Patchy increased echogenicity: a sonographic sign of femoral head necrosis following reduction and casting for developmental dysplasia of the hip

A developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) case treated by closed reduction and casting and subsequently confirmed to have avascular necrosis (AVN) was retrospectively noted to have an abnormal pattern of echogenicity in the femoral head on sonograms obtained within 1.5 months of surgery. Patchy increased echogenicity in parts of the unossified cartilage replaced the normal pattern of central coalescence of vessels described with development of the ossification center. An additional case with similar findings confirms this should be considered a sign of evolving AVN following closed reduction.     

发育性髋关节脱位复位前后关节腔动态测压的临床意义

目的　通过对发育性髋关节脱位闭合复位前后髋关节腔压力测定的比较,探讨有效降低关节腔压力与减少股骨头缺血性坏死之间的关系。方法　随机抽出 2001年 6月至 2002年 7月 22例(29髋)髋关节脱位的患儿,将持续牵引侧和正常侧关节腔压力的测量结果比较,以及内收肌切断、闭合复位前后关节腔压力比较的临床资料进行统计学处理。平均随访时间为22.8个月(18~31个月)。结果　牵引之后脱位侧的关节腔压力仍高于正常侧,在三种体位中,屈曲外展位的压力为-0.52±2.8,明显高于正常侧(P<0.01)。内收肌切断闭合复位后关节压力明显下降,以屈曲 90°,外展 45°位压力下降最多,为6.22±4.6(P<0.01)。结论　本组经复位前牵引、内收肌切断、闭合复位的成功率为89.7%,无一例发生股骨头缺血性坏死。髋关节腔测压方法简单、实用,可以根据测得的关节压力,调整内收肌切断的范围和选择石膏固定的角度,有利于减少或者避免闭合复位后股骨头缺血性坏死。     

Value of limited hip abduction in developmental dysplasia of the hip

BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) continues to be missed by routine physical examination in up to 50% of cases. Ultrasound (US) supplementation is the best method of screening for DDH, but the resources required should not be underestimated. Limited abduction of the hip (LHA) in an infant triggers suspicion, and often an urge to treat, in most orthopaedic surgeons and pediatricians alike. This study aimed to document the value of unilateral LHA in the diagnosis and decision making of DDH, and the correlation between LHA and US. METHODS: In total, 464 infants referred from the pediatrics clinic with LHA, aged between 30 and 120 days, were included in the study. RESULTS: Physical examination revealed LHA in 186 (41%) infants, 26 of which were unilateral and 160 were bilateral. US examination showed that 13 (8.1%) patients in the bilateral LHA group and 18 (69.2) patients in the unilateral LHA group, had DDH (total number 31, 7%). CONCLUSION: Unilateral limitation of hip abduction was found to be a sensitive sign for developmental hip dysplasia, but US could be defined once again as the best golden standard before initiating treatment.     

β-catenin在大鼠髋脱位股骨头浅层软骨中的表达及意义

目的检测β catenin在大鼠髋脱位股骨头软骨浅层中的动态表达,探讨β catenin与髋脱位关节软骨早期退变以及与在不同应力区域表达的关系。方法选取新生Wistar大鼠80只,随机分成髋脱位组（n=40）和对照组（n=40）,持续固定10d建立新生大鼠髋脱位模型后去除外固定,分别于鼠龄第2、4、6、8周处死、离断髋关节,用于测量组织形态和β catenin免疫组化,应用qRT PCR检测股骨头软骨中β catenin的mRNA表达。结果①成功制作髋脱位动物模型,髋臼指数及股骨头指数在不同时段表现出显著差异（P＜0001）。②髋脱位组镜下可见软骨排列紊乱,后期出现软骨表面裂隙以及溃疡;Mankin评分早期无显著性差异;于第4、6、8周表现出显著差异。股骨头浅层软骨β catenin的表达于第2周时实验组明显高于对照组;第4周时实验组明显低于对照组;第6、8周实验组表达显著增多。髋脱位组中Mankin评分与β catenin之间有相关关系。β catenin的mRNA表达在不同时段均有显著差异,在对照组中呈现逐渐下降趋势,而在实验组中却逐渐上调。结论β catenin在髋脱位股骨头浅层软骨的发育和退变中发挥着双向调控作用,可能与异常应力的作用有着密切关系。     

发育性髋关节发育不良儿童股骨头覆盖率三维CT测量及远期评价

目的探讨应用CT技术对发育性髋关节发育不良（developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH）儿童的股骨头覆盖率进行三维测量的方法及其远期随访的意义。方法通过CT的原始数据结合计算机技术,测量DDH儿童术前、术后髋臼对股骨头的覆盖率。结果手术时年龄3岁或3岁以下的DDH患儿,随访时间超过4年时,股骨头覆盖率明显降低,但与对照组相比无明显差异。手术时年龄大于3岁,随访时间超过4年的DDH患儿股骨头覆盖率较正常对照组高。结论DDH患儿骨盆截骨术和股骨近端内翻截骨术后近期股骨头覆盖率最大,通常高于正常对照组;手术时年龄小于3岁的患儿,远期随访中股骨头覆盖率会有所降低;年龄超过3岁的患儿股骨头覆盖率的变化较小。CT测量股骨头覆盖率具有一定的可行性和可重复性,可用于指导DDH患儿的治疗与随访。     

Clinical practice

Hip problems in children are relatively rare but usually serious, potentially causing lifelong disability. Early diagnosis and treatment is, therefore, mandatory. The aim of this review is to discuss the most frequent diseases of the hip from birth to adolescence. The different affections are relatively closely related to age periods. After birth and in infancy, developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH) and septic arthritis are more prominent. DDH is not always present at birth and should regularly be checked for in the first 6 months of life. Septic arthritis is an emergency and should be adequately treated within 4 days of the beginning of the infection with open drainage of the hip. Transient synovitis and Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) are mostly found between 4 and 10 years of age. Transient synovitis is the most frequent hip disorder in that age group. It is a self-limiting noninfectious effusion in the joint without serious consequences. Differential diagnosis with septic arthritis should, however, be made. LCPD is an idiopathic avascular necrosis of the hip causing flattening and deformity of the femoral head, depending on the extent of the necrosis. Treatment by containment is aimed at favoring the remodeling of the deformed femoral head. Finally, between the age of 10 and 15 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) should be the preferential diagnosis, especially in the limping obese boy. SCFE is an inferior and posterior displacement of the proximal epiphysis of the femur in the growth plate. It should be treated as an emergency with a screw fixation.     

三维计算机X线断层照像术测量股骨颈前倾角在发育性髋关节脱位治疗中的应用

目的探讨三维CT测量股骨颈前倾角(FNA)在小儿发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)治疗中的应用价值。方法DDH患儿12例,其中双髋脱位4例,单髋脱位8例,均行闭合复位、蛙式石膏外固定术,采用GE公司Hip speed Fi/x双层螺旋CT进行表面遮盖成像、最大密度投影、多平面重建等三维观察和FNA测量,分别在术前对股骨头颈、髋臼及臼头关系行三维重建。结果髋脱侧FNA明显增大,与其同年龄段患儿正常髋关节侧比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论三维CT可直观、全面及分解地显示髋关节结构,更加精确地测量FNA,从而达到对DDH患儿个体化治疗的目的。     

Effect of early postnatal body weight on femoral head ossification onset and hip osteoarthritis in a canine model of developmental dysplasia of the hip

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a well-known precipitator of hip osteoarthritis. An increase in body weight during the critical early postnatal growth period may alter joint contact, and thus alter hip development and influence joint health in adulthood. The objective of this study was to determine whether early postnatal body weight affected the course of hip development and the onset of osteoarthritis in a canine model of DDH. A longitudinal study, from birth to skeletal maturity, was conducted. Serial body weight, age at femoral head ossification onset, and femoral head coverage at 4 mo were measured. Presence and severity of degeneration at 8 mo were determined using necropsy and cartilage biochemistry. There was a negative association between birth weight and age at femoral head ossification onset; however, the association was likely due to skeletal maturity level rather than body weight per se. Lower birth weight subjects had greater femoral head coverage at 4 mo. Greater birth weight was associated with greater probability of moderate degenerative changes or macroscopic lesions at 8 mo. These results support the hypothesis that increased birth weight is sufficient to alter the course of hip development and result in measurable degenerative changes at adulthood.     

发育性髋脱位手法复位后半脱位的成因与转归

目的　观察婴幼儿发育性髋脱位手法复位后髋关节形态学的变化。方法　对发育性髋脱位手法复位后 117例 ,共 16 1髋进行平均 7.4年的随访。临床上对髋关节功能和肌力进行了测定 ,对复位前后系列X线片进行了观察 ,正常侧作为对照组 ,X线观察的指标有 :髋臼指数、臼头指数、股骨头发育情况及髋关节间隙等。结果　全部病例髋关节的活动范围及肌力与对照组无差异。在X线上有 131个髋关节的发育与对照组的发育无差异 ,其中有 2 3髋在复位后 6个月去掉金属外展固定支架时出现了半脱位及关节间隙增大的改变 ,经平均 3年左右观察 ,逐渐恢复发育至正常。脱位侧股骨大转子骨骺出现时间比对照组延迟 1年左右。结论　发育性髋脱位手法复位后出现的半脱位及关节间隙增大不应急于手术 ,因其有逐渐发育至正常的可能。     

发育性髋关节脱位术后再脱位的三维CT分析

目的 利用3DCT影像,来探讨DDH术后再脱位的髋臼及股骨近端的骨性病理形态改变,以分析术后再脱位的原因,从而指导和改进DDH的手术治疗.方法 对28例(28髋)DDH术后再脱位患儿的3DCT影像资料进行分析,测量其髋臼前外侧缘倾斜角、髋臼后外侧缘倾斜角、侧面髋臼上缘倾斜度、前髋臼指数、后髋臼指数、髋臼前倾角、股骨颈前倾角、颈干角等参数指标,并观察髋臼外上缘(中上缘)的形态及股骨头与髋臼是否为同心圆复位关系等,并与38例(51髋)手术成功患儿术后值以及正常组(健侧组)进行对比分析,来探讨术后再脱位的原因.结果 术后再脱位组患儿的颈干角为(158.4±10.1)°,与正常组的(138.1±7.2)°和手术成功组的(139.0±5.9)°比较,数值明显增大,差异均有统计学意义;术后再脱位组患儿髋臼外上缘重型缺损者所占比例为82.14%与手术成功组的3.92%比较,差异有统计学意义;术后再脱位组所有患儿均未能恢复髋关节的同心圆复位关系,而所有手术成功组患儿的髋关节均恢复或接近恢复了同心圆复位关系.结论 术后再脱位原因与颈干角的角度、髋臼外上缘形态、股骨头与髋臼是否恢复同心圆复位关系等密切相关.     

Congenital dislocation of the hip. A review

Congenital dislocation of the hip usually results from capsular stretching caused by fetal malposition and crouching late in the third trimester. Early recognition of hip dislocation or instability soon after birth permits prompt treatment. Ortolani's and Barlow's maneuvers, respectively, reduce into and displace from the acetabulum a femoral head that is insecurely contained therein. The diagnosis of CDH in the first month of life usually depends on these clinical components of the physical examination of the newborn, because similar device, in this age group can usually maintain the displaced hip in sufficient flexion and abduction to permit reduction and normal development. By 3 months of age, the nuclei of the pelvis and upper femur have ossified enough to permit radiologic diagnosis of CDH. Problems related to treatment increase as the child grows older. In infants up to 6 months of age, closed methods with a harness usually succeed. Beyond 6 months, the soft tissues shorten and prevent easy reduction. These patients almost always require pre-reduction traction. An adductor tenotomy also facilitates reduction and apparently lessens compressive forces on the femoral head, an important consideration in preventing avascular necrosis of the head. Children over 1 year old develop bony changes, such as excessive femoral valgus and anteversion and deformity of the acetabulum. Treatment in these patients requires realignment of bony deformities with femoral or pelvic osteotomies in addition to the measures noted previously. The gentleness and high success rate of early treatment make early diagnosis of CDH an important consideration in infants and newborns.     

髋关节三线诊断婴儿发育性髋关节脱位的意义

目的 探讨髋关节三线测量在婴儿发育性髋关节脱位早期诊断中的价值.方法 应用传统的体检方法,对180例疑诊者,摄双髋正位X线片,除众所周知的Shenton氏线、CE角等指标外,以股骨干骺端中点为起点,分别至髋臼外上缘、下缘、中心做连线,然后对此三线进行测量比较.结果 本组180例,单侧髋关节脱位122例(122髋),两侧髋脱位58例(116髋),总计238髋.通过髋关节三线测量,238髋此三线均不等长,确诊为DDH.对122例单侧髋脱位者的正常侧测量,120髋(98.3%)显示三线等长.同时对闭合复位欠佳者,此关节三线显示也不等长.结论 髋关节三线的定位都是骨性标志,清晰可鉴,定位准确,操作简单.髋关节三线测量,是婴儿时期诊断DDH一种比较准确的方法,特别在股骨头骨骺未出现前的小婴儿,更具有一定的特异性,是诊断DDH的可靠依据.另外对治疗中的婴儿,髋关节三线测量也是确定髋关节是否达到同心圆复位的一种有价值的参考指标.     

Primary recognition and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip.

The pathology associated with congenital dislocation of the hip has been reviewed. The pathophysiology as it affects the development of the hip under treatment makes a strong case for the avoidance of the "frog leg" position with fixed flexion and abduction of the hips in the plaster cast. It is apparent that tightness of the iliopsoas muscle and the underlying capsule makes that flexed abduction position necessary to hold the hip in position. The "frog leg" position is seriously implicated in the development of aseptic necrosis, not only of the dislocated hip but of the normal hip as well. The results seen in patients with surgical division of the iliopsoas tendon and capsular contracture, followed by leg immobilization in a functional position of extension at the hip accompanied by slight abduction and internal rotation, indicate the virtual elimination of the necessity for secondary reconstruction procedures on the hip at a later date. This appears to be the more conservative approach to treatment in children under age two. A period of one to three months in a splint that flexes and abducts the leg but permits changing positons may be tried before the obstruction is relieved. For children with lax capsule and iliopsoas, reduction may be possible by this route. For most the hip will be pressed in slightly improving the x-ray picture--but with the obstruction still before the femoral head. The seating of the femoral head must be exact. If it is not, imperfection in the development of the hip arises and may lead to later malfunction. Obstructions to perfect seating of the femoral head in the acetabulum must be overcome.     

Ultrasonography in developmental dysplasia of the hip: what have we learned?

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is an important but poorly defined entity, the natural history of which is incompletely understood. The term encompasses a disease spectrum ranging from a stable hip with a mildly dysplastic acetabulum to complete hip dislocation. Much controversy surrounds the diagnosis, imaging and management of this condition. We present a review of the history of US imaging of DDH from the radiologist’s perspective, summarising the most widely recognised US methods described to date. We discuss controversies in the approach to US examination, with particular emphasis on current opinions. The existing scientific evidence for and variations in the practice of US screening for DDH, including recommendations from the United States Preventive Services Task Force and the ESPR DDH Taskforce Group respectively, are discussed.     

18个月到3岁发育性髋关节脱位患儿初次开放复位股骨截骨与不截骨近期疗效的比较研究

目的 探讨股骨是否截骨对1 8个月～3岁儿童发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dislocation of the hip,DDH)开放复位手术治疗的近期疗效有无影响.方法 回顾性研究2010年1月至2013年12月间在国内8家单位行开放复位手术治疗的18个月～3岁的67例DDH患儿中,股骨截骨组(41例)与股骨不截骨组(26例)的近期疗效有无差异,评估术后髋臼指数(acetabular index,AI)变化,股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis,AVN)率及髋关节再脱位率有无差异.结果 股骨截骨组41例,平均年龄(2.27±0.46)岁;术后2年内复查X线发生AVN 5例,均为Bucholz-Ogden Ⅰ型,发生髋关节再脱位3例.股骨不截骨组26例,平均年龄(1.99±0.38)岁;术后2年内复查X线发生AVN 3例,均为Bucholz-Ogden Ⅰ型,发生髋关节再脱位1例.其他并发症有医源性骨折1例,为截骨组患儿;髋关节僵硬1例,为股骨不截骨组患儿;跛行6例,股骨截骨组3例、不截骨组3例.两组间术前AI、年龄、性别构成及脱位程度等指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).股骨截骨组开放复位术后复查AI平均(20.57±6.89)度,股骨不截骨组为(24.21±7.20)度,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但两组术后1年及2年AI差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 回顾性研究提示18个月～3岁DDH患儿行开放复位手术时股骨是否截骨对于术后AI的改善情况、近期AVN及髋关节再脱位率没有显著影响.因此,18个月～3岁DDH儿童行开放复位手术时推荐不常规应用股骨截骨术以减少手术创伤,但应综合术中复位难易情况考虑.     

发育性髋脱位术后再脱位原因探讨

目的 探讨发育性髋脱位(DDH)手术治疗后再脱位原因和预防措施,提高DDH手术治疗效果.方法 对我院2007年3月至2016年1月收治的41例经过手术治疗后发生再脱位DDH患儿的术式、X线片资料和翻修手术中的发现进行回顾性总结,X线片资料用统计学进行分析.结果 发生再脱位的术式:Salter骨盆截骨术12例,Pemberton骨盆截骨术26例,骨盆联合截骨术3例,股骨粗隆下旋转截骨31例.术后应用下肢关节康复器(CPM)行功能训练开始时间:术后两周6例(2～2.5岁)、术后3～4周11例(大于3岁).翻修手术前髋臼指数25°～27°15例、28°～32°26例,股骨颈前倾角55°～75°41例,颈干角大于150°16例,髋臼缺损11例.翻修手术中发现髋臼前缘缺损6例,后缘缺损6例,髋臼浅短21例,髋臼后外缘缺损8例.股骨头嵌于外侧5例,髂胫束紧张35例,髂腰肌腱紧张25例,髋关节囊在假臼后上部19例,关节囊后缘向内腔突出15例,髋臼横韧带紧张15例,髋臼内有瘢痕组织充填41例.翻修手术行髂胫束松解35例,髂腰肌腱松解25例,髋臼横韧带切断15例,髋臼内瘢痕组织刮除41例,髋关节囊假臼部剥离19例.骨盆联合截骨术35例,Pem-berton骨盆截骨术6例.髋臼后缘植骨6例,髋臼后外缘植骨8例,股骨粗隆下旋转截骨纠正前倾角41例.翻修手术后髋臼指数小于20°～25°37例、26°～28°4例,股骨颈前倾角15°～25°38例、30°～35°3例.经6个月至7年的随访,发生再脱位后缘缺损1例,股骨颈前倾角35°1例),髋关节功能活动小于90°4例,股骨头缺血性坏死表现9例,双下肢不等长4例(后期行患肢胫骨延长2例,股骨延长2例).结论 DDH手术治疗后再脱位可能原因:①髋臼缘缺损和股骨颈前倾角和颈干角过大使髋关节不稳定,病理性组织阻碍复位;②术后髋关节固定不当及过早活动髋关节.再脱位预防措施:①根据患儿年龄、术前影像学资料和术中复测情况选择合适的术式和注重手术细节,修补髋臼缘缺陷和纠正股骨颈前倾角和颈干角,充分处理关节囊及周围组织的继发病变;②骨盆联合截骨髋臼旋转和植骨修补髋臼缘缺损增加对股骨头的复盖,以及术后正确和适当固定时间.     

泪点影像在观察儿童发育性髋发育不良的应用

观察了８０例发育性髋发育不良患儿的系列Ｘ线片，其泪点影出现时间在正常侧为１岁，而脱位侧泪点的出现明显延迟，往往在股骨头复位后才能出现，并随着年龄增长而逐渐变窄。测量了部分患儿正常侧的泪点宽度，用统计学方法证实泪点宽度随年龄增大而变窄具有临床意义。     

发育性髋脱位髋臼软骨细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的探讨发育性髋脱位（DDH）髋关节结构内髋臼软骨细胞凋亡与髋臼软骨发育不良的关系。方法选取出生4周的新西兰大耳白兔20只,雌雄兼用,采用兔后肢屈髋伸膝位管型石膏固定制作DDH大耳白兔模型,右后肢管型石膏固定为实验侧,左后肢不作处理作为对照侧。固定前和固定8周摄骨盆正位X线片,根据实验侧Shenton线不连续及股骨头脱位于Perkin方格外下及外上象限判定是否造模成功。观察造模成功的12只大耳白兔双侧髋臼形态、软骨细胞变化、细胞凋亡以及Bel-2表达情况。结果DDH造模成功率60％（12／20）,实验侧髋关节X线片显示,髋臼上缘变钝,股骨头向Perkin方格外下或外上象限脱位,实验侧髋臼指数较对照侧明显增大（P〈0．05）。实验侧髋臼变窄且有较多软组织填充,髋臼软骨色暗。软骨细胞稀疏,排列混乱。电镜下细胞染色质边集、固缩,核形不规整,细胞质内出现空泡结构。实验侧髋臼软骨细胞凋亡率高于对照侧（P〈0．05）,实验侧髋臼软骨细胞中Bcl-2较对照侧呈低表达（P〈0．05）且细胞凋亡率与Bcl-2低表达呈正相关。结论DDH髋关节结构内髋臼软骨过度细胞凋亡和凋亡因子Bcl-2低表达可能参与了DDH髋臼软骨发育不良。     

坐骨重叠征与发育性髋关节脱位手术后再脱位的相关性分析

目的提出坐骨重叠征(ischium overlap sign,IOS)的概念,并分析其与发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)手术后再脱位的关系。方法回顾性分析2013年9月至2017年5月山东大学附属省立医院治疗的88例(105髋)DDH患儿病例资料,其中男童16例、女童72例;平均年龄12(5~24)个月,平均随访时间34(15~59)个月;双侧17例,左侧63髋,右侧42髋;1髋为髋臼发育不良,11髋半脱位,93髋全脱位。术中行髋关节造影检查,按照Bowen标准选择闭合或切开复位石膏固定术。IOS是指在人类位髋关节造影平片上股骨头软骨内缘与坐骨外缘的重叠关系,二者重叠为Ⅰ度,相接为Ⅱ度,分离为Ⅲ度。将93髋全脱位按照IOS分度进行分组,比较组间再脱位发生率。结果 1髋髋臼发育不良和11髋半脱位者IOS均为Ⅰ度。93髋全脱位中IOSⅠ度14髋,Ⅱ度39髋,此两组均行闭合复位石膏固定,无再脱位病例;Ⅲ度40髋中,闭合复位石膏固定17髋,6髋再脱位;切开复位石膏固定23髋,1髋再脱位。本研究发现Ⅲ度组的再脱位发生率(7/40,17.5%)高于其他两组(P=0.006)。IOS为Ⅲ度的40髋中,闭合复位的再脱位发生率(6/17,35.3%)高于切开复位(1/23,4.4%),差异有统计学意义(X^2=4.518,P=0.034)。结论 IOS与DDH术后再脱位有一定的关系,IOS为Ⅲ度的髋关节如行闭合复位,再脱位的风险较高。