Fascioliasis: US, CT, and MRI findings with new observations

Background: The purpose of this study is to describe the ultrasonographic (US), computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in fascioliasis and to emphasize the impact of radiology in diagnosis. Methods: Radiologic findings in 23 consecutive patients with fascioliasis were prospectively recorded. All patients had at least one US and CT examination, and 10 of them were studied by MRI. All diagnoses were confirmed by serologic methods. In the first three cases, initial diagnosis was reached by microscopic demonstration of the parasites' eggs in bile obtained by US-guided gallbladder aspiration. Results: In the hepatic phase of fascioliasis, multiple, confluent, linear, tractlike, hypodense, nonenhancing hepatic lesions were detected by CT. On US, the parasites could be clearly identified in the gallbladder or common bile duct as floating and nonshadowing echogenic particles. MRI showed the lesions as hypo- or isointense on T1-weighted images and as hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Conclusions: CT findings in the hepatic phase and US findings in the biliary phase are characteristic of fascioliasis. Because clinical and laboratory findings of fascioliasis may easily be confused with several diseases, radiologists should be familiar with the specific radiologic findings of the disease to shorten the usual long-lasting diagnostic process. Received: 15 December 1999/Accepted: 26 January 2000     

Endoscopic sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration yield in submucosal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

OBJECTIVE: To study the yield of endoscopic ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination in the diagnosis of submucosal masses. METHODS: From 1999 to 2003, 10 patients underwent ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration for the cytologic diagnosis of submucosal masses in our institution. The endoscopic ultrasonography records and the cytology database were consulted, and the reports were analyzed, as were slide material and the technical aspects related to these procedures. All procedures were performed under conscious sedation and cardiorespiratory monitoring on an outpatient basis. Ten patients (4 men and 6 women; mean age, 60.8 years) were studied. RESULTS: Eight lesions were located in the stomach, and 2 were located in the esophagus, with a mean diameter of 3.3 cm. An experienced cytopathologist was present on-site during all procedures for assessment of adequacy and preliminary cytologic examination. Cytologic diagnoses were obtained in 8 cases as follows: 6 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 1 organizing submucosal hematoma, and 1 low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-associated lymphoma. Two cases consisted of scant gastric epithelium only and were considered nondiagnostic. The cytologic diagnoses guided further clinical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration with cytopathologic analysis has a high accuracy rate (80%) for diagnosing submucosal lesions. These findings potentially affect clinical decision making.     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的影像学表现

目的：探讨原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的影像学特征。方法：回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的CT和MRI表现。结果：3例位于脑实质内，单发，分别位于基底节、深部白质和胼胝体，CT为近等密度，T1WI为稍低信号，T2WI为近等信号，中等水肿，增强后明显均匀强化。2例位于脊柱硬膜外，包绕脊髓，并累及数个椎体和附件，1例尚可见椎旁肿块。结论：中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的发病年龄、发生部位、强化程度等有一定特征性，但与其它中枢神经系统病变有相似之处，通过仔细分析，可以作出正确诊断并为临床治疗方法的选择提供依据。     

肝脏增强CT与肝脏MRI在肝癌中的诊断准确率比较

目的：比较肝脏增强C T与肝脏M RI对肝癌诊断的准确率,以期提高该病的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年6月解放军421医院收治的52例原发性肝癌患者的C T和M RI影像学表现,比较两种方法对肝癌的检出情况。结果 MRI平扫 T1以低信号为主,T2以高信号为主;增强扫描动脉期明显强化CT 46例,M RI 52例,门脉期等密度C T 49例,M RI 47例,延迟期低密度或低信号C T 52例,M RI 50例。肝内病灶、肝内病灶阳性率MRI均明显优于增强CT（P＜0．05）。MRI的诊断准确率明显高于CT（P＜0．05）。对直径小于或等于3 cm的肿瘤而言,MRI的诊断准确率明显高于CT（P＜0．05）,而对于直径大于3 cm的肿瘤二者之间差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论原发性肝癌的增强CT、MRI表现具有一定特征性,但肝脏MRI对肝癌的诊断准确率优于肝脏增强C T ,尤其对于直径小于或等于3 cm的肿瘤。     

CT引导下经皮胸部穿刺活检术的临床应用研究

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮胸部穿刺活检术的准确性、并发症及临床意义。材料与方法:96例病变,其中肺部病变88例,胸膜病变5例,纵隔病变3例。病变大小1.0cm×1.2cm×2.0cm～9.0cm×10.5cm×8.5cm。在CT引导下用细针经皮胸部穿刺活检,病变经手术病理、细胞学及临床随访证实。结果:96例病变中,肺癌68例,肺转移瘤3例,结核6例,胸膜间皮瘤5例,胸腺瘤3例,炎症11例。穿刺准确率为91.7%(88?96),发生气胸14例。结论:CT引导下经皮胸部穿刺活检是一种相对安全、简单准确的诊断方法。     

CT导引下腹部细针穿刺抽吸活检的临床应用

目的:探讨CT导引下腹部细针穿刺抽吸活检技术方法并评价其临床应用。材料与方法:男20例,女7例,年龄7～88岁。穿刺部位包括肝内肿物10例,胰头肿物3例,脾脏肿物、肾脏病灶各1例,腹、盆腔内肿物9例,腹膜后肿物3例。使用岛津SCT3000TC全身CT扫描机作导引,选用18-22G(150mm)Chiba活检针,选择最佳层面、进针路径及取材点穿刺抽吸。结果:腹部细针穿刺抽吸活检阳性率88.9％,2例首次活检为阴性结果,再次活检得到阳性结果,首次活检阳性率82.8％。无任何并发症。结论:CT导引下腹部细针穿刺抽吸活检正确率高、安全,活检方法简便、实用,可为临床制定治疗方案提供可靠依据。     

Ultrasonographically guided percutaneous biopsy of gastric,small bowel,and colonic abnormalities: efficacy and safety.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of sonographically guided percutaneous biopsy of gastric and bowel lesions and to document any associated complications. A retrospective review of all patients undergoing ultrasonographically guided biopsy of gastric, small bowel, or colonic lesions was performed. Cases were evaluated for size of lesion, location, efficacy in obtaining a diagnostic specimen, and any procedure-related complications. A total of 46 biopsies were performed in 44 patients over a 6 year period. Fifteen gastric, four duodenal, seven small bowel, 16 right colonic, and two left colonic lesions were identified. Histologic diagnosis included 20 adenocarcinomas, seven lymphomas, 10 mesenchymal tumors, and two cases of candidal enteritis. In 18 (41%) patients the initial fine-needle aspirate was negative, although 10 of these patients subsequently underwent ultrasonographically guided core biopsy with a diagnosis of neoplasm established in all 10. Two patients with an initial negative result on fine-needle aspiration underwent repeat aspiration, demonstrating malignancy. Two additional false-negative aspirates were obtained; these patients did not undergo repeat biopsy but were subsequently found to have lymphoma. Two of the patients with aspirates that were negative for malignancy were believed to have inflammatory changes secondary to pancreatitis. One patient was lost to follow-up evaluation. No complications were recorded. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration of gastric and bowel lesions is a simple and safe procedure and may be particularly useful with poor candidates for endoscopy or for lesions that are difficult or impossible to reach endoscopically. Diagnostic yield is high, particularly in documenting malignancy, although in suspected stromal tumors a core biopsy often is required.     

副神经节瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的：探讨CT和MRI在副神经节瘤中的诊断价值.方法：回顾性分析26例经手术或病理证实的副神经节瘤的CT和MRI表现,所有26例均行CT扫描,16例行MRI检查.分析肿瘤的位置、大小、形态、密度、信号特点及强化方式.结果：CT表现为边界清楚或不清楚的软组织肿块,肿块呈圆形或类圆形和不规则形.平扫呈等低密度者23例,高密度者3例,增强多为持续性强化,动脉期中度-明显强化,实质期明显强化,延迟期强化程度轻度减低,24例增强后强化不均,病灶内见斑片状出血坏死区,2例强化均匀,1例病灶内有钙化,2例可见病灶周围水肿表现,1例侵犯邻近骨质.6例恶性者肿块向周围结构侵犯,伴有肝脏、双肺或淋巴结转移.肿瘤最大径线为2.5～13.5 cm（平均6.38 cm）.MRI上副神经节瘤多表现为较大软组织肿块,T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI为中等或高信号或不均匀混杂信号,DWI呈高信号,增强扫描肿瘤实质部分明显强化.结论：CT和MRI是副神经节瘤定位、定性诊断的重要影像学检查方法,CT能够很好地显示肿瘤本身及其与周围结构的关系,MRI的信号变化能够反映肿瘤组织学成分的不同,CT和MRI在早期发现病灶、副神经节瘤的诊断与鉴别、判断病灶与周围组织结构的关系方面具有重要意义.     

Lytic bone lesions suspected for metastasis: Ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy

Ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB) was performed in 30 patients with a lytic bone lesion suspected for metastasis detected by conventional radiological examinations. The patients were selected for US-FNAB on the basis of the ability of the ultrasound examination to clearly visualize the lesion. The cytological diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in 3 cases, and at clinical and radiological follow-up after more than 6 months in the remaining cases. The lesions were located mostly in the thoracic skeleton (ribs and sternum) and pelvic bone. We diagnosed malignancy in 26 cases and benign lesions in 2 cases. An inadequate sample was obtained in 1 case, and 1 case yielded a false-negative result. According to these results, we obtained a sensitivity of 93%. We conclude that ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a useful technique to obtain a pathological diagnosis in cases of lytic bone lesions that can be visualized with this imaging technique. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

肝脏炎性假瘤的动态增强CT及MR扫描(附17例分析)

目的:探讨肝脏炎性假瘤的CT、MR表现特点及其诊断价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析17例肝脏炎性假瘤的临床资料及CT、MR动态增强扫描表现,对其影像表现和病理学检查结果进行对照。结果:17例患者共发现20个病灶。CT动态增强扫描显示肝脏炎性假瘤的强化方式多样,其中动脉期呈轻微强化(4例)或无强化(7例);门脉期及延迟扫描常有一定程度强化,常见强化形式为边缘环状强化(7例)或中心点状强化(3例)或偏心状强化(1例)。MR平扫T1WI显示病灶为低信号、略低信号或等信号,T2WI为等信号或高信号。团注Gd-DTPA后,病灶的强化形式与CT动态增强表现相似。结论:肝脏炎性假瘤的强化方式反映了其病理学特征,CT、MR动态增强扫描对其鉴别诊断有重要的价值。     

Nonpalpable breast lesions: pathologic correlation of ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

To evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in routine clinical use, we evaluated retrospectively all of the 781 nonpalpable breast lesions operated on in the Oulu University Hospital during the period 1986 to 1993. There were 86 patients with 90 nonpalpable breast lesions, of which samples were taken by ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Open wire-guided surgical biopsy was obtained in all cases for a histologic diagnosis. Two false-negative results and one insufficient cytologic sample occurred in the 26 malignancies and one false-positive result and two insufficient cytologic samples were found in the 73 benign breast lesions, giving sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall diagnostic accuracy values of 84%, 93%, 94%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. The calculations include the insufficient samples. We conclude that ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a method comparable to mammographic and stereotactic fine-needle aspiration biopsy methods.     

Hepatic metastases of soft tissue angiosarcoma: CT and MR imaging findings

Background: We describe the computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of hepatic metastases caused by soft tissue angiosarcomas to clarify the relation between radiologic appearances and clinicopathologic features.Methods: CT and MR examinations of 13 patients with hepatic metastases of soft tissue angiosarcoma were retrospectively analyzed.Results: Contrast-enhanced CT images showed multiple hypoattenuating lesions relative to the adjacent liver parenchyma. Lesions contained peripheral areas of enhancement in eight patients (62%). Tumors showed cystic attenuation with fluid–fluid levels, which were suggestive of hemorrhage in five patients (38%). In one patient (8%) with cystic attenuation and fluid–fluid levels, lesions also contained marked enhanced nodular portions located centrally or peripherally. On T1-weighted MR images, all four liver tumors appeared heterogeneous and hypointense relative to adjacent liver parenchyma. Fluid–fluid levels were identified on T2-weighted MR images in five patients (38%). After an intravenous bolus of gadolinium-based contrast material was administered, slight peripheral enhancement was seen in three patients (75%).Conclusion: The common CT findings of metastatic angiosarcoma in our series were multiple hypoattenuating lesions often associated with nodular enhancement and cystic lesions with hemorrhagic change.     

原发性脑淋巴瘤的CT和MRI观察

目的:探讨原发性脑淋巴瘤的CT、MRI表现。材料与方法:回顾性分析25例未经治疗的原发性脑淋巴瘤的临床、病理及CT、MRI表现。结果:25例患者共计35个病灶,其中16例患者(19个病灶)同时作MRI检查,所有病灶CT平扫为等或稍高密度,T1WI为等、低信号,其中5个病灶伴局灶性高信号;12个病灶在T2WI上为等、低信号;14个病灶DWI为等、高信号。所有病灶均有增强,18个病灶为均匀增强。13例病理检查,病灶表现为瘤细胞密集、高核浆比,病灶内出血坏死少见。结论:免疫功能正常状态原发性脑淋巴瘤的CT、MR表现有一定特征性,但鉴别诊断仍需仔细谨慎。     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的CT及MRI表现

目的 探讨原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤（PCNSL）的CT及MRI表现特征,以提高术前对该病的影像诊断能力。方法 分析2008年1月—2009年8月华西医院16例经病理证实PCNSL患者的CT、MRI资料及病理资料。结果 病理检查均为B细胞来源的弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤。16例PCNSL 29个病灶,单发11例（69%）,多发5例（31%）18个病灶。病灶好发部位依次是大脑半球临近蛛网膜下腔12个（41.4%）、脑室周围深部白质7个（24.1%）、胼胝体3个（10.3%）。有5例病变CT平扫表现为等或略高于脑实质密度影,无出血和钙化;MRI平扫75.9%（19/25）的病灶T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI等稍低信号,类似“脑膜瘤”样信号,均未见血管流空;增强后病灶大都均匀实质团块状或结节状强化,典型的可出现“尖角征”、“握拳征”,3例可见小囊变,呈“硬环征”。结论 CT对PCNSL的定性诊断作用有限,MRI具有一定特征性表现者,多可作出正确的诊断,但确诊有赖于病理。     

胰腺外病变在18F-FDG PET/CT诊断胰腺癌中的价值

目的：探讨胰腺外病变在PET/CT诊断胰腺癌中的价值。方法：回顾性分析73例因胰腺病变行PET/CT检查的病例,男52例,女21例,年龄30~78岁。手术（18例）、剖腹探查（4例）、细针穿刺（25例）和影像及临床随访（28例）证实恶性47例,良性26例,随访时间为6~17个月。初始诊断仅根据PET/CT所示胰腺原发病变的SUV值和CT征象,并将拟诊为恶性者分为肯定恶性和可疑恶性,胰腺外病变分为转移性和非转移病变,根据胰腺外病变对原发病变的诊断进行修正。分别统计胰腺外病变修正前后PET/CT的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值。结果：PET/CT发现29例有胰腺外病变,26例为转移性病变,3例为非转移性病变,并对21例的诊断进行修正,修正前后PET/CT诊断的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为83.0%、69.2%、78.0%、83.0%、69.2%和93.6%、76.9%、87.7%、88.0%、87.0%。修正后PET/CT的6例假阳性中,3例为实性假乳头状瘤。结论：胰腺外病变,特别是转移性病变,提高了PET/CT诊断胰腺癌的准确性。实性假乳头状瘤是修正后PET/CT假阳性的主要原因之一。     

Primary MALT-lymphoma of the liver: multimodality imaging

MALT lymphoma rarely affects the liver. We present a case of primary MALT lymphoma of the liver, which appeared as multifocal hyperattenuated lesions compared to the fatty liver on unenhanced CT and as moderately hyperintense on T2-weighted and hypointense on T1-weighted MRI. We describe the radiological imaging features and discuss the differential diagnosis.     

Ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of gastrointestinal mass lesions.

Ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed in 78 patients with ultrasonically demonstrable typical gastrointestinal mass lesions. Of these patients, 61 later proved to have malignant lesions (18 in the stomach, three in the small intestine, and 40 in the colon or rectum), and 17 had benign lesions. In 50 of 61 cases of malignant lesions, the cytologic diagnosis was positive for cancer. There were no false positives. It is concluded that when a structure with the ultrasonic characteristics of a gastrointestinal mass lesion is disclosed, fine-needle aspiration biopsy can safely and conveniently differentiate between malignant and benign lesions in most cases. The ultrasonically guided biopsy is suggested as an alternative to endoscopically guided biopsy.     

CT及MRI在肝叶型肝梗死诊断中价值

目的探讨CT及MRI在肝叶型肝梗死诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析6例肝叶型肝梗死患者的CT和／或MRI影像学资料。结果CT和／或MRI显示病灶均呈楔形,沿肝脏边缘分布、尖端指向肝门,其内血管影走行自然、部分稍变细;CT平扫显示病灶呈低密度;MRI平扫显示T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号。结论CT及MRI对肝叶型肝梗死均有重要诊断价值。     

淋巴结细针穿刺标本的流式细胞术分析

目的 评价淋巴结细针穿刺标本流式细胞术分析方法在诊断淋巴结病变,以及在恶性淋巴瘤和淋巴结反应性增生鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 对99份疑为淋巴结病变的淋巴结针吸标本涂片进行常规细胞学分析,并结合病理活组织检查确诊分型.使用三色标记的流式细胞术方法分析针吸标本中各细胞免疫表型(CD3、CD3、CD4、CD5、CD10、CD19、CD20、CD23、CD45、K、λ、FMC7、 CD34),确定标本中各细胞组成及有无异常表型细胞.对于淋巴瘤病例,则按照WHO分型标准,根据免疫表型进一步确定其亚型,并对各类病例流式细胞术分型结果和细胞学结果进行比较.结果 99份标本中,细胞涂片检出淋巴瘤40例,转移癌29例,反应性增生、坏死、结核30例,有2例非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)被误诊为反应性增生;对其中18例NHL进行了病理活组织检查,其中包括B淋巴细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤(B-NHL)16例,T淋巴细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤2例.流式细胞术分析结果显示,99份标本中检出淋巴瘤35例(淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤4例,T淋巴细胞病变1例,其余30例为B-NHL);有28份B-NHL检测到K或λ轻链限制性表达,其K:λ或λ:K大于3:1,B淋巴细胞所占比例为(73.2±27.2)%,其中26份能根据免疫标志物的表达确定其亚型.经病理活组织检查确定为B-NHL的16份标本中,仅2例滤泡淋巴瘤与流式细胞术分型结果不一致.对于反应性增生及转移癌等标本,流式细胞术分析未查见异常淋巴细胞,其k:λ或λ:k均小于3:1.结论 淋巴结细针穿刺标本的流式细胞术分析有助于淋巴结病变的诊断和鉴别诊断,并可确定NHL的亚型.     

原发性肝淋巴瘤的诊断(附7例报告)

目的 探讨原发性肝淋巴瘤(PHL)的诊断方法。方法 回顾性分析7例手术病理诊断为原发性肝淋巴瘤患者的临床特点和超声等影像学表现。结果 PHL的主要临床表现为肝区胀痛或上腹不适(4例)，肝肿大(3例)；血清乙肝二对半阳性者5例，曾患肝炎5例，其中慢性肝炎或肝硬化4例；均无发热及外周淋巴结肿大；超声声像图除1例外均表现为低回声病灶，CT表现为低密度占位，二维超声和彩色多普勒超声共误诊为良性病变1例次、血管瘤4例次，误诊率为62．5％(5／8)；CT误诊为血管瘤或炎症性病变3例次，误诊率50％(3/6)；MRI误诊为血管瘤1次，误诊率50％(1/2)。结论 原发性肝淋巴瘤临床及超声等影像学表现无特异性，确定诊断必须依靠组织学检查及免疫组织化学测定。在声像图上表现为非常见的原发性肝癌及肝血管瘤等典型声像图或图像类似肝转移性肿瘤但无原发肿瘤存在时，应注意与之鉴别。