨损伤。根据Craig分型：Ⅱ型5例、Ⅲ型3例、Ⅳ型3例、Ⅴ型2例。术后定期摄X线片观察骨折愈合情况。采用美国肩肘外科医师学会（American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons,ASES）标准评价术后肩关节功能,同时记录相关并发症发生情况。结果 13例均获得随访,随访时间为7-18个月,平均12.3个月。X线片示术后5-6个月骨折端愈合,平均5.2个月。末次随访时未见内固定失败、骨不连、钢板周围骨折、创伤性关节炎等并发症发生。末次随访时ASES评分为87-92分,平均90.2分,与健侧肩关节的功能评分接近。结论采用双钢板内固定术治疗锁骨近端粉碎性骨折可以在直视下实现解剖复位,可获得坚强稳定的固定效果,是一种安全可靠的治疗方法。     

锁定钢板外置治疗胫骨骨折的初步病例报告

目的观察外置锁定钢板固定一期或二期治疗胫骨骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析三峡大学仁和医院2015年1月-2016年6月应用外置锁定钢板固定治疗的6例胫骨骨折患者,其中男性5例,女性1例;年龄17~55岁,平均34岁。开放性骨折3例,闭合骨折并腘动脉损伤1例,闭合骨折并骨筋膜室综合征2例。观察手术情况、术后创面闭合情况、骨折愈合时间、手术并发症。结果开放性骨折共3例,其中2例急诊全麻下行创面清创,直视下复位骨折断端、克氏针临时固定,1例中段骨折取胫骨锁定钢板,另1例下段骨折取胫骨远端解剖型锁定板。骨筋膜室高压2例,其中近段骨折1例、中段骨折1例,在入院6h内腰麻下行筋膜室双切口开放减压。胫骨近端闭合性骨折合并腘动脉1例,患者同时合并对侧股骨远端闭合骨折、脾破裂、胰腺挫伤,多发肋骨骨折血气胸,急诊行损害控制性手术。所有病例均获随防,平均10个月(6~12个月)。所有病例均获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间6个月(3~11个月),浅表皮肤针道感染2例,伤口处理后愈合。所有病例均未发生医源性神经血管损害、深部感染或移植物断裂等并发症。结论外置锁定钢板固定胫骨骨折可作为部分软组织条件不良的胫骨骨折固定的选择之一。     

唇颏部损伤的急诊美容修复

目的总结唇颏部损伤急诊处理与美容修复的经验。方法回顾性总结2004年9月~2014年12月收治的137例185处唇颏部损伤患者的临床资料,男性89例,女性48例,年龄1~52岁,平均12.2岁。遵照医学美学和整形美容外科原则,不刻意强调清创时机,采用高压冲洗技术彻底清创;若无皮肤软组织缺损,采用新的缝合技术分层严密缝合,针距和边距0.2cm;若有皮肤软组织缺损,按照"宁近勿远,宁简勿繁"的修复原则,分别选择各种皮瓣修复;注重康复治疗。结果本组137例185处伤口,139处不伴组织缺损的伤口美容缝合后伤口一期愈合;38处伴组织缺损的伤口,以29个局部皮瓣、9个皮下蒂皮瓣和3个黏膜瓣修复,各组织瓣均100%成活,伤口一期愈合;5处延期修复的伤口,2处直接缝合,3处伴组织缺损者以局部皮瓣修复,伤口均一期愈合。所有伤口外形均良好,患者满意。术后3~12个月随访121例167处伤口,绝大多数瘢痕较轻,效果良好。结论在唇颏部损伤急诊处理中,遵照"创伤美容修复"理念,充分运用美学理论和整形美容外科技术,实施及时准确的治疗,即能实现美容修复的目标。     

Reconstruction of facial defects due to war injuries using vascularized pedicled galeal and parietal bone grafts

Combat wounds are basically extensive and destructive. Such injuries cause defects of soft and bone structures of the face and neck. During primary surgical management of maxillofacial combat wounds the principle of minimal bone and soft tissue debridment was respected. Definitive reconstruction of the defect was performed after two or three months, when infection was cured and adjacent tissues were restituted. Each combat wound leaves behind fibrous changes in surrounding tissues. Success of the reconstructive procedures is more certain if flaps with its own blood supply are used, either arterial or vascularized grafts from the other parts of body (by microvascular technique). This paper presents our experiences with galeal flap in reconstruction of facial soft tissue defects, as well as galea, together with external table of parietal bone in reconstruction of soft and bony tissues of maxillofacial in 15 patients.     

War injuries of the talus

Twenty-eight patients with war fractures of the talus were reviewed to determine the incidence of infection and late functional results. The average age of our patients was 37.5 years. Twenty-one injuries were explosive fractures that resulted from shell fragments or mines; seven fractures resulted from gunshot missiles. Seven patients had isolated talus injuries, whereas 21 patients had associated fractures of other bones of the foot or lower leg. All patients were initially treated with debridement, tetanus immunization, intravenous antibiotics, and stabilization, either with cast immobilization or an external fixator. Five days after injury, wound cultures were positive in 25 of 28 feet. Infection was eventually eradicated in all patients, allowing for soft tissue coverage. One patient eventually required a below-knee amputation. The patients were reviewed for functional outcome at 36 to 60 months after injury. Most patients reported a certain degree of residual complaints. The overall result can be considered excellent in only one patient.     

记忆合金环抱器与重建钢板内固定治疗锁骨中段骨折的前瞻性比较

目的 比较记忆合金环抱器内固定与重建钢板内固定治疗有移位或粉碎性锁骨中段骨折的临床效果.方法 65例有移位或粉碎性锁骨中段骨折患者行记忆合金环抱器内固定或重建钢板内固定的治疗.其中记忆合金环抱器内固定组共30例患者,平均年龄28.1岁;重建钢板内固定组共35例患者,平均年龄26.1岁.所有患者得到12个月随访并进行肩关节功能评分.结果与重建钢板内固定组相比,记忆合金环抱器内固定组手术切口小、手术时间短、术中出血量少(P<0.05),记忆合金环抱器内固定组的术中损伤明显小于重建钢板内固定组;两组住院时间、住院费用、术后骨折愈合率、JOA肩关节功能评分差异无统计学意义.结论 记忆合金环抱器内固定治疗有移位或粉碎性锁骨中段骨折的疗效优于重建钢板内固定.     

Lisfranc关节损伤后局部软组织损伤对足部功能的影响

目的 评价Lisfranc关节损伤后局部软组织损伤程度与足部功能恢复程度之间的关系.方法 自2000年11月至2006年4月,共收治新鲜Lisfranc关节损伤患者43例(45足),平均年龄32岁.所有患者关节面均无毁损,未行融合手术,均行切开复位内固定,故可排除骨性因素影响.按跖跗关节损伤Quenu-Kuss分型:A型14足,B型21足,C型10足;按AO分类局部软组织损伤程度分为:不伴严重软组织损伤组29足和伴严重软组织损伤组16足,其中10例伴局部严重软组织损伤(1例伴足筋膜间隔综合征).术前时间平均7 d,所有患者均行切开复位内固定手术,术后石膏固定8～12周,均进行足负重正侧位X线检查和美国骨科足踝外科医师协会(AOFAS)功能评定.结果 随访时间12～69个月,平均37个月.所有患者均达到解剖复位,32例患者对手术疗效感到满意.术后AOFAS功能评定,关节损伤不伴严重软组织损伤组97分,伴严重软组织损伤组82分(P<0.05).结论 Lisfranc关节损伤后,足部功能恢复的程度不仅与关节损伤的程度相关,还与局部软组织损伤的程度相关.     

Reconstruction of the infected war defects of the tibia: a fragment elongation according to the Ilizarov technique

INTRODUCTION/AIM: The treatment of tibia defects complicated with chronic osteomyelitis is difficult, often requiring one or more surgical interventions with prolonged periods of functional incapacity. METHODS: We treated 20 patients with tibia defects, who had been wounded during the war operations in the former Yugoslavia, complicated with chronic osteomyelitis by applying the Ilizarov apparatus. In 10 patients with the average defect of 4.7 cm, interfragmentary diastasis of 1.5 cm, and 3.1 cm of shortening we applied the bilocal synchronous compressive - distractive method (BSCD). In the remaining 10 patients with average defect of 6.4 cm, interfragmentary diastasis of 5.5 cm, and 1.6 cm of shortening we applied bilocal alternating distractive - compressive osteosynthesis (BADC). RESULTS: The average followup was 93 months. In the group A, the average distraction index was 10.6, maturation index 39.8, and external fixation index 52.5. In the group B, the average distraction index was 11.7, maturation index 47.1, and external fixation index 60.1. The average time from the application to the apparatus removing was in the group A 6.5 months, and in the group B 11.9 months. There were 27 complications: 11 problems, 8 disturbs, and 8 true complications. Pin-track inflammation of the soft tissue was noted most frequently (6 patients). CONCLUSIONS: One stage of repairing inflamation and the restitution of defect in lower leg tissue was the advantage of this type of treatment. All of the patients recovered. There was not any bad result, either in osteal or in functional outcome.     

Bony injuries of the shoulder

The complex anatomy and functioning of the shoulder may challenge the radiologist. In this review the patterns of injury and radiographic findings for bony injuries of the shoulder are illustrated. The radiographic and cross-sectional imaging findings in fractures of the clavicle, scapula, and proximal humerus and in dislocations of the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral articulations are discussed.     

联合 Ilizarov 及 VSD 技术治疗合并软组织缺损的胫骨干骨缺损

目的：探讨Ilizarov技术及VSD技术联合使用在治疗合并软组织缺损的胫骨干骨缺损中的临床应用效果。方法选择2011年2月～2014年7月收治的合并软组织缺损的胫骨干骨缺损患者28例,男性18例,女性10例;年龄13～62岁,平均37.6岁。骨缺损长度2.5～10.8cm,平均6.7cm,软组织缺损面积（1.5cm ×3.5cm～4.5cm ×8.8cm,平均2.7cm ×6.4cm）。一期清创,清除感染及粉碎严重的骨质,胫骨干骺端截骨,安装Ilizarov外固定架,VSD护创材料覆盖创面,术后1周行皮肤及骨组织同时推移。结果所有患者随访5～23个月,平均15个月。骨缺损均得以重建并骨性愈合,患侧肢体长度与健侧之差＜1.5cm,创面均愈合。外固定指数1.3～2.5个月／cm,平均2.05个月／cm。结论联合Ilizarov及VSD技术治疗合并软组织缺损的胫骨干骨缺损疗效满意,实现了骨与软组织缺损的同期治疗。     

External skeletal fixation of the tibial shaft fractures

AIM: To present the possibility of a succesfful use of external skelatal fixation in treating the open and closed tibial shaft fractures with Mitkovi?'s external fixator. METHODS: External fixation was used in 115 patients with 118 fresh tibial shaft fractures, 82 males (71.3%) and 33 females (28.7%), average age 43.92 years (16-84). Open tibial shaft fractures were present in 37 (31.36%). All the fractures were treated with Mitkovi?'s external fixator type M 20. RESULTS: The results of external fixation were excellent or good in 94.07% of the cases, and bad in 5.08%. Pin tract infection appeared in 7 (5.93%) patients. In only 3 cases an external fixator was removed and treatment continued with the functional braces. Nonunion occurred in 6 (5.08%) patients, of which 4 were with open fractures (2 Gustilo type IIIB, 1 Gustilo type IIIA, 1 Gustilo type II) and 2 with the segment fractures. Compartment syndrome was observed in 1 (0.85%) patient with closed fracture. Malunion was found in 2 (1.69%) patients. CONCLUSION: External fixation of tibial shaft fractures is a simple and effective method to enable the safe healing of fractures, early mobilization of the patients, early weight-bearing, as well as early rehabilitation. Fixation of tibial shaft fractures was unilateral with convergent pins orientation, and there was also a possibility of compression and distraction.     

Early failure of external fixation in the management of war injuries

OBJECTIVE: To review external fixation in the management of war injuries. METHOD: We prospectively followed up 15 external fixators (14 patients) applied in the management of war injuries. All these patients were treated at 202 Field Hospital during the 2003 Gulf Conflict. RESULTS: Of the 15 fixators, 13 (86.7%) required early revision or removal due to complications of the injury or the fixator. Instability was a problem with 10 fixators (67%), pin loosening was noted with 5 fixators (33%) involving twelve pins, and a significant pin track infection developed at 14 pin sites (3 fixators - 20%), which failed to resolve despite intravenous antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a very high early complication rate of external fixation in the management of military injuries and cautions against its universal acceptance. If used, consideration must be given to the optimum time of frame application, whether at the time of initial debridement or at a later operation, and the optimal frame design, which will depend on the specific bone and fracture pattern. Pin site care must also be considered, particularly with the restrictions imposed by the military environment.     

The "floating ankle": a pattern of violent injury. Treatment with thin-pin external fixation

The "floating ankle" is an underappreciated pattern of injury that results from violent trauma and/or blast injuries in military personnel. It is characterized by an intact ankle mortise with a distal tibia fracture and an ipsilateral foot fracture, creating instability around the ankle. This pattern of injury may be the result of the military boot, which both protects the foot from immediate amputation or further injury and renders the distal tibia susceptible to fracture at the boot top. Four patients with open floating ankle injuries were treated with thin-pin circular fixation with good results. Two patients required bone transport for segmental loss. All patients are ambulatory without assistance or bracing. Thin-pin external fixation is a reasonable approach to this complex injury pattern, especially in the presence of marked soft tissue compromise with or without segmental bone loss.     

Management of clavicle fractures

Fractures of the clavicle are relatively common injuries that can occur in patients of all ages. The history and physical examination remain the primary means of diagnosing this injury. Plain radiographs are helpful to confirm the diagnosis and to provide information regarding fracture classification, prognosis, and treatment options. The emphasis of this article is on the management of these injuries. Historically, only unstable distal clavicle fractures were treated operatively. However, recent well-conducted studies demonstrate that plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures may result in improved functional outcome and a lower rate of malunion and non-union, compared with non-operative treatment. For clavicle fractures managed non-operatively, the sling-and-swathe or figure-of-eight splints remain appropriate options. Multiple factors should be considered when counseling an athlete on the appropriate time to return to sports participation after a clavicle fracture.     

浮肩损伤的临床特征和治疗

目的 总结浮肩损伤（floating shoulder injury，FSI）的临床特征和治疗效果。方法1993年1月-2004年9月收治浮肩损伤患者8例，除2例行锁骨固定带固定外，其余6例均行手术治疗，其中单纯行锁骨切开复位重建钢板内固定1例，同时行肩胛骨内固定5例。受伤至手术时间为2h～7d，平均3．5d，术后6个月对患肩功能进行Constant评分判定疗效，并对浮肩损伤的临床特征和治疗进行总结。结果6例患者经过6个月～3年（平均11个月）的随访，锁骨和肩胛骨骨折均愈合，肩关节活动范围无明显受限，但有2例患者在举重物时肩关节有轻度的疼痛，1例患侧上肢肌力较对侧稍减弱。术后6个月患肩功能Constant评分平均为93分。结论浮肩损伤多为高能量暴力所致的不稳定性肩胛带损伤，在治疗方案上尚存争议。但对移位明显的浮肩损伤以及有伴发伤的浮肩损伤进行手术治疗是必要的。