成人肺炎支原体肺炎的CT表现

目的 认识成人肺炎支原体肺炎的CT及高分辨率CT（HRCT）表现。方法 16例经血清学检查证实的成人肺炎支原体肺炎,平均年龄41岁。回顾分析了所有病例的胸部常规CT及HRCT。结果 最常见的CT表现为磨玻璃样影12例,其中9例呈斑片状小叶分布;8例表现为气腔实变;9例可见“树芽征”;其他表现有小叶间隔增厚3例,支气管血管束增粗1例管。15例同时出现2种以上CT表现。结论 成人肺炎支原体肺炎的CT表现具有一定的特征性,有利于与细菌的肺炎区别。     

Chlamydia pneumoniae: comparison with findings of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae at thin-section CT

PURPOSE: To retrospectively compare thin-section computed tomographic (CT) findings of Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia with those of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board and patient informed consent were not required. Twenty-four patients with C pneumoniae pneumonia (17 men, seven women; age range, 19-89 years) underwent thin-section CT; 41 patients with S pneumoniae pneumonia (28 men, 13 women; age range, 19-91 years) and 30 patients with M pneumoniae pneumonia (20 men, 10 women; age range, 16-67 years) were also enrolled. Thin-section CT scans of each patient were retrospectively and independently assessed by two chest radiologists for consolidation, ground-glass opacity (GGO), bronchovascular bundle thickening, nodules, pleural effusion, lymphadenopathy, reticular or linear opacity, airway dilatation, pulmonary emphysema, and bilateral lung involvement. Consensus was reached for disagreements. The frequency of each finding was compared among the three types of pneumonia by using the chi2 test. RESULTS: For C pneumoniae pneumonia, CT demonstrated consolidation in 20 patients, GGO in 13, bronchovascular bundle thickening in 17, nodules in 18, pleural effusion in six, lymphadenopathy in eight, reticular or linear opacity in 15, airway dilatation in nine, pulmonary emphysema in 11, and bilateral lung involvement in 12. Bronchovascular bundle thickening (P = .022) and airway dilatation (P = .034) were significantly more frequent in patients with C pneumoniae pneumonia than in those with S pneumoniae pneumonia. Reticular or linear opacity (P = .017), airway dilatation (P = .016), and associated pulmonary emphysema (P = .003) were significantly more frequent in patients with C pneumoniae pneumonia than in those with M pneumoniae pneumonia. CONCLUSION: C pneumoniae pneumonia demonstrates a wide spectrum of thin-section CT findings that are similar to those of S pneumoniae pneumonia and M pneumoniae pneumonia; airway dilatation and bronchovascular thickening were significantly more frequent in patients with C pneumoniae pneumonia.     

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: CT features

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias comprise usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP). Each of these entities has a typical imaging and histologic pattern, although in practice the imaging patterns may be variable. Each entity may be idiopathic or may be secondary to a recognizable cause such as collagen vascular disease or inhalational exposure. The diagnosis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia is made by means of correlation of clinical, imaging, and pathologic features. The characteristic computed tomographic (CT) features of UIP are predominantly basal and peripheral reticular pattern with honeycombing and traction bronchiectasis. NSIP is characterized by predominantly basal ground-glass opacity and/or reticular pattern, often with traction bronchiectasis. DIP and RB-ILD are smoking-related lung diseases characterized by ground-glass opacity and centrilobular nodules. COP is characterized by patchy peripheral or peribronchovascular consolidation. AIP manifests as diffuse lung consolidation and ground-glass opacity. LIP is associated with a CT pattern of ground-glass opacity sometimes associated with perivascular cysts.     

75例新型冠状病毒肺炎病人首诊CT表现与检验结果分析

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)病人首诊胸部CT特征性表现,评价CT评分与临床检验结果的相关性。方法回顾性分析75例确诊COVID-19病人首诊胸部CT、发病时间及临床检验结果。由2名高年资影像诊断医师进行阅片,CT异常表现包括单发或多发磨玻璃影(GGO)或实变影,单肺或双肺受累,分布以胸膜下为主或肺中央为主。同时对COVID-19胸部CT表现进行半定量CT评分,采用Spearman相关分析比较CT评分与发病时间、淋巴细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数及C反应蛋白(CRP)的相关性。结果75例COVID-19首诊胸部CT正常者4例(5.33%),异常者71例(94.67%)。影像表现为多发GGO(26例,36.62%)、多发实变为主伴GGO(25例,35.21%)、多发GGO为主伴部分实变(12例,16.90%)、单发或散在GGO(8例,11.27%)。多数病人双肺受累(65例,91.55%),少数为单肺受累(6例,8.45%)。病变多位于胸膜下(66例,92.96%),少数位于肺内(5例,7.04%)。首诊CT评分与发病时间(rs=0.701,P<0.05)和CRP呈正相关(rs=0.522,P<0.05),与淋巴细胞计数呈负相关(rs=-0.303,P<0.05),与中性粒细胞计数无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论COVID-19首诊胸部CT表现具有一定特征性,且与淋巴细胞计数、CRP有一定相关性,可能对临床预后有提示作用。     

抗黑色素瘤分化相关基因5抗体阳性皮肌炎的临床和胸部CT表现

目的:探讨抗黑色素瘤分化相关基因5（MDA5）抗体阳性皮肌炎患者的临床表现及胸部损害的CT表现。方法:回顾性分析2017年2月至2019年10月在河南科技大学第一附属医院确诊的15例抗MDA5抗体阳性皮肌炎患者的临床表现、实验室检查及胸部CT表现。实验室检查指标主要包括抗MDA5抗体、抗Ro-52抗体、肌酸激酶等。胸部...     

不典型肺结核CT诊断

分析不典型肺结核CT表现,并探讨其CT诊断价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析不典型肺结核63例,所有病例均得到证实,CT扫描包括常规层厚和薄层扫描或HRCT扫描,52例行增强扫描.结果:不典型CT表现有6种,粟粒性病变缺乏临床症状8例,肺炎实变型16例,磨玻璃密度阴影4例,气管支气管结核20例,结节或肿块9例,纵隔淋巴结结核6例.结核诊断率39.7%(25例),误为肿瘤19.0%(12例).结论:不典型肺结核CT表现多样,类似肺炎和肺癌,多数诊断困难.     

Reversed halo sign on high-resolution CT of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: diagnostic implications

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of the reversed halo sign on high-resolution CT in the diagnosis of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2001, we saw 31 patients with biopsy-proven cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. During the same period, we also saw 30 patients with non-cryptogenic organizing pneumonia diseases, from which cryptogenic organizing pneumonia should be differentiated: Wegener's granulomatosis (n = 14), diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (n = 10), chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (n = 5), and Churg-Strauss syndrome (n = 1). Two independent observers analyzed CT findings and recorded how frequently the so-called reversed halo sign (central ground-glass opacity and surrounding air-space consolidation of crescentic and ring shape) was seen on high-resolution CT. RESULTS: The most common patterns of parenchymal abnormalities of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia were ground-glass opacity (28/31 patients, 90%) and consolidation (27/31, 87%). The ground-glass opacity pattern showed random distribution, and the consolidation pattern showed subpleural or peribronchovascular (20/27 patients, 74%) distribution with predominance in the middle or lower lung zone. The reversed CT halo sign was seen in six (19%) of 31 patients with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and in none of the patients with the diseases that needed to be differentiated from cryptogenic organizing pneumonia on CT. CONCLUSION: The reversed halo sign, although seen only in one fifth of patients with the disease, appears relatively specific to make a diagnosis of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia on CT.     

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution computed tomography findings in 4 patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) appearances of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). METHODS: The HRCT scans obtained in 4 patients (2 men and 2 women, age range: 20-50 years, mean age = 36 years) with biopsy-proven BOOP after BMT were reviewed retrospectively by 2 observers for the presence, extent, and distribution of parenchymal abnormalities. RESULTS: All patients demonstrated consolidation and ground-glass opacity. The consolidation was bilateral, patchy, and asymmetric in all patients and was predominantly peribronchovascular in 3 patients and subpleural and peribronchovascular in 1 patient. Ground-glass opacity was patchy and asymmetric in all patients and was bilateral in 3 patients and unilateral in 1 patient. No zonal predominance of either feature could be identified. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant HRCT features of BOOP after BMT are bilateral, patchy, and asymmetric consolidation in a predominantly peribronchovascular distribution with associated ground-glass opacity.     

Shark liver oil-induced lipoid pneumonia in pigs: correlation of thin-section CT and histopathologic findings.

PURPOSE: To evaluate sequential changes in thin-section computed tomographic (CT) findings after inducement of lipoid pneumonia and provide the histopathologic bases of these findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Shark liver oil was administered to 12 sites in seven pigs. Thin-section CT scans were obtained within 1 hour and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks after oil administration. Scans were assessed for opacity, distribution, location at the lobular level, extent, and volume of the lesions. The CT number in consolidation areas also was measured. Findings at CT were correlated with those in the histopathologic specimens. RESULTS: Diffuse ground-glass opacity was noted on all immediately obtained scans. The opacity of the lesions was highest at 1 week; then it decreased gradually to an area of ground-glass opacity. The extent and volume of the lesions decreased at follow-up CT. Histopathologically, the lesions showed a lobular distribution sharply demarcated from the normal lungs. The lobules of decreased volume showed residual thickening of the alveolar walls with bronchiolectasis and mild collagen deposition of the interlobular septa. Pathologic examination of the low-attenuating consolidation area at CT revealed evidence of partial aeration. CONCLUSION: Thin-section CT findings of lipoid pneumonia include ground-glass opacity and airspace consolidation, followed by complete or incomplete resolution with volume loss and septal thickening. Low-attenuating consolidation at CT does not always indicate the presence of fat.     

肾移植术后肺巨细胞病毒感染的影像学表现

目的:探讨肾移植术后肺巨细胞病毒感染的CT特点。方法:回顾性分析24例经临床及实验室检查证实的巨细胞病毒感染(CMV)的CT特征。结果:本组24例巨细胞病毒感染患者中有2例CT表现未见明显异常,其余22例均有毛玻璃样阴影改变,其中呈两肺多发、散在分布7例,呈两肺弥漫性分布15例。仅表现为毛玻璃影者4例,伴有小叶间隔增厚10例,伴有实变影者7例,伴有多发小结节影者8例,伴有少量胸腔积液者4例。结论:肾移植术后肺巨细胞病毒感染最常见CT表现为双肺弥漫性分布的毛玻璃样阴影,且常伴有小叶间隔增厚、小结节影、实变影等表现。     

小儿麻疹合并间质性肺炎的影像学分析

目的探讨小儿麻疹合并间质性肺炎的影像学表现,提高和重视对这一疾病的认识。方法回顾分析60例小儿麻疹合并问质性肺炎的临床资料以及X线和CT表现。结果①X线胸片：泡性肺气肿33例,其中伴右上肺斑点状,颗粒状较高密度影6例。肺门影增大、增浓56例。两肺纹理增多、模糊51例,其中密集的肺纹理使两肺透亮度减低17例,出现空气支气管征12例。间质性肺气肿i6例。网状肺纹理32例。星芒、结节状影27例。两肺磨玻璃影ll例。伴发小叶性肺炎13例,两肺单发或多发的片状实变影5例。其他表现：心影增大9例,气胸3例,纵隔皮下气肿4例,两侧少量胸腔积液8例;②10例CT检查结果：两肺大片磨玻璃影2例,实变影伴磨玻璃影3例,两肺纹理增多、模糊8例,两下肺纹理周围斑片状渗出5例。右下肺小叶间隔增厚2例,右下肺胸膜下弧线影1例,两下肺网格状、星芒状结节影2例。结论婴幼儿麻疹合并间质性肺炎的影像学表现应引起高度重视,早期发现和积极治疗有利于提高治愈率和改善患者预后。     

实变型细支气管肺泡癌的CT表现及病理基础

目的:探讨实变型细支气管肺泡癌(BAC)的CT表现特点。方法:对13例经病理证实的实变型BAC的CT征像及其病理特征进行回顾性分析。结果:13例中,单发肺叶实变8例,多发肺叶或肺段实变3例,单发肺段实变2例;实变肺密度低于心肌8例,伴见血管造影征或血管高密度征7例、支气管气像征9例伴枯树枝征6例;实变肺周见蜂窝肺征9例,磨玻璃征7例,多发小结节2例;少量胸水1例,肺门淋巴结肿大及肺气囊腔各1例。13例中9例CT首诊误诊为肺炎,4例正确诊断。结论:实变肺密度低、蜂窝肺征、血管造影征尤其是血管高密度征、枯树枝征及多发腺泡结节是实变型BAC的主要CT表现特点;磨玻璃影是早期表现,但特异性不大;CT引导肺穿刺活检是较理想的确诊手段。     

闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎的高分辨CT表现

目的探讨闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎的高分辨CT表现,并与慢性嗜酸性肺炎和寻常型间质性肺炎进行鉴别。方法结合相关文献回顾性分析12例闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎高分辨CT表现。结果12例闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎的高分辨CT表现如下:(1)肺内多发斑片状肺实变影和磨玻璃影(n=8),其中肺实变影中见支气管充气征(n=5)。(2)肺内多发小结节影和不规则线状影(n=7)。(3)肺内多发斑片状肺实变影和磨玻璃影伴小结节影和不规则线状影(n=3)。(4)细支气管扩张、壁增厚伴周围肺实变影(n=6)。(5)肺内肺实变影和磨玻璃影呈游走性(n=3)。结论高分辨CT可以更好地显示闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎的病理改变,并使其能与慢性嗜酸性肺炎和寻常型间质性肺炎在影像上进行鉴别,也为纤维支气管镜下肺活检提供准确的定位。     

儿童特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症的影像学诊断

目的:探讨儿童特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症(IPH)的影像表现。方法:回顾性分析10例经病理证实的特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症的X线及CT表现。结果:初诊误诊为支气管肺炎3例,肺结核1例,1例先误诊为肺炎后又误诊为肺结核,误诊率50%。X线表现双肺片絮状阴影及磨玻璃样改变3例;双肺中下肺野斑片状影,肺纹理增多模糊3例;弥漫分布粟粒状、小结节状影伴磨玻璃样改变2例;弥漫分布网织状阴影2例。伴肺门影增大模糊3例、心影增大1例等。普通CT表现为两中下肺呈片絮状、小结节状阴影1例;弥漫分布粟粒状阴影伴磨玻璃样改变者2例。2例见空气支气管征,1例见多发小气囊。HRCT表现为两肺内弥漫分布网结节影1例,表现两肺网织影及散在小斑片状阴影、小叶间隔增厚1例。结论:对本病的认识不足是误诊的主要原因,X线及CT检查是发现并提示IPH的基本检查手段,影像表现结合临床,尤其是小儿痰、胃液中发现含铁血黄素巨噬细胞是提高确诊率的关键。     

脂肪栓塞综合征的CT与MRI（附11例分析）

目的 :探讨脂肪栓塞综合征 (FES)的CT与MRI表现。材料和方法 :回顾性分析临床证实的 11例FES影像学资料 ,11例均行头部 /肺部CT扫描 ,其中 5例作胸部X线摄片 ,5例MRI检查头部。结果 :头部CT扫描 8例 ,4例显示脑内低密度病灶 ,4例无异常 ;MRI检查 5例 ,病变在T1WI呈等信号 4例和低信号 1例 ,T2WI均为高信号。胸部X线摄片 5例 ,2例显示两侧肺纹理增粗或散在斑片状影 ,1例双肺野弥漫病灶 ,2例无异常发现 ;肺部CT检查 5例 ,均见到多灶性实变、磨玻璃影、结节及坠积现象。结论 :影像学检查可为FES的诊断提供直接的证据 ,MRI扫描的T2WI ,应作为头部FES首选的检查方法 ,而肺部FES应首选胸部CT检查。     

磨玻璃样改变的HRCT检查及其对弥漫性肺疾病的诊断价值

评价肺部磨玻璃样改变的高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）检查、病理基础以及它在弥漫性肺疾病（ＤＰＤ）中的诊断价值。材料和方法：一组连续的经病理学检查或临床综合其它各种检查而明确诊断的弥漫性肺疾病，经普通Ｘ线、ＣＴ和ＨＲＣＴ检查，ＨＲＣＴ采用层厚为１－１．５ｍｍ，间隔为１０ｍｍ，高空间频率重建算法。有病理学结果者则与之对照。结果：本组ＤＰＤ包括７３例，ＨＲＣＴ显示磨玻璃样改变征象１６例，分别为过敏性肺炎５例、淋巴瘤ｌ例、皮肌炎２例、特发性肺纤维化３例、类风湿性肺炎２例、放射性肺炎１例和肺水肿２例。普通Ｘ线仅显示９例（Ｐ＜０．０１）。病理学上磨玻璃样改变由肺泡腔内渗出、肺泡间隔增厚所致。结论：ＨＲＣＴ是显示肺部早期异常表现——磨玻璃样改变十分有效的方法，但对弥漫性肺疾病的鉴别诊断缺乏特异性。     

肺泡微石症的影像学诊断

目的：探讨肺泡微石症的影像学特征。方法;报道肺泡微石症6例,全部病例均行胸部X线检查,2例行常规CT,1例行HRCT。并对全部影像学表现进行了回顾性分析。结果：6例胸片表现为弥漫粟粒样微细结节（2例）。“鱼子样”或“暴风沙样”（2例）、“白肺样”（1例）及高密度“面纱样”改变（1例）,CT可明确肺内微细结节的钙化密度,肺尖部气肿样改变及支气管血管束增粗并呈钙化密度,HRCT则可进一步显示肺野磨砂玻璃样改变,小叶间隔,叶间胸膜及支气管血管束钙化密度与串珠状增厚,小叶中心分布的微细结节与胸膜下蜂窝,结论：肺泡微石症是一种罕见病,其影像学表现具有特征性,影像学检查尤以HRCT检查对该病的诊断有决定性作用。     

肺原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的影像学表现与临床病理对照

目的探讨肺原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤(PPNHL)的影像学表现。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术和／或病理证实的PPNHL7例的影像学和临床病理所见，并复习文献。结果7例PPNHL中肺内单发肿块5例，肿块边界不清呈磨玻璃状3例，分叶状肿块4例；肺炎样改变和肺段实变各1例。MRI检查(2例)病灶在T1WI呈等信号，T2WI呈等高信号。B淋巴细胞性3例，T淋巴细胞性2例，另2例未分型。结论PPNHL罕见，临床无特异性，肺内单发分叶状肿块且边界呈磨玻璃状改变是本病较特异的征象，确诊依靠病理检查。     

肾移植后巨细胞病毒肺炎的影像学诊断

目的 探讨肾移植术后巨细胞病毒（CMV）肺炎的影像学诊断。资料与方法 搜集13例肾移植术后CMV肺炎患者的临床、实验室以及胸片和CT检查资料,对其胸片和CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果 X线胸片早期表现基本正常或仅表现两肺纹理增多模糊,其中4例在3-7d内复查胸片,病灶发展迅速,可见磨玻璃影和大片状实变影,弥漫分布于两肺野内;CT主要影像学表现有两肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃影13例,小结节影9例,斑片状实变影8例及小叶间隔增厚7例等,其中以磨玻璃影最为常见,并通常与其他影像学表现混合存在。结论 X线胸片是肾移植术后CMV肺炎最基本的检查方法。CMV肺炎的影像学表现,尤其CT表现具有一定特点,结合临床可提示诊断。     

The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias

This review includes the seven idiopathic interstitial pneumonias defined by The American Thoracic Society and The European Respiratory Society 2002 publication. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the clinical term for usual interstitial pneumonia. The radiologic pattern includes basal and subpleural ground glass and reticular opacities and honeycomb lung. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is characterized with a radiologic pattern of subpleural and basal ground glass and reticular opacities. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is manifest radiologically by peribronchial ground glass opacities and subpleural consolidation. Acute interstitial pneumonia is the clinical term for idiopathic diffuse alveolar damage and the exudative phase is characterized radiologically with diffuse ground glass opacification and dependent consolidation with the additional feature of lung architectural distortion in the organizing phase. Respiratory bronchiolitis associated interstitial lung disease manifests as centrilobular ground glass opacities on CT. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia is characterized by ground glass opacities with lower zone predominance on CT. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia manifests by ground glass opacities and nodular interlobular septal thickening on CT. The diagnosis of an IIP should be rendered ideally only after all clinicoradiologic-pathologic data have been reviewed.