膀胱副神经节瘤二例报告并文献复习

目的 总结膀胱副神经节瘤的临床特点及诊疗方法。方法 报告2例膀胱副神经节瘤诊治情况,并复习国内外有关文献。结果 2例均为女性,1例为功能性副神经节瘤,予苯苄胺控制血压至正常后行膀胱部分切除术。术后血压正常,排尿无头痛等;1例为非功能性副神经节瘤,经常规术前准备,行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术。病理报告为副神经节瘤。术后效果均满意,分别随访2年和1年余,无复发。结论 功能性和非功能性膀胱副神经节瘤各有其特点,病理及免疫组化是确诊的唯一手段,手术治疗是主要治疗方法。     

膀胱副神经节瘤二例报告及文献复习

目的探讨膀胱副神经节瘤的临床病理特征及其诊治方法。 方法回顾性分析2例膀胱副神经节瘤患者的临床资料,分析该病的临床病理特征、诊断及治疗方法,并对相关文献进行回顾和总结。 结果病例1为无功能性肿瘤,体检发现膀胱占位,CT增强扫描明显强化,肿瘤为单发,行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术。病例2为功能性肿瘤,主要临床表现为头痛、心悸、排尿后血压一过性升高,MRI增强结节不均匀强化,肿瘤为单发,术前降压扩容后行腹腔镜膀胱部分切除术,术后症状消失。术后病理诊断均为膀胱副神经节瘤。随访9~12个月,均无复发或转移。 结论膀胱副神经节瘤临床罕见,可分为功能性和非功能性,术前需充分检查及准备,术中预防血压波动引起的高血压危象,经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术及腹腔镜膀胱部分切除术均效果良好,术后需密切随访。     

膀胱副神经节瘤6例临床病理分析

目的探讨膀胱副神经节瘤（PUB）的临床病理特征及诊断治疗方法。 方法回顾性分析2007年11月至2018年7月我院收治的6例膀胱副神经节瘤患者临床资料,总结分析膀胱副神经节瘤的临床病理特点和诊治要点。 结果6例患者中男性1例,女性5例,平均年龄42（23～55）岁,所有患者均为无功能性肿瘤,1例临床表现为尿痛,5例为体检发现膀胱占位。CT增强扫描明显强化。肿瘤均为单发,平均直径1.6（0.8～2.2）cm。1例行腹腔镜膀胱部分切除术,1例行膀胱部分切除术,4例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术。平均手术时间72（35～130）min,平均估计出血量22（10～50） ml。术后病理6例均有阳性表达神经内分泌标志物CgA、CD56和Syn,而上皮性标志物如CK、CEA等为阴性。术后随访8个月至11年,1例于经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBT）术后5年复发,其余5例均无肿瘤复发或转移。 结论膀胱副神经节瘤临床罕见,可无明显症状,CT增强扫描结合免疫组化检测可明确诊断,经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术安全、有效,术后需长期随访。     

膀胱副神经节瘤的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨膀胱副神经节瘤的临床特点及诊治疗效。方法：对5例膀胱副神经节瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：5例患者,男2例,女3例,平均46（36～77）岁。经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切（TURBT）2例,开放膀胱部分切除术3例。5例患者随访1～7年,1例术后3年肿瘤复发行TURBT,术后病理诊断为移行细胞癌1～2级。1例术后6年复发,伴有左肾重度积水,左肾无功能,行根治性膀胱切除加左肾输尿管切除加右输尿管皮肤造口。3例患者未见肿瘤复发及转移。结论：膀胱副神经节瘤临床少见,其临床表现有一定特点,对于排尿时伴有相应副神经节瘤临床表现的患者应除外膀胱副神经节瘤的可能,治疗方法主要以手术为主。     

膀胱副神经节瘤4例诊治分析及文献复习

目的探讨膀胱副神经节瘤的临床特点及诊治经验。方法回颐性分析我院2010年5月至201i年7月诊治的4例膀胱副神经节瘤患者的临床资料。其中女3例,男I例,年龄41～63岁。临床表现为高血压者2例,间歇性无痛肉眼血尿者1例,无症状者1例。4例中仅l例患者血去甲肾上腺素值明显高于正常。4例均行CT及膀胱镜检查。术前均按嗜铬细胞瘤做准备。结果3例行膀胱部分切除术,1例行肿瘤剜除术。术前2例高血压者术后血压恢复正常。术后随访6～20个月,未见肿瘤复发。结论膀胱副神经节瘤临床表现常缺乏特异性,膀胱非上皮肿瘤鉴别诊断时应考虑本病可能。血儿茶酚胺测定对膀胱副神经节瘤的定性诊断价值有限。CT和膀胱镜检查在肿瘤定位、定性诊断中起重要作用。膀胱部分切除术是首选的治疗方法,疗效确切,术前应充分扩容。     

膀胱副神经节瘤的诊治（附3例报告）

目的：提高对膀胱副神经节瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析3例膀胱副神经节瘤患者的临床和病理资料：3例患者均有高血压病史,其中2例表现为排尿时阵发性高血压,1例表现为间歇性肉眼血尿。肿瘤直径1．5～3．0cm。2例行膀胱部分切除术,1例行TURBT术。结果：病理检查组织细胞多数为多边形,有的为梭形,富于嗜伊红细颗粒状胞浆,核分裂少见,间质富含毛细血管,个别细胞核有非典型性及多核瘤巨细胞。免疫组化染色CgA、NSE、Syn阳性,病理诊断为副神经节瘤。3例患者随访16～35个月,所有患者术后未见复发及转移,高血压治愈2例,明显改善1例。结论：膀胱副神经节瘤的典型表现为与排尿有关的阵发性头痛、头晕等高血压发作症状,少数可表现为肉眼血尿;应用B超、CT、膀胱镜可做定位诊断,尿VMA和儿茶酚胺可作定性诊断;由于可能诱发高血压危象,术前不主张活检。手术切除是首选治疗方法,术后应严密随访。     

膀胱非功能性副节瘤一例报告并文献复习

目的提高对膀胱副神经节瘤的临床病理特征、诊断及治疗的认识。方法回顾性分析我科收治的1例膀胱非功能性副节瘤患者的临床资料,结合文献复习并讨论膀胱副节瘤的诊断和治疗特点。结果膀胱副神经节瘤好发于年轻女性,常表现为血尿,免疫组化示CgA、NSE和S-100蛋白阳性,CK阴性。CT及MRI在鉴别诊断上意义不大。经尿道肿瘤切除及膀胱部分切除术治愈该患者,术后密切随访3月无复发。结论膀胱副神经节瘤目前治疗上以膀胱部分切除为主。诊断需结合临床表现、病理及免疫组化结果。因其为潜在恶性肿瘤,术后应长期随访。     

膀胱副神经节瘤1例

膀胱副神经节瘤是一种罕见的肿瘤疾病,因多位于黏膜下层和肌层之间,且具有潜在恶性,故极易误诊为膀胱尿路上皮癌。本例报道1例27岁女性膀胱副神经节瘤患者。该患者因“大量血尿”入院,彩超、CT、MRI均提示膀胱占位。全身麻醉下行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切手术,术后组织病理及免疫组织化学提示副神经节瘤。出院后2周再次发生无痛性肉眼血尿,全身麻醉下行膀胱部分切除术,术后痊愈出院。正确地诊断膀胱副神经节瘤具有重要的临床价值,尤其是影像学检查对诊断至关重要。手术是膀胱副神经节瘤最有效的治疗方法,而膀胱部分切除术是膀胱副神经节瘤的主要手术方式。     

膀胱副神经节瘤的临床特点

目的 探讨膀胱副神经节瘤的临床诊治特点. 方法 回顾性分析1994年6月至2012年4月5例膀胱副神经节瘤患者的临床资料.男2例,女3例.年龄23 ～ 68岁,平均43岁.体检发现膀胱肿物2例,以间断无痛肉眼血尿为主要临床症状1例,1例表现为进行性排尿困难10年,另1例排尿时伴心悸、胸前区不适2年.1例有高血压病史6年,术前血压最高160/90 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).膀胱镜检查可见膀胱内突起肿物或膀胱内呈外压性改变,肿瘤位于三角区1例,后壁1例,顶部1例,膀胱前壁2例,3例行病理活检,均为阴性.3例行术前内分泌检查提示血去甲肾上腺素明显升高,分别为1957、3581、60 500 pmol/L.2例术前诊断为膀胱副神经节瘤,1例考虑为脐尿管癌,另2例诊断为膀胱肿瘤. 结果 行开放膀胱部分切除1例,经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切1例,腹腔镜下膀胱部分切除3例.4例患者术中出现高血压危象,其中行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切患者术中出现应激性心肌病,1例手术顺利.出血量20 ～800 ml,平均126 ml,1例输血600 ml.术后恢复顺利.随访3 ～ 48个月,患者血压正常,未见肿瘤复发. 结论 膀胱副神经节瘤临床少见,极易误诊,对于排尿时伴有血压变化、心悸、头晕等表现的膀胱肿瘤患者应高度警惕膀胱副神经节瘤的可能.膀胱部分切除术是治疗膀胱副神经节瘤的主要方法.     

膀胱副神经节瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的提高膀胱副神经节瘤的诊疗水平。方法回顾性分析1例膀胱副神经节瘤患者的临床资料,分析总结该病的临床特征及诊疗经过。患者,男,51岁,排尿后头晕同时血压升高,血儿茶酚胺和尿香草苦杏仁酸明显升高,MRI见膀胱前壁33 mm×27 mm 肿块,膀胱镜检未发现肿瘤。术前考虑膀胱前壁副神经节瘤,完善扩容降压3周以上,行腹腔镜下膀胱部分切除术。结果手术顺利,切除范围包括瘤体及部分膀胱壁,术中生命体征平稳。术后10 d 拔除导尿管,未见排尿时血压升高及头晕。术后病理证实为膀胱副神经节瘤。术后3个月复查,血压正常,盆腔CT未见复发。结论膀胱副神经节瘤术前应做好充分准备,术中预防血压波动导致的高血压危象,腹腔镜下膀胱部分切除术治疗效果满意,术后需定期随访。     

膀胱副神经节瘤二例报告并文献复习

目的 总结膀胱副神经节瘤的临床病理学特征及诊疗方法.方法膀胱副神经节瘤2例.例1,女,35岁.临床表现排尿后心慌、头痛,B超及CT检查示膀胱左侧壁肿块2.6 cm×1.5cm,尿3-甲氧-4-羟苦杏仁酸(VMA)35.3～43.3 μmol/24 h(正常值10～35 μmol/24 h).例2,男,22岁.临床表现无痛性全程血尿,B超及CT检查示膀胱右前壁肿块2.5 cm× 2.0 cm,尿VMA 17.9～31.3 μmol/24 h.结果行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术1例,行膀胱部分切除术1例.病理诊断为膀胱副神经节瘤.免疫组化CgA、Syn、S-100蛋白和NSE(+).患者术后症状消失,行膀胱镜及B超分别随访3个月、3年肿瘤无复发.结论膀胱副神经节瘤为潜在恶性肿瘤,诊断需结合临床、病理及免疫组化结果判断,膀胱部分切除为主要治疗手段.

Abstract：

Objective To study the clinical,histopathological,immunohistochemical features and the diagnosis and treatment of paraganglioma of urinary bladder. Methods Two cases of paraganglioma of urinary bladder were treated. The first case was a male with painless haematuria. The abdominal ultrasonography and CT scan showed a 2.5 cm× 2.0 cm mass in the right anterior wall of the bladder, and urine vanillylmandelic acid elevated to 17. 9- 31. 3 μmol/24 h (normal range 10- 35 μmol/24 h). The second case was a female who presented with 8 years history of headache and palpitation after voiding. Abdominal ultrasonography and CT scan showed a 2. 6 cm× 1.5 cm mass in the left wall of the bladder, and her urine vanillylmandelic acid was 35.3-43.3 μmol/24 h. Results One patient underwent transurethral resection (TURBT) and the other underwent partial cystectomy.The two cases were diagnosed as bladder paraganglioma by pathological examination. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CgA, Syn, NSE and S-100. No evidence of recurrence was detected during follow-up at 3 months and 3 years. Conclusions Paraganglioma of urinary bladder should be considered as a low grade malignancy. Partial cystectomy should be recommended. The diagnosis depends on clinical symptoms, pathological and immunohistochemical results.     

Primary paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: a report of two cases

We report two cases of primary paraganglioma of the urinary bladder. Case 1. A 61-year-old man was hospitalized with the chief complaints of gross hematuria, dysuria and headache. The patient had a history of hypertension. Cystoscopy disclosed a nonpapillary, sessile tumor in the retrotrigonum of the bladder. An attack of paroxysmal hypertension was induced by bimanual palpation of the tumor, and paraganglioma was suspected. Partial cystectomy with staging pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed. Case 2. A 65-year-old man was hospitalized with the chief complaints of gross hematuria and urinary retention. The patient had no history of hypertension. Cystoscopy disclosed a nonpapillary tumor in the right lateral wall of the bladder. Transurethral resection was performed with no cardiovascular complication. Prostatic needle biopsy showed the histological evidence of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Radical retropubic prostatectomy with limited lymphadenectomy was performed. There was no histological evidence of lymph node involvement of paraganglioma or adenocarcinoma. The histological and biochemical examinations revealed a chromaffin positive, functioning and non-malignant tumor in Case 1, and a chromaffin negative, non-functioning and non-malignant tumor in Case 2. In total, 29 cases of primary paraganglioma of the urinary bladder have been so far reported in Japan. The tumor recurrence, multiple or metastases were recorded in 8 of 29 cases (27.6%), mainly in regional lymph node metastases. We recommend lymphadenectomy at the initial operation, irrespective of pathological finding of the primary paraganglioma of the urinary bladder.     

Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: A case report and review of the Japanese literature.

We describe a patient with primary paraganglioma of the urinary bladder associated with typical clinical symptoms. Systolic blood pressure frequently increased to 300 mm Hg immediately after micturition. Levels of urinary vanillylmandelic acid excretion and serum norepinephrine were significantly elevated. The tumor was removed by partial cystectomy. Histological examination of the tumor revealed paraganglioma of the urinary bladder. Compared with a review of 53 similar cases reported in Japan, the distribution of age, sex and tumor location in the bladder differed from those described worldwide.     

Extra-adrenal paraganglioma of a urinary bladder in an adolescent male: A rare case report

Introduction and importanceParaganglioma of the urinary bladder is unusual and reported rarely. The patient usually presents with the complaint of hematuria and fluctuating blood pressure.Case presentationWe discuss the case of a 21-year old male, who had been experiencing gross hematuria, was found to have a mass on ultrasonography. Further evaluation with contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CECT) revealed an irregular soft tissue density of endophytic mass arising from the left posterior wall of the urinary bladder. The histopathological examination of the excised mass was suggestive of a tumor of neural origin, which was further confirmed as paraganglioma by immunohistochemistry.Clinical discussionImaging prior to the surgery must be done for a provisional diagnosis of paraganglioma to avoid fluctuating blood pressure during elective surgery. On histopathological examination tumor cells are arranged in the nest like fashion forming a specific ‘Zellballen’ pattern. Positive staining for synaptophysin and chromogranin in immunohistochemistry confirms the diagnosis.ConclusionIt is difficult to diagnose paraganglioma of the urinary bladder with the aid of imaging only, particularly if the patient presents without specific symptoms of fluctuating blood pressure. So, a multidisciplinary approach is essential for the diagnosis and proper therapy of this entity. However, prompt surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment.     

Paraganglioma of urinary bladder

The literature is reviewed and 2 new cases of paraganglioma of the urinary bladder, 1 malignant and 1 benign, are presented. One patient had no classic symptoms of vesical paraganglioma, and diagnosis was made postoperatively by means of light and electron microscopy. Differentiation between malignant and benign endocrine tumor cannot be made histopathologically and biochemically. The preoperative diagnosis of bladder paraganglioma is established when there is a combination of atypical urinary symptoms and elevation of catecholamines in the urine or blood. The risk of dangerous vasomotor changes needs a multi-team approach for diagnosis and surgical treatment. The pathologic features, histochemical reactions, ultrastructural characteristics, histogenesis, methods for early diagnosis, and detection of multiple localizations or metastasis are briefly discussed. A precise family history should be obtained in any patient with an extra-adrenal paraganglioma to facilitate early diagnosis of tumors in previously unaffected family members or of additional tumors in affected relatives.     

Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: a case report

A patient with paraganglioma of the urinary bladder is reported. A 65-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with the chief complaint of postvoiding headache, palpitation, and cold sweat. She had has no episodes of hematuria. On laboratory data, mild elevation was found in plasma neuron specific enolase (NSE), urinary noradrenaline and urinary metanephrine. The patient showed hypertension after urination with the elevation of plasma noradrenaline. 131I-MIBG scintigraphy showed abnormal accumulation in the bladder, and no abnormal accumulation in the other lesion. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a solid tumor of the urinary bladder, measuring 2 cm in diameter. Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder was diagnosed and the tumor was extirpated. The tumor measured 2 x 2 x 1.5 cm, and histopathologically diagnosed as paraganglioma. After extirpation, the patient became free of the postvoiding symptoms, and showed normal catecholamine levels. She has been followed up for 4 months after operation without any evidence of recurrence.